2023 Panamanian protests
Protesters demonstrating in the Cinta Costera of Panama City on 5 November 2023
Date20 October 2023 – 2 December 2023
(1 month, 1 week and 6 days)
Location
Panama
Caused byRenovation of the mining contract of Cobre Panamá, the largest open-pit copper mine in Central America, placed in a protected area of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor
Goals
MethodsUnconstitutionality lawsuits, labor strike, protests, demonstrations, civil resistance and online activism
Resulted in
Parties

Protesters

  • Environmental activists
  • Anti-mining lawyers
  • Teacher unions
  • Labor unions
  • Indigenous groups
  • Other civil groups
Lead figures

Non-centralized leadership

Laurentino Cortizo, president of Panama

Jaime Vargas,
president of the National Assembly

First Quantum Minerals leadership and related prominent figures

Casualties
Death(s)4 protesters, including two fatally shot during a road closure[3]
Injuries40 policemen and numerous protesters, including a photojournalist[4]
ArrestedHundreds of protesters, including some union leaders[5]

A series of protests began in Panama on 20 October 2023 following the immediate passing of a 20-to-40-year mining contract between the government of Panama and First Quantum Minerals,[6] the operator of Cobre Panamá, the largest open-pit copper mine in Central America, placed 20 minutes away from the western coast of Colon Province and within a protected area of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor.[7]

Demonstrations started in Panama City shortly after Laurentino Cortizo, the president of Panama, signed into law the mining contract approved by the National Assembly in a 42–5 vote,[8] in less than 12 hours.[9] The protests and road closures expanded nationwide as soon as the public learned of the undisclosed details of the negotiation and approval process of the mining contract.[10] Demonstration hotspots included Panama City, Colón, La Chorrera, Penonomé, Santiago and David, with massive demonstrations for many days,[11] and multiple road closures throughout the Pan-American Highway and minor roads.[12]

President Laurentino Cortizo and his administration appeared multiple times on national media discussing protests and the economic impact of the road closures,[13] justifying their support of the mining contract, without significant progress being made in reducing demonstrations. Eventually, the president proposed a national referendum on whether to preserve the mining contract,[14] which was initially approved by the National Assembly even though it faced strong opposition of the public and the Electoral Tribunal (the electoral commission of the country),[15] but was later dismissed due to numerous concerns.[16] An initiative of repelling the mining contract with a new law was also initially approved by the National Assembly,[17][18] but it was dismissed by consensus as well, as numerous lawyers suggested that the unconstitutionality would be the most appropriate way to shut down Cobre Panamá and ensuring better defense in an eventual international arbitration process.[19]

Following weeks of protests, the National Assembly approved a bill suspending new mining concessions in Panamanian territory on 3 November 2023, which was immediately signed into law by President Laurentino Cortizo.[20] Meanwhile, First Quantum Minerals was forced to reduce their operations in Cobre Panamá due to the road and sea blockades near the mine and the Punta Rincón port, their exporting area, by fishermen of the Donoso District.[21][22]

On 28 November 2023, the Supreme Court of Justice unanimously ruled the mining contract as unconstitutional, indicating that it infringed numerous articles of the Constitution.[23][24] The Supreme Court ruling was widely supported by the people, and celebrations erupted around the country.[25][26] On the same day, President Cortizo told the public that his administration will ensure the safe and orderly closure of the mine, in compliance with the ruling.[27] Federico Alfaro, minister of Commerce and Industries and a vocal supporter of the mining contract, resigned from office on 30 November 2023 amid increasing calls from the public following his involment in the controversy.[28][29]

Four people died in the protests: two in traffic incidents while attempting to close roads, while the remaining two (a teacher and another's husband) were fatally shot in a road closure in Chame District by an elderly man with Panamanian and American citizenship.[30][31][32]

Background

Prior to 2021

Cobre Panamá is the largest open-pit copper mine in Central America. The exploration process for the mine was started during the presidency of Guillermo Endara, who assumed office on 20 December 1989 as the first elected president of Panama since Arnulfo Arias in 1968.[33] The original mining contract was given to Petaquilla Gold, S.A. through the Law 9,[34] approved on 26 February 1997 by the National Assembly during the presidency of Ernesto Pérez Balladares.[33]

Richard Fifer, CEO of Petaquilla, sold the concession rights over the mine to First Quantum Minerals (a Canadian-based mining company) for $60 million, with the Panamanian law firm Morgan & Morgan acting as intermediary of the process; however, this action was not allowed by the mining contract of 1997.[35] Juan Carlos Varela, who served as president of Panama from 2014 to 2019, extended the concession for an additional 20 years in 2016.[36] It is reported that all presidents of Panama in the post-intervention era (starting from 1989) have been involved in expanding or supporting the operations of the copper mine, including Mireya Moscoso, Martín Torrijos and Ricardo Martinelli, all of whom served from 1999 to 2014.[33]

