2019 Salvadoran presidential election
3 February 2019
Opinion polls
Registered5,268,411
Turnout51.88% (Decrease 3.44pp)
 
Nominee Nayib Bukele Carlos Calleja Hugo Martínez
Party GANA ARENA FMLN
Running mate Félix Ulloa Carmen Lazo Karina Sosa
Popular vote 1,434,856 857,084 389,289
Percentage 53.10% 31.72% 14.41%
Results by department
Results by department
President before election

Salvador Sánchez Cerén
FMLN

 Elected President

Nayib Bukele
GANA

Presidential elections were held in El Salvador on 3 February 2019, with Salvadorans electing the president and vice president for a five-year term from 2019 to 2024.

The election resulted in victory for Nayib Bukele of the right-wing Grand Alliance for National Unity (GANA), who received 53%, defeating Carlos Calleja of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), Hugo Martínez of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) and Josué Alvarado of the centrist Vamos party.[1] With his victory, Bukele became the first president since José Napoleón Duarte (1984–1989) to not be a member of either ARENA or the FMLN, which had controlled the presidency in a two-party system from 1989 to 2019.

Prior to the elections, Bukele held a lead against Calleja, Martínez and Alvarado in virtually every poll conducted between July 2018 and January 2019. A second round in March was rendered unnecessary as Bukele won an outright majority; Bukele won a plurality in all of the country's fourteen departments, winning an outright majority in eight of them.[2][3] Bukele was inaugurated on 1 June 2019.[4]

Background

Presidency of Salvador Sánchez Cerén

Salvador Sánchez Cerén at his inauguration in 2014.

Salvador Sánchez Cerén, the then vice president of El Salvador, won the 2014 presidential election by a narrow margin. As a member of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), he defeated Norman Quijano, the then mayor of San Salvador of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance, in that election's second round, winning 50.11 percent of the vote by a margin of 6,364 votes.[5] Sánchez Cerén was inaugurated on 1 June 2014, succeeding fellow FMLN President Mauricio Funes. He was the first former guerrilla fighter from the Salvadoran Civil War to be elected president.[6]

Although in control of the presidency, the FMLN did not have a majority of the Legislative Assembly, with power being divided between it, ARENA, and various other political parties. In the 2015 legislative election, the FMLN won 31 seats and ARENA won 35 seats, with the remaining 18 seats being controlled by other parties.[7] In the succeeding 2018 legislative election, the FMLN fell to 23 seats while ARENA increased to 38 seats, with the remaining 23 seats being controlled by other parties.[8]

Electoral system

Electoral procedure

In October 2017, the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) scheduled El Salvador's upcoming 2019 presidential election to occur on 3 February 2019, with a possible second round being scheduled for 10 March 2019. In the election, Salvadorans would elect the country's president and vice president to serve a five-year term from 2019 to 2024.[9]

A presidential candidate needed to win an absolute absolute majority (50% + 1) to be declared the winner of the election. If no candidate received an absolute majority, a second between the two candidates with the most valid votes would have occurred. All presidential and vice presidential candidates must have been at least 30 years old and be Salvadoran citizens by birth.[10][11]

Electoral dates

The following tables lists dates which mark events which related to the election.[9]

Date Event
2 February 2018 Deadline for voters to change address
4 April 2018 Deadline for parties to convoke primary elections
2 October 2018 Beginning of electoral campaigning
5 October 2018 Deadline for the TSE to convoke the presidential election
3 February 2019 Presidential election
10 March 2019 Second round (if necessary)

Electoral campaigns

Nationalist Republican Alliance

A billboard promoting Calleja's campaign in Chalatenango, reading: "Vote for Calleja, the president of labor".

