2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election
10 August 2020
All 41 seats in the House of Representatives
21 seats needed for a majority
Turnout58.08% (Decrease8.76pp)
  First party Second party
 
Leader Keith Rowley Kamla Persad-Bissessar
Party PNM UNC
Last election 51.68%, 23 seats 39.61%, 17 seats
Seats won 22 19
Seat change Decrease1 Increase2
Popular vote 322,180 309,654
Percentage 49.05% 47.14%
Swing Decrease2.63pp Increase7.53pp
Results by constituency
Prime Minister before election

Keith Rowley
PNM

 Subsequent Prime Minister

Keith Rowley
PNM

General elections were held in Trinidad and Tobago on Monday, 10 August 2020,[1] to elect 41 members to the 12th Trinidad and Tobago Republican Parliament. It was the 14th election since gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 and the 22nd national election in Trinidad and Tobago ever. Tracy Davidson-Celestine, political leader of the Tobago Council of the People's National Movement (PNM) became the first woman to lead a Tobagonian political party with representation in the House of Representatives. Additionally, two of the three largest parties elected in 2015, the United National Congress (UNC) and the Congress of the People (COP), were led by women.[2]

President Paula-Mae Weekes, with the advice of Prime Minister Keith Rowley, dissolved Parliament and issued the writs for the election on 3 July 2020.[3]

The first-term incumbent People's National Movement (PNM), led by incumbent Prime Minister Keith Rowley, won 22 seats to form a second five-year term majority government by defeating the opposition United National Congress, led by Opposition Leader Kamla Persad-Bissessar.[4][5][6] Her latest in a series of losses at the polls which commenced with the January 2013 Tobago House of Assembly election with the wipeout of her People's Partnership-led administration from the Tobago House of Assembly due to a landslide victory by the Tobago Council of the PNM, losses at the 2013 Trinidadian local elections, St. Joseph and Chaguanas West bye-elections, loss in the 2015 Trinidad and Tobago general election, and subsequent losses in local government bye-elections[7][8] has placed pressure on her to offer her resignation before the 2020 United National Congress leadership election.[9] The UNC finished with 19 seats. The results in six constituencies were subject to recounts, causing the final election results to be delayed by a week.[10] This is the first parliamentary election in Trinidad and Tobago where the result was not finalized the day after the election.[11]

Voters elected the 41 members to the House of Representatives by first-past-the-post voting. Rowley and the new cabinet were sworn in on 19 August 2020.[12]

Electoral system

The 41 members of the House of Representatives are elected by first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Registered voters must be 18 years and over, must reside in an electoral district/constituency for at least two months prior to the qualifying date, be a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago or a Commonwealth citizen residing legally in Trinidad and Tobago for a period of at least one year.[13]

If one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the Government, with its leader as Prime Minister. If the election results in no single party having a majority, then there is a hung parliament. In this case, the options for forming the Government are either a minority government or a coalition government.[14]

Parties and candidates

Political parties registered with the Elections and Boundaries Commission (EBC) can contest the general election as a party.[15]

The leader of the party commanding a majority of support in the House of Representatives is the person who is called on by the president to form a government as prime minister, while the leader of the largest party or coalition not in government becomes the Leader of the Opposition.[14]

Prior to the election, the People's National Movement, led by Prime Minister Keith Rowley formed a majority government. The largest opposition party was the United National Congress, led by Kamla Persad-Bissessar. The Congress of the People was the sole other party in Parliament, represented by a single MP.

The People's National Movement and the United National Congress have been the two biggest parties, in addition to having supplied every prime minister since 1991.[16]

On 14 July 2020, the leader of the Patriotic Front, Mickela Panday, announced that her party will no longer be contesting the 2020 elections due to lack of time to prepare for the August 2020 polls.[17]

The following registered parties are contesting the general election, the People's National Movement is the only party fielding all 41 seats (39 in Trinidad and two in Tobago), 14 parties are contesting seats in Trinidad only and four parties are contesting seats in Tobago only.[18]

Trinidad and Tobago

Party Founded Political position and ideology Leader(s) Leader since Leader's seat Last election At dissolution Contested seats
 % party vote Seats
Major party not part of any coalition
PNM 1955Centre to centre-left
Liberalism, Social liberalism, Nationalism		 Keith Rowley May 2010Diego Martin West
51.69%
23 / 41 (56%)
23 / 41 (56%)
 41 seats in Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad only

Party Founded Political position and ideology Leader(s) Leader since Leader's seat Last election At dissolution Contested seats
 % party vote Seats
Major party not part of any coalition
UNC 1989Centre-left
Social democracy, Civic nationalism		 Kamla Persad-BissessarJanuary 2010Siparia
39.60%
17 / 41 (41%)
17 / 41 (41%)
39 seats in Trinidad[19]
Better United Coalition
COP 2006Centre-left
Reformism		 Carolyn Seepersad-Bachan[20]November 2017None
6.02%
1 / 41 (2%)
1 / 41 (2%)
4 seats in Trinidad
DPTT 2002 Steve Alvarez[21] April 2002 None – –
0 / 41 (0%)
 1 seat in Trinidad
TTDF 2019 Nicholas Anthony Williams [22] August 2019[23] None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
 1 seat in Trinidad
Not part of any coalition
PEP 2017 Phillip Alexander[24] January 2017 None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
 28 seats in Trinidad
THC 2015 Marcus Ramkissoon[25] July 2015 None
0.02%
0 / 41 (0%)
0 / 41 (0%)
 7 seats in Trinidad
NNV 1994 Social conservatism Fuad Abu Bakr[22] April 2010 None
0.12%
0 / 41 (0%)
0 / 41 (0%)
 6 seats in Trinidad
MSJ 2009Left-wing
Socialism, Labourism, Direct democracy		 David Abdulah[26]January 2012[27]None ––
0 / 41 (0%)
5 seats in Trinidad
MND 2019 Diego Martin regionalism Garvin Nicholas [28] September 2019 None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
 3 seats in Trinidad
NCT 2013 Nalini Dial[29] July 2013 None
0.05%
0 / 41 (0%)
0 / 41 (0%)
 2 seats in Trinidad
ILP 2013 Rekha Ramjit[30] October 2015 None
0.70%
0 / 41 (0%)
0 / 41 (0%)
 1 seat in Trinidad
TNP 2017 Valmiki Ramsingh[31] July 2017 None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
 1 seat in Trinidad
UPP 2018 Right-wing
Christian right, Social conservatism		 Kenneth Munroe-Brown[32] December 2018 None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
 1 seat in Trinidad
Progressive 2019Centre to centre-left
Progressivism, Decentralization, Localism		 Nikoli Edwards[33]June 2019None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
1 seat in Trinidad
NOW 2020 Kirk Waithe[34] January 2020 None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
 1 seat in Trinidad