Lawyers Juan Ramón Sevillano and Susana Serracín filed a claim for the unconstitutionality of Law 9 during 1998, but it was not ruled by the Supreme Court of Justice until 25 September 2018, 21 years later.[37] The ruling was formally published in the government gazette on 2021, three years after the Supreme Court's decision,[38] and First Quantum Minerals was forced to renegotiate the concession with the government of Panama under President Laurentino Cortizo, while they were illegally exploiting the mine and doing unlawful activities in the area.[39]

Negotiations and contract draft

Federico Alfaro (left), minister of Commerce and Industries, who negotiated the mining contract with First Quantum Minerals

Following the publication of the Supreme Court ruling on early 2021, First Quantum Minerals started negotiations with the administration of Laurentino Cortizo to write a new mining contract. As reported by the government, the initial negotiations resulted in expanding the revenue for the Panamian government to $375 million and royalty payments from 12-to-16%;[40][41] additionally, it was agreed that Cobre Panamá must pay numerous taxes they were exempted of by the 1997 contract.[42] It was reported that these payments would be used for numerous social programs that were underfunded.

Even though the government of Panama claimed that this mining contract would be beneficial for the people, numerous lawyers and environmental activists defied those claims and insisted that the new concessions would be extremely damaging for the surroundings of Cobre Panamá, and the Panama Canal.[43][44][45] The mining contract explicitly authorized First Quantum Minerals to destroy forests surrounding Cobre Panamá if it was determined that they had useful resources to expand the mine, and gave them the right to expropriate land from nearby residents for the same reason.[7] It was also reported that the mine could use and divert the course of numerous nearby rivers, including the Indio river (which flows into the Donoso District), which are potentially interrelated with the Panama Canal water system.[7] The expansion of Cobre Panamá would be potentially dangerous for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, as the mine is already placed within one of its protected areas,[7] and could threaten the water supply of numerous settlements near the Panama Canal and the Canal itself.[7]

Final contract

Following nationwide controversy about the content of the original draft, the Panamanian government decided to withdraw it on 3 October 2023 and promised to remove its controversial content.[46] Minister Federico Alfaro re-introduced the amended contract to the National Assembly and it was approved by an standing committee on 18 October 2023 with a 7–2 vote.[47]

National Assembly's Commerce Committee
Roberto Ábrego Ariel Alba Francisco Alemán Víctor Castillo Alaín Cedeño Nelson Jackson Cenobia Vargas Juan Diego Vásquez Elías Vigil
PRD
(13-4)
PRD
(9-2)		 MOLIRENA
(8-2)		 PRD
(8-4)		 CD
(8-6)		 CD
(3-2)		 PRD
(8-6)		 Unaffiliated
(8-2)
PAN
(8-6)
Vote Green tick Yes Green tick Yes Green tick Yes Green tick Yes Green tick Yes Green tick Yes Green tick Yes Red X No Red X No

The plenary session of the National Assembly approved the Bill 1100, which legalized the mining contract between First Quantum Minerals and the government of Panama, in second and third debate within a timespan of less than 48 hours following the committee's vote. In the second debate, held on 19 October 2023, 58 of the 71 members (81.69%) voted; while in the third debate, held on 20 October 2023, 50 of the 71 members (70.42%) voted.