On 27 October 2017, Mauricio Interiano, the president of the Nationalist Republican Alliance, announced that the party would hold its primary election on 22 April 2018.[12] Six members of the party expressed interest in securing the party's presidential nomination:[12][13]

In October 2017, Parada withdrew his candidacy, believing that his campaign would be impossible.[14] In December 2017, Awad and Montalvo were eliminated from competition, while Calleja, Simán, and López advanced to the party's primary election[13] where Calleja won 60.8 percent of the vote, officially becoming the party's presidential nominee.[15]

2018 ARENA presidential primary election
CandidateVotes%
Carlos Calleja34,67060.80
Javier Simán21,77938.19
Gustavo López5741.01
Total57,023100.00
Valid votes57,02396.86
Invalid votes1,2922.19
Blank votes5590.95
Total votes58,874100.00
Source: Nationalist Republican Alliance

Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front

On 28 February 2018, the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front announced that it would hold its primary election on 27 May 2018.[16][17] Óscar Ortiz, the then vice president of El Salvador, was a potential candidate to secure the party's nomination, but he declined to run after Salvador Cerén appointed him as the technical secretary of the presidency.[17] Two party members announced their intention to seek the party's presidential nomination:[17][18]

On 27 May 2018, Hugo Martínez was selected as the party's presidential nominee, winning 72.09 percent of the vote.[19] The party elected Karina Sosa, a former deputy of the Legislative Assembly, as the party's vice presidential nominee.[20]

2018 FMLN presidential primary election
CandidateVotes%
Hugo Martínez20,25972.09
Gerson Martínez7,84527.91
Total28,104100.00
Valid votes28,10499.47
Invalid/blank votes1500.53
Total votes28,254100.00
Source: El Mundo

Grand Alliance for National Unity

The Grand Alliance for National Unity held its primary election on 29 July 2018. Two candidates participated in the election, Nayib Bukele, the former mayor of San Salvador from 2015 to 2018, and Will Salgado, the former mayor of San Miguel, but the day before the election, Salgado announced that he withdrew from the primary. Although Salgado withdrew, his name was still on the ballot,[21] but regardless, Bukele won 93.71 percent of the vote and was selected as the party's presidential nominee.[22][21] Bukele's campaign slogan was "Let's Make History" ("Hagamos Historia").[23]

2018 GANA presidential primary election
CandidateVotes%
Nayib Bukele1,86393.71
Will Salgado (withdrawn)1256.29
Total1,988100.00
Valid votes1,98896.41
Invalid votes653.15
Blank votes90.44
Total votes2,062100.00
Source: El Mundo

Presidential candidates

Party Candidate Running mate
Grand Alliance for National Unity
Grand Alliance for National Unity
Grand Alliance
for National Unity[lower-alpha 1]
Nayib Bukele
Nayib Bukele
 Nayib Bukele
Mayor of San Salvador
(2015–2018)
Mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán
(2012–2015)
Félix Ulloa
Félix Ulloa
 Félix Ulloa
Nationalist Republican Alliance
Nationalist Republican Alliance
Nationalist
Republican
Alliance[lower-alpha 2]
Carlos Calleja
Carlos Calleja
 Carlos Calleja
Carmen Lazo
Carmen Lazo
 Carmen Lazo
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
Farabundo Martí
National Liberation
Front
Hugo Martínez
Hugo Martínez
 Hugo Martínez
Minister of Foreign Affairs
(2009–2013, 2014–2018)
Secretary General of SICA
(2013–2014)
Deputy of the Legislative Assembly
(2003–2009)
Karina Sosa
Karina Sosa
 Karina Sosa
Deputy of the Legislative Assembly
(2012–2021)
Vamos
Vamos
Vamos
Josué Alvarado
Josué Alvarado
 Josué Alvarado
Roberto Rivera
Roberto Rivera
 Roberto Rivera

Debates

Two presidential debates were held; the first was hosted by the University of El Salvador (UES) on 16 December 2018 and the second was hosted by the Salvadoran Association of Broadcasters (ASDER). Calleja, Martínez, and Alvarado attended both debates, while Bukele was absent from both.[24][25]

2019 Salvadoran presidential election debates
Date Organizers   P   Present     A   Absent  
ARENA FMLN VAMOS GANA Ref.
16 Dec 2018 UES P
Calleja		 P
Martínez		 P
Alvarado		 A
Bukele		 [24]
13 Jan 2019 ASDER P
Calleja		 P
Martínez		 P
Alvarado		 A
Bukele		 [25]

Opinion polls

Opinion polling from July 2018 through January 2019 consistently gave Bukele a lead over Calleja, Martínez, and Alvarado.