Tobago only

Party Founded Political position and ideology Leader(s) Leader since Leader's seat Last election At dissolution Contested seats
 % party vote Seats
Not part of any coalition
PDP 2016Tobago regionalismWatson Duke[35]July 2016None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
2 seats in Tobago
OTV 2019Tobago regionalismHochoy Charles[35] October 2019None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
1 seat in Tobago
UTP 2020Tobago regionalism Nickocy Phillips[36] July 2020 None New party
0 / 41 (0%)
 1 seat in Tobago

Ideology

Significant differences in the programs of the two major parties UNC and PNM cannot be identified. The UNC is traditionally more of an Indo-Trinidadian party, while Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians make up the majority of the PNM's base. In Trinidad, however, racial differences play a subordinate role, the dominant subject areas in the media are the stagnating economy and the high rate of violent crime; here both parties claim that they are better suited to combat them.[37] In the closing stages of the election campaign, Prime Minister Rowley and citizens accused the UNC of using racist motives in its advertising campaign.[38]

Some parties only represent regional positions. This applies in particular to the parties PDP and OTV, who are running exclusively in Tobago and advocate for regional interests of the island[35] and the MND, which advocates the interests of the Diego Martin region.[28]

The announcement by the opposition UNC that, in the event of an election victory, would build a “dome” over Trinidad to protect against illegal immigrants, made the election campaign relaxed. Before the UNC made it clear that it meant a radar screen, users of social media picked up the topic and indulged in humorous allusions to domes in films and television series.[39]

Process

The organization of the election was subject to the state Elections and Boundaries Commission (EBC). There were no election observers. Prime Minister Rowley revealed after the election that he had invited observers from CARICOM and the Commonwealth of Nations, but they were unable to pay for the 14-day quarantine required of foreign visitors.[40]

Opinion research in the run-up to the election was carried out by the North American Caribbean Teachers Association (NACTA) and the management consultancy HHB Associates, among others. A NACTA poll shortly after the election date was announced, found that, as in most previous elections, only PNM and UNC would play a role.[41] An HHB poll published July 25 in the Trinidad and Tobago Guardian found the ruling PNM at 53% and the UNC at 44%.[42] A NACTA poll from July 25, however, saw the UNC one percentage point ahead.[43] At this point in time, the tendency, known from previous elections, was that Trinidadians with African roots tend to choose the PNM and Trinidadians with Indian roots rather the UNC.

The resignation of former deputy PNM chairwoman Nafeesa Mohammed on July 28, who accused the PNM leadership of arrogance, ignorance and incompetence, caused a media stir.[44] The Leader of the Opposition, former prime minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar, was threatened with death during the election campaign.[45] Minor parties and bodies called on the President to postpone the election in view of the COVID-19 pandemic, which was also rampant in Trinidad, but their requests were denied.[46] A UNC supporter was stabbed on the sidelines of a UNC election campaign on the Saturday before the election.[47]

The polling stations closed at 6:00 p.m. on election Monday.[48]

Marginal seats

The following lists identify and rank seats by the margin by which the party's candidate finished behind the winning candidate in the 2015 election.

For information purposes only, seats that have changed hands through subsequent by elections have been noted. Seats whose members have changed party allegiance are ignored.

  = appears in two lists
Marginal seats by party (with winning parties and margins from the 2015 Trinidad and Tobago general election)
People's National Movement People's Partnership (UNC—COP—TOP)
Marginal
1 Barataria/San Juan 3.18% 1 Moruga/Tableland 2.53%
2 Chaguanas East 7.95% 2 St. Joseph 8.33%
3 Pointe-à-Pierre 8.39% 3 La Horquetta/Talparo 15.56%
4 Mayaro 14.05% 4 Tunapuna 19.13%
5 Cumuto/Manzanilla 15.95% 5 Toco/Sangre Grande 19.20%
6 Fyzabad 18.92% 6 San Fernando West 19.39%
7 Caroni Central 26.11% 7 Point Fortin 20.94%
8 Tabaquite 31.12% 8 Lopinot/Bon Air West 28.10%
9 St. Augustine 33.57% 9 La Brea 33.45%
10 Couva North 34.17% 10 D'Abadie/O'Meara 34.20%
11 Princes Town 35.60% 11 San Fernando East 37.33%
12 Couva South 38.83% 12 Arima 40.12%
13 Caroni East 44.79% 13 Diego Martin North/East 41.40%
14 Oropouche West 48.70% 14 Diego Martin West 55.32%
15 Siparia 51.60% 15 St. Ann's East 56.55%
16 Oropouche East 60.02% 16 Diego Martin Central 59.77%
17 Naparima 65.53% 17 Port of Spain South 60.81%
18 Chaguanas West 76.14% 18 Tobago East 60.88%
Safe 19 Arouca/Maloney 63.10%
20 Port of Spain North/St. Ann's West 65.62%
21 Tobago West 73.48%
22 Laventille East/Morvant 76.84%
23 Laventille West 81.07%
24 Tobago East 53.78%
25 Tobago West 67.24%
Source: Parliamentary Elections, 2015 Final Results – Candidates Vote Count[49]

Members of Parliament not standing for re-election

Trinidad

Retiring incumbent Electoral District Term in office Date announced
Surujrattan Rambachan UNC Tabaquite 2010–2020 14 August 2019[50]
Fuad Khan UNC Barataria/San Juan 1995–2007; 2010–2020 9 November 2019[51]
Ganga Singh UNC Chaguanas West 1995–2007 (Caroni East); 2015–2020 8 March 2020[52]
Maxie Cuffie PNM La Horquetta/Talparo 2015–2020 13 May 2020[53]
Tim Gopeesingh UNC Caroni East 2007–2020 4 June 2020[54]

Results by constituency

Candidate nominations for the election were finalized on Nomination Day (July 17, 2020). The full candidate list is presented below,[18] along with the incumbent candidates before the election.[55] Non-minister MPs who are not standing for re-election are marked (†)[56] Government ministers are in bold, and party leaders are in italics.

Trinidad (39 constituencies) & Tobago (2 constituencies)

Electoral District Electorate Turnout % Candidates Votes % Incumbent
Arima 26,382 13,488 51.13% PNM Pennelope Beckles-Robinson 9,293 69.05 PNM Anthony Garcia
UNC Flora Singh 3,858 28.7
PEP Sharon Hernandez 122 0.9
NCT Nalini Dial 95 0.7
Arouca/Maloney 26,673 15,522 58.19% PNM Camille Robinson-Regis 12,697 82.10 PNM Camille Robinson-Regis
UNC Cherry-Ann David 2,768 17.9
Barataria/San Juan 25,690 15,771 61.39% UNC Saddam Hosein 8,300 52.7 UNC † Fuad Khan
PNM Jason 'JW' Williams 7,240 45.99
PEP Albertha Purdeen 204 1.3
Caroni Central 30,107 18,677 62.04% UNC Arnold Ram 11,511 61.7 UNC Bhoendradatt Tewarie
PNM Reyad Ali 6,890 36.95
PEP Lorena Lucien 245 1.3
Caroni East 29,031 17,415 59,99% UNC Rishi Seecharran 12,819 73.7 UNC † Tim Gopeesingh
PNM Sharon Archie 4,271 24.57
PEP Dave Babwah 296 1.7
Chaguanas East 26,923 17,123 63.60% UNC Vandana Mohit 8,968 52.5 UNC Fazal Karim
PNM Clarence Rambharat 7,882 46.2
PEP Robert Matthew Gibbs 143 0.8
IND Shiraz Khan 79 0.5
Chaguanas West 28,625 17,896 62,52% UNC Dinesh Rambally 15,502 88.5 UNC † Ganga Singh
PNM Rackeal Bissoon 1,878 10.52
PEP Rahman Ali 138 0.8
Couva North 29864 18,238 61.07% UNC Ravi Ratiram 12,633 69.4 UNC Ramona Ramdial
PNM Sharda Satram 5,222 28.67
PEP Rohanie Debideen 259 1.4
COP (Better United) Joel Ramdhanie 99 0.5
Couva South 30348 18,281 60.24% UNC Rudranath Indarsingh 12,597 69.0 UNC Rudranath Indarsingh
PNM Rajendra Rampersad 5,542 30.38
THC Linnell Doolan 106 0.6
Cumuto/Manzanilla 30468 18,702 61.38% UNC Rai Ragbir 10,901 58.4 UNC Christine Newallo-Hosein
PNM Ronney Lochan 7,557 40.52
PEP Anthony Henry 158 0.8
THC Christopher Mathura 35 0.2
D'Abadie/O'Meara 30788 17,844 57.96% PNM Lisa Morris-Julian 11,864 66.70 PNM Ancil Antoine
UNC Maurice Hoyte 5,783 32.5
THC Peter Amann 139 0.8
Diego Martin Central 29609 14,346 48.45% PNM Symon De Nobrega 10,627 74.39 PNM Darryl Smith
UNC John Ricardo Laquis 2,693 11.1
PEP Felicia Holder 404 2.8
NNV Ashton Francis 69 0.5
MND Garvin Nicholas 374 2.6
MSJ Renee St Rose 120 0.8
Diego Martin North/East 29273 13,858 47.34% PNM Colm Imbert 10,218 73.92 PNM Colm Imbert
UNC Eli Zakour 2,827 20.5
PEP Phillip Edward Alexander 426 3.1
MND Myron Bruce 209 1.5
COP/Better United Lonsdale Williams 133 1.0
Diego Martin West 29886 13,948 46.67% PNM Keith Rowley 10,791 77.58 PNM Keith Rowley
UNC Marsha Riley-Walker 2,569 18.5
THC Zafir David 93 0.7
MND Dexter Nicholls 456 3.3
Fyzabad 29886 18,045 65.74% UNC Lackram Bodoe 10,850 60.3 UNC Lackram Bodoe
PNM Solange De Souza 6,888 38.25
PEP Alice Narine 143 0.8
MSJ Radhaka Gualbance 127 0.7
La Brea 26008 15,571 59.87% PNM Stephen McClatchie 9,342 60.27 PNM Nicole Olivierre
UNC Victor Roberts 5,735 37.0
PEP Rondoll Glasgow 129 0.8
NNV Callum Marshall 71 0.5
La Horquetta/Talparo 27528 17,698 64.29% PNM Foster Cummings 9,714 55.03 PNM † Maxie Cuffie
UNC Jearlean John 7,793 44.15
PEP Benet Thomas 145 0.82
Laventille East/Morvant 26644 12,568 47.17% PNM Adrian Leonce 10,356 82.66 PNM Adrian Leonce
UNC Kareem Baird 1,965 15.7