Presidential election polls
Polling firm Fieldwork date Sample
size		 Calleja
(ARENA)		 Martínez
(FMLN)		 Alvarado
(VAMOS)		 Bukele
(GANA)		 Undecided None Lead Ref.
CONARES 17 Jan 2019 2,012 19.0 13.0 1.0 61.0 3.0 3.0 42.0 [26]
CDOP 17 Jan 2019 1,300 27.3 10.5 1.0 36.1 9.6 15.1 8.8 [27]
CIOPS/UTEC 16 Jan 2019 2,113 24.0 8.1 0.6 40.4 26.1 – 16.4 [28]
UFG 15 Jan 2019 1,536 21.8 8.1 1.0 42.6 18.4 8.1 20.8 [29]
CIG-Gallup 11 Jan 2019 1,000 23.0 8.0 1.0 42.0 26.0 – 19.0 [30]
Mitofsky 8 Jan 2019 1,000 31.0 11.0 1.0 57.0 – – 26.0 [31]
IUDOP/UCA 13 Dec 2018 1,806 19.7 10.6 0.8 44.1 22.3 2.5 24.4 [32]
TResearch 11 Dec 2018 1,000 31.0 10.3 1.3 57.4 – – 26.4 [33]
UES 10 Dec 2018 1,557 17.34 8.73 0.26 48.43 25.24 – 31.09 [34]
Fundaungo 7 Dec 2018 1,985 21.4 11.3 0.6 42.0 15.0 9.7 20.6 [35]
TResearch 5 Dec 2018 1,000 31.3 10.4 1.3 57.0 – – 25.7 [36]
CIOPS/UTEC 5 Dec 2018 2,133 24.5 10.4 0.9 40.5 12.8 10.9 16.0 [37]
La Prensa Gráfica 29 Nov 2018 2,000 16.8 6.9 0.5 28.9 5.7 41.2 12.1 [38]
TResearch 25 Nov 2018 1,000 31.9 10.8 1.4 55.9 – – 24.0 [39]
Fundaungo 20 Nov 2018 1,068 14.2 10.2 1.9 35.1 10.0 28.6 20.9 [40]
UFG 19 Nov 2018 1,538 21.4 6.4 1.5 40.7 21.2 8.7 19.3 [41]
CID-Gallup 1 Nov 2018 1,000 28.0 16.0 1.0 44.0 – 1.0 16.0 [42]
TResearch 29 Oct 2018 1,000 32.2 9.0 0.9 56.6 – 1.3 24.4 [43]
TResearch 24 Oct 2018 1,000 32.1 9.3 1.1 56.5 – 1.0 24.4 [44]
ICP 23 Oct 2018 1,400 31.7 13.6 0.6 33.3 – 20.8 1.6 [45]
TResearch 15 Oct 2018 1,000 31.8 9.4 1.0 56.1 – 1.7 24.3 [46]
CIOPS/UTEC 9 Oct 2018 2,133 21.0 10.5 1.0 48.0 19.5 – 27.0 [47]
CONARES 8 Oct 2018 1,400 21.0 11.0 1.0 45.0 11.0 11.0 24.0 [48]
TResearch 1 Oct 2018 1,000 32.4 10.9 1.1 54.6 – 1.0 22.2 [49]
CID-Gallup 26 Sept 2018 1,205 20.0 7.0 1.0 45.0 27.0 – 25.0 [50]
La Prensa Gráfica 31 Aug 2018 1,520 17.6 8.6 0.3 21.9 37.5 14.1 4.3 [51]
UFG 28 Aug 2018 1,295 23.0 10.0 2.3 37.7 26.0 1.0 14.7 [52]
TResearch 19 Aug 2018 3,600 30.2 9.7 1.1 55.9 – 3.1 25.7 [53]
TResearch 31 Jul 2018 3,600 31.7 9.7 2.8 55.8 – – 24.1 [54]
CID-Gallup 30 Jul 2018 806 24.0 5.0 0.0 38.0 33.0 – 14.0 [55]
2014 election 9 Mar 2014 N/A 49.89 50.11 – – – – 0.22 [5]