PEP Christopher Roberts 169 1.3
NNV Umar Khan 39 0.3
Laventille West 25585 11,183 43.71% PNM Fitzgerald Hinds 9,310 83.51 PNM Fitzgerald Hinds
UNC Rodney Stowe 1,324 11.9
PEP Natalia Moore 126 1.1
NNV Sandra Emmanuel 31 0.3
COP (Better United) Kurt Sinnette 47 0.4
NOW Kirk Waithe 310 2.8
Lopinot/Bon Air West 27864 17,171 61.62% PNM Marvin Gonzales 9,608 56.07 PNM Cherrie Ann Crichlow-Cockburn
UNC Prakash Williams 3,587 20.9
PEP Dominique Lopez 123 0.7
ILP Jack Warner 3,817 22.3
Mayaro 28834 18,036 62.55% UNC Rushton Paray 10,593 59.0 UNC Rushton Paray
PNM Bunny Mahabirsingh 7,229 40.26
PEP Sterling Lee Ha 133 0.7
Moruga/Tableland 29043 20,141 69.35% UNC Michelle Benjamin 10,534 52.5 PNM Lovell Francis
PNM Winston 'Gypsy' Peters 9,482 47.14
DPTT (Better United) Steve Alvarez 37 0.2
THC Larry Sanchar 12 0.1
IND Thomas Sotillio 12 0.1
Naparima 27066 16,046 59,28% UNC Rodney Charles 13,306 83.2 UNC Rodney Charles
PNM Randy Sinanan 2,686 16.80
Oropouche East 28271 17,205 60.86% UNC Roodal Moonilal 13,737 80.1 UNC Roodal Moonilal
PNM Clifford Rambharose 3,416 19.91
Oropouche West 25289 15,534 61.43% UNC Davendranath Tancoo 11,535 74.5 UNC Vidia Gayadeen-Goopeesingh
PNM Lea Ramoutar 3,708 23.93
PEP Sasha Ali 250 1.6
Point Fortin 26003 15,696 60.36% PNM Kennedy Richards Jr. 9,276 59.23 PNM Edmund Dillon
UNC Taharqa Obika 5,761 36.8
PEP Kenesha Ramsoondar 58 0.4
MSJ Ernesto Kesar 545 3.5
TTDF Nicholas Anthony Williams 20 0.1
Pointe-à-Pierre 25096 16,615 66.21% UNC David Lee 8,869 53.5 UNC David Lee
PNM Daniel Dookie 7,357 44.38
PEP Marvyn Howard 144 0.9
MSJ David Abdulah 208 1.3
Port of Spain North/St. Ann's West 25003 11,686 46.74% PNM Stuart Young 9,475 81.41 PNM Stuart Young
UNC Darren Garner 1,705 14.7
PEP Limma Mc Leod 385 3.3
UPP Kenneth Munroe-Brown 73 0.6
Port of Spain South 24754 10,478 42.33% PNM Keith Scotland 8,202 78.44 PNM Marlene McDonald
UNC Curtis Orr 1,850 17.7
PEP Gail Castanada 257 2.5
NNV Fuad Abu Bakr 145 1.4
Princes Town 27178 16,229 59.71% UNC Barry Padarath 11,280 69.6 UNC Barry Padarath
PNM Sharon Baboolal 4,708 29.07
PEP Kim Young Low 209 1.3
San Fernando East 25008 14,589 58.34% PNM Brian Manning 9,864 67.78 PNM Randall Mitchell
UNC Monifa Andrews 4,689 32.2
San Fernando West 25035 15,607 62.34% PNM Faris Al-Rawi 8,459 54.31 PNM Faris Al-Rawi
UNC Sean Sobers 6,754 43.36
PEP Benison Jagessar 128 0.82
Progressive Nikoli Edwards 212 1.36
TNP Valmiki Ramsingh 23 0.15
Siparia 28663 17,398 60.70% UNC Kamla Persad-Bissessar 13,487 77.8 UNC Kamla Persad-Bissessar
PNM Rebecca Dipnarine 3,855 22.23
St. Ann's East 29454 14,790 50.21% PNM Nyan Gadsby-Dolly 10,979 74.46 PNM Nyan Gadsby-Dolly
UNC Kenya Charles 3,438 23.3
PEP Akil Camps 327 2.2
St. Augustine 29454 17,705 63.02% UNC Khadijah Ameen 11,943 67.6 COP Prakash Ramadhar
PNM Renuka Sagramsingh-Sookal 5,264 29.80
PEP Satesh Ramsaran 235 1.3
THC Michlin Hosein-Phelps 33 0.2
COP (Better United) Carolyn Seepersad-Bachan 188 1.0
St. Joseph 28452 18,193 63.94% PNM Terrence Deyalsingh 9,362 51.58 PNM Terrence Deyalsingh
UNC Ahloy Hunt 8,539 47.04
IND (Better United) Errol Fabien 220 1.21
THC Joel Williams 30 0.17
Tabaquite 28832 16,918 58,68% UNC Anita Haynes 11,440 67.8 UNC † Surujrattan Rambachan
PNM Michael Seales 5,209 30.9
PEP Carl Henry 221 1.3
Tobago East 23102 13,113 56.76% PNM Ayanna Webster-Roy 7,127 54.52  PNM Ayanna Webster-Roy
PDP Watson Duke 5,866 44.9
OTV Juliana Henry-King 80 0.6
Tobago West 27686 13,811 49.88% PNM Shamfa Cudjoe 9,275 66.74  PNM Shamfa Cudjoe
PDP Tashia Grace Burris 4,501 32.5
UTP Nickocy Phillips 40 0.3
IND Ricardo Phillip 43 0.3
Toco/Sangre Grande 31096 18,226 58.61% PNM Roger Munroe 10,694 58.88 PNM Glenda Jennings-Smith
UNC Nabila Greene 7,303 40.21
PEP Kevon Hernandez 168 0.91
Tunapuna 27433 17,316 63.12% PNM Esmond Forde 9,460 54.75 PNM Esmond Forde
UNC David Nakhid 7,533 43.60
PEP Maurice Downes 228 1.32
THC Marcus Ramkissoon 58 0.34