Results

CandidateRunning matePartyVotes%
Nayib BukeleFélix UlloaGrand Alliance for National Unity1,434,85653.10
Carlos CallejaCarmen Aída LazoNationalist Republican Alliance857,08431.72
Hugo MartínezKarina SosaFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front389,28914.41
Josué AlvaradoRoberto RiveraVamos20,7630.77
Total2,701,992100.00
Valid votes2,701,99298.86
Invalid/blank votes31,1861.14
Total votes2,733,178100.00
Registered voters/turnout5,268,41151.88
Source: TSE

By department

Department ARENA FMLN Vamos GANA
Votes  % Votes  % Votes  % Votes  %
Ahuachapán 50,051 36.10 28,257 20.38 660 0.47 59,689 43.05
Cabañas 26,325 39.61 8,586 12.92 199 0.30 31,346 47.17
Chalatenango 30,364 32.40 20,934 22.34 316 0.34 42,092 44.92
Cuscatlán 39,098 33.89 17,882 15.50 609 0.52 57,795 50.09
La Libertad 117,092 37.25 33,823 9.85 3,756 1.10 177,832 51.80
La Paz 40,762 29.41 17,357 12.53 656 0.47 79,803 57.59
La Unión 29,138 31.82 12,256 13.39 295 0.32 49,871 54.47
Morazán 26,007 32.13 23,102 28.54 193 0.23 31,649 39.10
San Miguel 43,960 24.36 37,529 20.80 906 0.50 98,064 54.34
San Salvador 246,792 29.99 86,656 10.53 9,582 1.16 479,991 58.32
Santa Ana 77,550 34.09 24,695 10.86 1,821 0.80 123,413 54.25
San Vicente 22,786 31.33 15,921 21.89 266 0.36 33,765 46.42
Sonsonate 60,796 31.62 28,599 14.87 1,095 0.57 101,794 52.94
Usulután 35,422 26.47 33,350 24.93 406 0.30 64,619 48.30
Total 857,084 31.72 389,289 14.41 20,763 0.77 1,434,856 53.10
Source: TSE

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Bukele's electoral campaign with the Grand Alliance for National Unity was supported by Nuevas Ideas.
  2. ↑ Calleja's campaign with the Nationalist Republican Alliance was supported by the National Coalition Party (PCN), Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and Salvadoran Democracy (DS).

References

  1. ↑ Sweigart, Emilie (30 January 2019). "El Salvador: Meet the Candidates in Latin America's First Election of 2019". Americas Quarterly. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  2. ↑ "Así avanza el conteo de votos en las elecciones presidenciales de El Salvador". elsalvador.com. 3 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  3. ↑ "El Salvador: anti-corruption candidate Nayib Bukele wins presidential election". The Guardian. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  4. ↑ Toedte, Blaire (1 June 2019). "Nayib Bukele: El Salvador's Incoming Leader Promises 'New Era'". BBC. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  5. 1 2 Supreme Electoral Court (2014). "Memorial Especial – Elecciones 2014" [Special Memory – 2014 Elections] (PDF). Supreme Electoral Court (in Spanish). p. 144. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "Ex-rebel Sworn in as El Salvador President". Al Jazeera. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  7. ↑ Supreme Electoral Court (2018). "Memorial Especial – Elecciones 2015" [Special Memory – 2015 Elections] (PDF). Supreme Electoral Court (in Spanish). p. 133. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  8. ↑ Supreme Electoral Court (2018). "Memorial Especial – Elecciones 2018" [Special Memory – 2018 Elections] (PDF). Supreme Electoral Court (in Spanish). p. 104. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  9. 1 2 Rivera, Edgardo (16 October 2017). "TSE Define Fecha para Elección Presidencial 2019" [TSE Defines Date for the 2019 Presidential Election]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  10. ↑ "Constitution of El Salvador" (PDF). Richmond.edu. 15 December 1983. pp. Articles 78–80. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  11. ↑ Nohlen, Dieter (2005). Elections in the Americas A Data Handbook Volume 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 272–274. ISBN 9780191557934. OCLC 58051010. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  12. 1 2 Rivera, Edgardo (28 October 2017). "ARENA Elegirá Aspirante a Presidencia 22 Abril de 2018" [ARENA Will Elect Those Who Aspire the Presidency on 22 April 2018]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  13. 1 2 "Gerardo Awad y Rafael Montalvo Quedan Fuera de Competencia por Candidatura Presidencial en ARENA" [Gerardo Awad and Rafael Montalvo Remain Outside of Competition for ARENA's Presidential Candidacy]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). 19 December 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  14. ↑ "Abogado Luis Parada Deja Lucha por Candidatura Presidencial de ARENA" [Lawyer Luis Parada Quits Fighting for ARENA's Presidential Candidacy]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  15. ↑ "Carlos Calleja, Candidato Presidencial de ARENA para Elecciones 2019" [Carlos Calleja, Presidential Candidate of ARENA for the 2019 Elections]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). 22 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  16. ↑ Meléndez, Cristian (28 February 2018). "FMLN Convoca a Elección Interna para Candidato Presidencial; Cúpula ya Apoyó a Gerson Martínez" [FMLN Calls for Internal Election for Presidential Candidate; Cúpula Already Supported Gerson Martínez]. La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 "FMLN Convoca a Inscripción de Precandidatos a la Presidencia" [FMLN Convokes the Inscription of Pre-Candidates to the Presidency]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). 11 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  18. ↑ "Hugo Martínez se Inscribe como Precandidato Presidencial para Internas del FMLN" [Hugo Martínez Inscribes Himself as a Presidential Pre-Candidate for the FMLN's Internal Elections]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  19. ↑ "Hugo Martínez Gano con 20,259 Votos en el FMLN" [Hugo Martínez Won with 20,559 Votes in the FMLN]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  20. ↑ "FMLN y PCN Ratifican a Sus Candidatas a Vicepresidenta" [FMLN and PCN Ratify Their Candidates for Vice President]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 May 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  21. 1 2 "GANA Inicia Sus Elecciones Internas" [GANA Initiates Its Internal Elections]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  22. ↑ "Nayib Bukele se Convierte en Candidato Presidencial de GANA" [Nayib Bukele Becomes the Presidential Candidate for GANA]. El Mundo (in Spanish). 29 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  23. ↑ ""Hagamos Historia". Nayib Bukele, Elegido Presidente de El Salvador" ["Let's Make History". Nayib Bukele, Elected President of El Salvador]. Panoramical.eu (in Spanish). 4 February 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  24. 1 2 Jurado, V.; Avelar, Ricardo (16 December 2018). "Candidatos a la Presidencia Debatieron en la Universidad de El Salvador" [Presidential Candidates Debated in the University of El Salvador]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  25. 