Campaign slogans

Party Slogan
PNM "The right choice."[57][58]
UNC "Now is the time."[59]
COP "Making the quantum leap."[60]
DPTT "The way forward for Trinidad and Tobago."[61]
TTDF "People first."[23]
PEP "Time for real change."[62]
THC "Good governance is at your fingertips."[63]
NNV "Believe in better."[64]
MSJ "Create a balance."[26]
MND "We are from Diego Martin, for Diego Martin."[65]
NCT "Think before you ink."[29]
ILP "Performance, Representation, Action" [66]
TNP "Change not exchange!"[31]
UPP
Progressive "Progressive 2020. The new normal."[67]
  • Progressive Party - De Guiding Flame (2020)[68]
NOW "Time is now."[69]
PDP "People before politics."[70]
OTV “Tobago must play as a team or lose by the fault.”[35]
UTP

Opinion polls

The North American Caribbean Teachers Association (NACTA) based in New York (led by political analyst Vishnu Bisram), pollster Nigel Henry's Solution by Simulation and pollster Louis Bertrand's H.H.B (H.H.B) & Associates have commissioned opinion polling for the next general election sampling the electorates' opinions.

Graphical summary

Seat projections

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM UNC COP Other Legislative majority
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election 22 19 0 0 3
3 Jul 2020 Prime Minister Keith Rowley announces that the election will take place on 10 August 2020 and parliament is dissolved.
1 Jun 2020 COVID-19 lockdown ends
6 May 2020 Ancil Dennis becomes Chief Secretary of Tobago[71][72]
14 Apr 2020 COP, PPM, ⁠DPTT and ⁠TTDF agree to form a coalition[73]
30 Mar 2020 Trinidad and Tobago commences a nationwide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic
12 Mar 2020 The first case of COVID-19 is confirmed in Trinidad and Tobago, pre-campaigning partially suspended on 13 March[74][75]
26 Jan 2020 2020 Tobago Council of the PNM election; Tracy Davidson-Celestine is elected leader
2 Dec 2019 PNM wins more districts, ties in number of corporations won to the UNC in the 2019 Trinidadian local elections
1 Oct 2019 The 2019 budget is delivered
Aug 2019 NACTA/Newday[76] – 23 18 0 0 5
Apr 2019 NACTA/Newsday[77] – 26 15 0 0 11
Mar 2019 NACTA/Newsday[78] 540 25 16 0 0 9
1 Oct 2018 The 2018 budget is delivered
Sep 2018 NACTA/Newsday[79] – 23 18 0 0 5
16 July 2018 Barataria and Belmont East Local Government By-Elections
19 Jan 2018 2018 Trinidad and Tobago presidential election; Paula-Mae Weekes is elected president
19 Nov 2017 Carolyn Seepersad-Bachan is elected leader of the COP[20][80][81][82]
23 Jan 2017 The Tobago Council of the PNM wins the 2017 Tobago House of Assembly election; Kelvin Charles becomes Chief Secretary of Tobago
7 Oct 2017 The 2017 budget is delivered
28 Nov 2016 PNM wins the 2016 Trinidadian local elections
30 Sep 2016 The 2016 budget is delivered
10 Jul 2016 Anirudh Mahabir is elected leader of the COP[83][84]
3 Jul 2016 Kelvin Charles is elected leader of the Tobago Council of the PNM[85]
15 Dec 2015 The People's Partnership splits up[86]
7 Dec 2015 PNM wins the Auzonville/Tunapuna and Malabar South Local Government By-Elections
28 Sep 2015 The 2015 budget is delivered
9 Sep 2015 Keith Rowley is sworn in as Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 23 17 1 0 5

Individual polls

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM UNC PDP PEP COP Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 49.1 47.1 1.6 0.9 0.1 1.3 1.99
July 24–31, 2020 SBS/Express[87] 473 43 38 1 1 – 1 5
July 25, 2020 NACTA/Newsday[88] – 44 45 – – – – 1
July 2020 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[89] 600 35 29 – – 0 2 6
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 51.7 39.6 – – 6.0 3.7 12.1

Regional/Subnational polls

Tobago East

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM PDP Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 54.35 44.74 0.91 9.61
July 2020 NACTA/Newsday[90] (380) 47 42 11 5
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 69.48 – 30.52 53.78

Tobago West

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM PDP Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 66.81 32.42 0.77 34.39
July 2020 NACTA/Newsday[90] (380) 48 40 12 9
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 79.20 – 20.8 67.24

Moruga/Tableland

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM UNC Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 35.92 52.34 11.74 16.42
July 25, 2020 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[91] 200 34 23 43 11
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 51.15 48.62 0.23 2.53

St. Joseph

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM UNC Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 51.42 46.96 1.62 4.46
July 25, 2020 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[91] 200 40 31 29 9
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 53.77 45.44 0.79 8.33

San Fernando West

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM UNC Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 54.51 42.87 2.62 11.64
July 25, 2020 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[92] – 49 29 22 20
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 59.24 39.85 0.91 19.39

Tunapuna

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM UNC Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 54.63 43.51 1.86 11.12
July 25, 2020 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[93] – 39 23 38 16
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 59.42 40.29 0.29 19.13

Toco/Sangre Grande

Date[nb 1] Pollster Sample size PNM UNC Other Lead
10 Aug 2020 2020 general election – 58.66 40.10 1.24 18.23
July 25, 2020 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[94] – 32 19 49 13
7 Sep 2015 2015 general election – 59.04 39.84 0.91 19.20

Satisfaction

Date[nb 1] Firm Interview Mode Sample size Nathalie Arthaud Nathalie Arthaud
Rowley

(PNM)

 Persad-Bissessar

(UNC)

Satisfied Dissatisfied Never heard of Satisfied Dissatisfied Never heard of
July 2020 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[95] Face-to-face 600 57% 43% 0% 53% 44% 3%
31 May 2020 NACTA/Newsday[96] n/a n/a 53% n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
March 2020 NACTA/Newsday[96] n/a n/a 46% n/a n/a 55% n/a n/a
1–7 September 2019 SBS/Express[97] Telephone n/a 50% 38% n/a n/a n/a n/a
8 March 2019 NACTA/Newsday[78] Face-to-face 540 40% 47% n/a 42% 44% n/a
24 September 2017 NACTA/Newsday[98] Face-to-face 390 40% n/a n/a 42% n/a n/a
1–3 September 2017 H.H.B. & Associates/Guardian Media[99] Telephone 301 32% n/a n/a 43% 38% n/a
July 2017 NACTA/Newsday[98] Face-to-face 410 41% n/a n/a 43% n/a n/a
June 2017 NACTA/Newsday[98] Face-to-face 380 42% n/a n/a 43% n/a n/a
30 August – 5 September 2016 SBS/Express[100] Telephone 601 51% n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
^ Remainder were "undecided".

Preferred Prime Minister

Date[nb 1] Firm Interview Mode Sample size Nathalie Arthaud Nathalie Arthaud Lead
Rowley

(PNM)

 Persad-Bissessar

(UNC)

July 2020 H.H.B. & Associates[95] Face-to-face 600 39% 34% 5%
March 2020 NACTA[96] n/a n/a 43% 45% 2%
^ Remainder were "undecided".

Government direction

Date[nb 1] Polling organisation Interview Mode Sample size Right direction Wrong direction Lead
4 August 2020 SBS/Express[87] Telephone 473 47 41 6
24 September 2017 NACTA[98] Face-to-face 390 n/a 89 n/a
1–3 September 2017 H.H.B. & Associates[99] Telephone 301 n/a 83 n/a
July 2017 NACTA[98] Face-to-face 410 n/a 85 n/a
June 2017 NACTA[98] Face-to-face 380 n/a 83 n/a

Voter demographics

Voter demographic data for 2020 were collected by Solution by Simulation Ltd (SBS) for the Trinidad Express Newspapers completed by 473 likely voters in Trinidad and Tobago by phone and H.H.B. & Associates for the Trinidad and Tobago Guardian completed by 600 registered voters face-to-face suggested the following demographic breakdown:

2020 Trinidad & Tobago general election voter demographics (SBS)[87][101][102]
Social group %PNM %UNC  % Lead
Total vote 43 38 5
Voter expectation (Better chance of winning) 47 35 12
Gender
Women n/a n/a n/a
Age
18–39 50 42 8
40–64 41 35 6
65+ 45 42 3
First time voter
Yes n/a n/a n/a
Employment
Employed n/a n/a n/a
Retirees n/a n/a n/a
Unemployed n/a n/a n/a
Race/ethnic group
African descent 77 13 64
East Indian descent 10 77 67
Mixed descent 48 23 25
Traditional election vote
PNM 85 9 76
UNC 11 82 71
Floating / 3rd Party 30 26 4
Country direction
Believes country is in right direction 77 11 66
Believes country is on wrong track 9 72 63
Likeliness of voting
Very Likely 46 39 7
Somewhat Likely 22 31 9
Issue regarded as most important
Coronavirus 65 18 47
Corruption 31 48 17
Crime 36 50 14
Economy 26 53 27
Performance-minded and issue-based voters
Performance-minded 37 50 13
Issue-based 64 27 37
Quality of representation over other concerns n/a n/a n/a
Public perception
Ability to build and maintain infrastructure n/a n/a 8
Ability to reduce crime n/a n/a n/a
COVID-19
More capable of handling the pandemic n/a n/a n/a
2020 Trinidad & Tobago general election voter demographics in Trinidad (H.H.B. & Associates)[103]
Social group %PNM %UNC %COP %Others  % Lead
Total vote 35.10 29.10 0.40 1.60 6.00
Race/ethnic group
Afro-Trinidadian 61.20 5.70 0.00 2.40 55.50
Indo-Trinidadian 7.30 54.70 0.00 0.40 47.40
Other / Mixed 44.10 18.90 1.80 2.70 25.20
Top Three Issues
Utilities (Water, light, etc.) 30 34 4
Unemployment/Jobs 35 36 1
Youth training and development 40 n/a n/a
Race/ethnic group %Keith Rowley %Kamla Persad-Bissessar %Other Person % Lead
Best Prime Minister
Afro-Trinidadian 67.9 7.7 11.0 60.2
Indo-Trinidadian 10.8 61.2 12.5 50.4
Other / Mixed 45.0 26.1 9.0 18.9

Results

At 10:30 pm on Election Day, Prime Minister Keith Rowley declared his party the winner of the election with 22 seats.[104][105][106][107][108][109] UNC leader Persad-Bissessar declared wins in 19 seats, taking the Moruga/Tableland seat from the PNM and the St. Augustine seat from the COP.[110] She disagreed with Rowley's victory declaration and objected to the long delays at polling stations.[111]