1 2 Tejada, R.; Avelar, Ricardo (13 January 2019). "Tres Candidatos Presidenciales Plantearon Sus Propuestas en el Debate de ASDER" [Three Presidential Candidates Raised Their Proposals in the ASDER Debate]. El Salvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  26. ↑ "Encuesta CONARES para las Presidenciales: GANA 61%, ARENA 19%, FMLN 13% y VAMOS 1%" [CONARES Poll for the Presidential Election: GANA 61%, ARENA 19%, FMLN 13%, and VAMOS 1%]. El Salvador Times (in Spanish). 18 January 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  27. ↑ "Centro de Opinión Pública – Calleja Crece en Preferencias y Asegura Pase a Segunda Vuelta Electoral" [Center of Public Opinion – Calleja Grows in Preferences and Assures Pass to Second Electoral Round]. Cronio (in Spanish). 17 January 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  28. ↑ Chicas, Kory (17 January 2019). "Encuesta UTEC para Elecciones Presidenciales: GANA 40.4%, ARENA 24%, FMLN 8.1% y VAMOS 0.6%" [UTEC Poll for Presidential Elections: GANA 40.4%, ARENA 24%, FMLN 8.1%, and VAMOS 0.6%]. El Salvador Times (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  29. ↑ "GANA y Bukele han Conquistado a los Votantes Entre 18 y 39 Años" [GANA and Bukele have Conquered Voters Between 18 and 39 Years]. Disruptiva (in Spanish). 15 January 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  30. ↑ "Los Partidos ARENA y FMLN Siguen a la Baja en las Encuestas" [The ARENA and FMLN Parties Continue to Fall in the Polls]. Ultima Hora (in Spanish). 11 January 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  31. ↑ "Encuesta: Elección Presidencial en El Salvador" [Poll: Presidential Election in El Salvador]. Mitofsky (in Spanish). 8 January 2019.
  32. ↑ "Encuesta UCA para las presidenciales: GANA 44.1%, ARENA 19.7%, FMLN 10.6% y VAMOS 0.8%". El Salvador Times. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  33. ↑ "#ElSalvador #EncuestaDiaria #137 Act. 7:00Hrs | 7-11/Dic/2018 @NayibBukele 57.4% @JCCalleja 31.0%". TResearchMx. 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  34. ↑ "Encuesta UES: GANA/NI 61.68%, ARENA 25.65%, FMLN 11.94%". El Blog. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  35. ↑ "Nueve de cada 10 salvadoreños opinan que vale la pena ir a votar". Fundaungo. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  36. ↑ "#ElSalvador #Voto2019 (03-07/Dic/18)". TResearchMx. December 2018. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  37. ↑ "UTEC: Nayib ganaría en primera vuelta con los votos válidos". LPG. December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  38. ↑ "GANA sigue adelante en carrera presidencial". LPG. November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  39. ↑ "TResearch: Nayib Bukele mantiene la intención de votos para las presidenciales". TResearchMx. November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  40. ↑ "Encuesta completa FUNDAUNGO". UFG. November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  41. ↑ "Bukele y las Personas Decididas a Ir a Votar Suben en la Nueva Encuesta Ufg". UFG. November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  42. ↑ "CID-Gallup". CID-Gallup. November 2018. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  43. ↑ "Entrada individual | TResearch | Marketing | Encuesta | Investigación | México". TResearchMx. October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  44. ↑ "#ElSalvador #Voto2019 (21/Oct/18) @nayibbukele 56.5% @jccalleja 32.1%". TResearchMx. October 2018.
  45. ↑ "Nueva encuesta revela cercana lucha electoral entre Calleja y Bukele". Diario el Mundo. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  46. ↑ "#ElSalvador #Voto2019 (15/Oct/18) @nayibbukele 56.1% @jccalleja 31.8%". TResearchMx. October 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  47. ↑ "#EncuestaUTEC". UTEC. October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  48. ↑ "Consejo de Rectores: Nayib ganaría en primera vuelta". Conares. October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  49. ↑ "#ElSalvador #ENCUESTA electoral #Voto2019 (Sep/19)". TResearch. October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  50. ↑ "Encuesta Cid Gallup: Nayib Bukele 45%, Carlos Calleja 20%, Hugo Martínez 7% y Josué Alvarado 1%". La Huella. August 2018. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  51. ↑ "Electorado se inclina a favor de GANA". La Prensa Gráfica. August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  52. ↑ "Encuesta UFG: Bukele 37.6 %; Calleja 22.9% y Hugo Martínez 9.9%". El Blog. August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  53. ↑ "TResearch: #ElSalvador #ENCUESTA electoral #Voto2019 (Ago/19)". TResearchMx. July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  54. ↑ "TResearch: Nayib Bukele mantiene la intención de votos para las presidenciales". TResearchMx. July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  55. ↑ "NAYIB BUKELE INCIA EN PRIMER LUGAR EN LA CARRERA POR LA PRESIDENCIA". CID Gallup. July 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
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