In total, six seats won by the PNM were disputed: the UNC requested recounts for five constituencies in Trinidad (San Fernando West, St Joseph, Tunapuna, Toco-Sangre Grande and La Horquetta/Talparo),[112] while the Progressive Democratic Patriots (PDP) requested a recount in Tobago East.[113] The EBC took one week to conduct the recounts, observing only minor changes from the preliminary vote counts: the largest change was an increase of 103 votes for the UNC in San Fernando West. The counts for the other districts differed by ten votes or fewer.[10] Rowley and the new PNM cabinet were then sworn in by President Paula-Mae Weekes on the following day, August 19. The ceremony was held at President's House.[12]

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
People's National Movement322,18049.0522–1
United National Congress309,65447.1419+2
Progressive Democratic Patriots10,3681.580New
Progressive Empowerment Party5,9300.900New
Independent Liberal Party3,8170.5800
Movement for Social Justice1,2230.190New
Movement for National Development1,0390.160New
COP–DPTT–TTDF5240.080–1
New National Vision4960.0800
Trinidad Humanity Campaign3680.0600
National Organisation of We the People3100.050New
Progressive Party2120.030New
National Coalition for Transformation1870.0300
One Tobago Voice800.010New
Unrepresented Peoples Party740.010New
Unity of the People400.010New
The National Party230.000New
Independents3670.0600
Total656,892100.00410
Valid votes656,89299.73
Invalid/blank votes1,7850.27
Total votes658,677100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,134,13558.08
Source: EBCTT, IPU

Reactions

Domestic reactions

Regional reactions

  •  CARICOM
    • “Prime Minister, your success at the polls is an indication of the confidence that the people of Trinidad and Tobago have in your stewardship and the plans you have outlined for their future,” Ambassador LaRocque said in his congratulatory message to Dr. Rowley.[118][119]
  •  CARICOM /  St. Vincent and the Grenadines
  •  St. Lucia
    • Prime Minister of Saint Lucia Allen Chastanet, in a statement expressed: "Congratulations to Dr. Keith Rowley and the People's National Movement on their new mandate to continue serving Trinidad & Tobago for 5 more years. We wish you, your team and the people of T&T great success throughout this new term and we look forward to working together to build a more united and prosperous region 🇱🇨🇹🇹"[122][123][124]
  •  Belize
    • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belize) tweeted: "Congratulations to Hon. @DrKeithRowley on his successful re-election as Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago @OPM_TT during yesterday's general elections held in challenging circumstances occasioned by the #COVID19 pandemic "[125]
  •  Antigua and Barbuda
    • Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda Gaston Browne in a letter sent congratulations to Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Dr Keith Rowley on his impending re-election, stating "I wish your Government and the people of Trinidad and Tobago every good fortune as you continue to the task of strengthening your great country.”[126][127]
  •  Grenada
    • Prime Minister of Grenada Keith Mitchell congratulated Prime Minister Rowley indicating that "the results show that the people of Trinidad and Tobago are confident in Dr Rowley's leadership abilities, and are looking to you for continued direction to steer the country further along the path of development. With the support of his Cabinet and people, I am confident Dr Rowley will succeed in pushing forward the country's agenda, so that everyone can benefit.'[128][129]
    • Leader of the largest opposition party in Grenada Franka Bernardine on behalf of her party National Democratic Congress and the people of Grenada congratulated Prime Minister Rowley on his re-election as Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago noting 'the use of the virtual platform was new and added a unique dynamic to an already robust and grounded PNM team. The sharp focus and hard work of your campaign team were, no doubt vital to your success.'"[130][131]
  •  St. Kitts and Nevis
  •  Guyana
  •  Montserrat
    • Premier of Montserrat Joseph Farrell issued a diplomatic note stating “It is truly my great honour, on behalf of the Government and people of Montserrat, to extend best wishes to you and the People's National Movement (PNM) in the fulfillment of this high office for which you were successfully returned for another term.”[134]

International reactions

Footnotes

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 These are the survey dates of the poll, or if the survey dates are not stated, the date the poll was released.

    References

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    120. ↑ "Caricom chairman congratulates PM-elect". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    121. ↑ "Caribbean leaders congratulate Dr Rowley after general election". Loop. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    122. ↑ "PM Chastanet congratulates T&T's PNM on victory at the polls". Loop. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    123. ↑ "St Lucia's Prime Minister congratulates T&T's PNM on election victory". Loop. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    124. ↑ "Saint Lucia PM Congratulates T&T Counterpart On Election Win". St. Lucia Times News. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    125. ↑ Belize MFAFT 🇧🇿 [@MFABelize] (11 August 2020). "Congratulations to Hon. @DrKeithRowley on his successful re-election as Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago @OPM_TT during yesterday's general elections held in challenging circumstances occasioned by the #COVID19 pandemic 🇹🇹🇧🇿" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    126. ↑ "PM Browne congratulates PNM on impending election victory in T&T". Loop. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    127. ↑ "PM Browne congratulates PM Rowley on victory". 268 Antigua Today. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    128. ↑ "Caribbean leaders congratulate Dr Rowley after general election". Loop. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    129. ↑ "Grenada's Prime Minister Congratulates His Trinidadian Counterpart On His Election Victory". Mikey Live. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    130. ↑ "NDC Congratulates Prime Minister Dr. Rowley and PNM on their success at the August 10th Polls". National Democratic Congress. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    131. ↑ "NDC Congratulates PM Dr. Rowley And The PNM On Their Success At The August 10th Polls". Wee 93.3/9 FM Radio Grenada. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    132. ↑ "Prime Minister Harris congratulates newly re-elected T&T's Prime Minister – VON Radio". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    133. ↑ "PNCR congratulates Dr Rowley on elections victory". Guyana Chronicle. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    134. ↑ "Premier Farrell Congratulates Prime Minister Dr. Keith Rowley and the PNM on Return to Office". Government of Montserrat. 24 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    135. ↑ Almagro, Luis [@Almagro_OEA2015] (19 August 2020). "Our congratulations to Prime Minister @DrKeithRowley. Count on our will to work together to strengthen the pillars of the @OAS_official beginning with development https://t.co/g7he0cEYCl" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    136. ↑ "Statement by the SG OACPS on the General Elections in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago". www.acp.int. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    137. ↑ "Venezuela congratulates Trinidad and Tobago on successful election day and re-election of Prime Minister Keith Rowley". Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    138. ↑ MIPPCI [@Mippcivzla] (11 August 2020). "#COMUNICADO | Pdte. @NicolasMaduro extiende sus felicitaciones al pueblo de la República de Trinidad y Tobago, por la exitosa celebración de las elecciones generales. #UniónYLuchaConElPueblo https://t.co/P7X9VcbYoM" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    139. ↑ Arreaza, Jorge [@jaarreaza] (11 August 2020). "#COMUNICADO | El presidente @NicolasMaduro extiende sus felicitaciones al pueblo de la República de Trinidad y Tobago, por la exitosa celebración de las elecciones generales efectuadas el lunes 10 de agosto de 2020, en las que resultó reelecto el Primer Ministro Keith Rowley. https://t.co/Has3fa5Lys" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    140. ↑ Cancillería Venezuela 🇻🇪 [@CancilleriaVE] (17 August 2020). ".@jaarreaza #COMMUNIQUÉ | During a telephone conversation, Pres. @NicolasMaduro congratulated the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, @DrKeithRowley, on his recent re-election. They exchanged experiences in the fight against Covid-19 and impressions of the bilateral agenda. https://t.co/8a86tfa3gq" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    141. ↑ "Nicaragua envía mensaje al Primer Ministro de Trinidad y Tobago". El 19 Digital (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    142. ↑ El 19 Digital [@el19digital] (11 August 2020). "#Nicaragua Nicaragua envía mensaje al Primer Ministro de Trinidad y Tobago https://t.co/5XTzzczJOB" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021 – via Twitter.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    143. ↑ TN8 Nicaragua [@canaltn8] (11 August 2020). "#AHORA #Nicaragua | Vicepresidenta Rosario Murillo: Destaca el mensaje enviado al Primer Ministro de Trinidad y Tobago. https://t.co/Fpj1a0AOXN" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021 – via Twitter.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    144. ↑ Chung, Julie [@WHAAsstSecty] (19 August 2020). "Today the people of Trinidad and Tobago swear in a prime minister, elected in a transparent process that accurately reflects their will. The United States congratulates @DrKeithRowley on his election victory, & wishes the people of Trinidad and Tobago continuing prosperity" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    145. ↑ "AMCHAM T&T - AMCHAM T&T Congratulates Dr the Hon Keith Rowley and the PNM on Election Victory". amchamtt.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    146. ↑ Sugg, Baroness [@liz_sugg] (19 August 2020). "My congratulations to @DrKeithRowley on your re-election, and on today's swearing-in to office. I look forward to our continued partnership as the UK and Trinidad & Tobago work together to fight #Covid19, deepen our security cooperation & combat the threat of climate change 🇬🇧🇹🇹" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    147. ↑ Stew, Tim [@HCTimStew] (19 August 2020). "Congratulations @DrKeithRowley on your re-election success! T&T 🇹🇹 & the UK 🇬🇧 enjoy a strong partnership. I look forward to that partnership depending & prospering in the years ahead. https://t.co/YaUWrDYxLB" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    148. ↑ UKinCaribbean 🇬🇧 [@UKinCaribbean] (19 August 2020). "#UKinTT congratulates Prime Minister @DrKeithRowley, newly appointed Ministers and all other Parliamentary representatives on today's swearing-in. We look forward to a strong partnership in the coming years. https://t.co/Yx8Q7JrWYb" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021 – via Twitter.
    149. ↑ "Log into Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
    150. ↑ EmbaMex T&T [@EmbaMexTT] (19 August 2020). "CONGRATULATIONS to the new goverment [sic] of Trinidad and Tobago https://t.co/SLCEpxkMOS" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021 – via Twitter.
    151. ↑ EmbaMex T&T [@EmbaMexTT] (20 August 2020). "Hoy, 19 de agosto de 2020, tomó juramento ante la Presidenta Paula-Mae Weekes el nuevo gobierno de 🇹🇹 , encabezado por el Primer Ministro @DrKeithRowley . Felicidades . https://t.co/7ncyvn8bOw" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021 – via Twitter.
    152. ↑ "Li Keqiang'dan Trinidad ve Tobago Başbakanı seçilen Rowley'e tebrik" (in Turkish). Retrieved 18 July 2021.
    153. ↑ CRI Türkçe [@CRI_Turkish] (22 August 2020). "📌 Başbakanı Li Keqiang, göreve yeniden seçilen Trinidad ve Tobago Başbakanı Keith Rowley'e tebrik mesajı gönderdi 📌 Li, iki ülkenin Covid-19 salgınıyla mücadelede birbirine destek vererek, ikili dostluğun tarihinde yeni bir sayfa açtığını dile getirdi https://t.co/tal63kq8SO" (Tweet) (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021 – via Twitter.
    154. ↑ Ekomonitör [@ekomonitorgzt] (22 August 2020). "Li Keqiang'dan Trinidad ve Tobago Başbakanı seçilen Rowley'e tebrik https://t.co/nd6m5zN0S6 https://t.co/dPHh01flVm" (Tweet) (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021 – via Twitter.
    155. ↑ "Ambassador Hirayama paid a courtesy call to Dr. the Hon. Keith Rowley, Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on November 30th, 2020" (PDF). www.tt.emb-japan.go.jp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
    156. ↑ "Foreign Policy News". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    157. ↑ "Log into Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
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