National Assembly's second and third debate vote
Member Electoral district Votes by debate
Name Party Number Areas included Second Third
Bocas del Toro Province
Abel Beker PRD 1-1 Almirante, Bocas del Toro, Changuinola, Chiriquí Grande Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Benicio Robinson PRD — Green tick Yes
Coclé Province
Néstor Guardia PRD 2-1 Penonomé Green tick Yes —
Daniel Ramos PRD abstention abstention
Melchor Herrera PRD 2-2 Antón Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Luis Ernesto Carles PAN 2.3 La Pintada, Natá, Olá — —
Bernardino González PAN 2-4 Aguadulce Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Colón Province
Leopoldo Benedetti CD 3-1 Colón Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Mariano López PRD Green tick Yes —
Jairo Salazar PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Pedro Torres PAN Red X No —
Nelson Jackson CD 3-2 Chagres, Donoso, Omar Torrijos Herrera, Portobelo, Santa Isabel Green tick Yes —
Chiriquí Province
Fernando Arce PRD 4-1 David Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Miguel Fanovich MOLIRENA Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Hugo Méndez PAN Red X No —
Everardo Concepción PAN 4-2 Barú Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Rony Araúz CD 4-3 Bugaba, Tierras Altas — —
Juan Esquivel PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Gonzalo González PRD 4-4 Alanje, Boquerón, Renacimiento Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Manolo Ruiz MOLIRENA 4-5 Boquete, Dolega, Gualaca Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Ana Giselle Rosas CD 4-6 San Félix, San Lorenzo, Remedios, Tolé — —
Darién Province, Emberá-Wounaan Comarca
Arnulfo Díaz CD 5-1 Chepigana, Santa Fe, Sambú Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Jaime Vargas PRD 5-2 Pinogana, Cémaco Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Herrera Province
Alejandro Castillero PRD 6-1 Chitré Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Julio Mendoza PRD 6-2 Los Pozos, Parita, Pesé Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Marcos Castillero PRD 6-3 Las Minas, Ocú, Santa María Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Los Santos Province
Eric Broce PRD 7-1 Guararé, Las Tablas, Pedasí, Pocrí Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Olivares de Frías PRD 7-2 Los Santos, Macaracas, Tonosí Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Panamá Province
Hernán Delgado CD 8-1 Balboa, Chepo, Chimán, Taboga Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Itzi Atencio PAN 8-2 San Miguelito — —
Francisco Alemán MOLIRENA Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Leandro Ávila PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Dalia Bernal CD Green tick Yes —
Raúl Pineda PRD Green tick Yes —
Zulay Rodríguez PRD Red X No Red X No
Juan Diego Vásquez Unaffiliated Red X No Red X No
Crispiano Adames PRD 8-3 Panamá District
Ancón, Bella Vista, Bethania, Calidonia, Curundú, El Chorrillo, Pueblo Nuevo, San Felipe, Santa Ana		 abstention abstention
Héctor Brands PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Corina Cano MOLIRENA Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Sergio Gálvez CD — —
Gabriel Silva Unaffiliated Red X No Red X No
Edison Broce Unaffiliated 8-4 Panamá District
Don Bosco, Juan Díaz, Parque Lefevre, Río Abajo, San Francisco		 Red X No Red X No
Víctor Castillo PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Mayín Correa CD — —
Raúl Fernández Unaffiliated Red X No Red X No
Javier Sucre PRD — —
Génesis Arjona CD 8-5 Panamá District
Alcalde Díaz, Caimitillo, Chilibre, Ernesto Córdoba Campos, Las Cumbres		 — —
Alina González PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Ardito Rodríguez MOLIRENA Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Alaín Cedeño CD 8-6 Panamá District
24 de Diciembre, Las Garzas, Las Mañanitas, Pacora, Pedregal, San Martín, Tocumen		 Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Cenobia Vargas PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Elías Vigil PAN Red X No —
Edwin Zúñiga CD — —
Panamá Oeste Province
Kayra Harding PRD 13-1 Arraiján Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Yesenia Rodríguez PAN — —
Marilyn Vallarino CD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Yanibel Ábrego CD 13-2 Capira Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
José Herrera CD 13-3 Chame, San Carlos Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Roberto Ábrego PRD 13-4 La Chorrera Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Roberto Ayala PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Lilia Batista CD — —
Veraguas Province
Fátima Agrazal CD 9-1 Santiago Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Luis Rafael Cruz PRD Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Ariel Alba PRD 9-2 La Mesa, Las Palmas, Soná Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Eugenio Bernal PRD 9-3 Calobre, Cañazas, San Francisco, Santa Fe Red X No —
Ricardo Torres PRD 9-4 Atalaya, Mariato, Montijo, Río de Jesús Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Guna Yala Comarca
Petita Ayarza PRD 10-1 Ailigandí, Madugandí Comarca, Narganá — Green tick Yes
Arquesio Arias PRD 10-2 Ailigandí, Puerto Obaldía, Tubualá, Wargandí Comarca Green tick Yes Green tick Yes
Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca
Leopoldo Archibold CD 12-1 Jirondai, Kankintú, Kusapín, Santa Catalina o Calovébora — —
Adán Bejerano Unaffiliated 12-2 Besikó, Mironó, Nole Duima — —
Ricardo Santo PRD 12-3 Müna, Ñürum Green tick Yes —
Results of the vote by debate Green tick 47 Green tick 43
Red X 9 Red X 5
Source: National Assembly of Panamá
Seat of the National Assembly in Panama City, Panama

All but two of the present members of the PRD, all members of the MOLIRENA, two members (Everardo Concepción and Bernardino González) of the Panameñista Party, and 9 members of Democratic Change (all from the supporting coalition of former president Ricardo Martinelli) voted in support of the mining contract during the second debate. Nine members voted in opposition: Eugenio Bernal and Zulay Rodríguez from the PRD; Hugo Méndez, Pedro Torres and Elías Vigil from the Panameñista Party; and unaffiliated members Edison Broce, Raúl Fernández, Gabriel Silva and Juan Diego Vásquez.

In the third debate, 41 members repeated their votes in support of the mining contract, with PRD members Petita Ayarza and Benicio Robinson joining them for the first time. Six members who voted in support but missed this debate: Ricardo Santo, Raúl Pineda, Mariano López and Néstor Guardia from the PRD; Dalia Bernal and Nelson Jackson from Democratic Change. On the other hand, five members voted in opposition during the third debate: Zulay Rodríguez from the PRD; and unaffiliated members Edison Broce, Raúl Fernández, Gabriel Silva and Juan Diego Vásquez. Four members voted in opposition but missed this debate: Eugenio Bernal from the PRD; Hugo Méndez, Pedro Torres and Elías Vigil from the Panameñista Party. Less than 12 hours after the approval by the National Assembly, President Laurentino Cortizo signed into law the mining contract as Law 406 of 20 October 2023, with unanimous consent of the members of the Council of Ministers.[9][48][49]

Controversies

Conflict of interest

Aristides Royo (right), minister of Canal Affairs, during a visit to the Panama Canal by U.S. secretary of State Antony Blinken and secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas (19 April 2022)

La Prensa, a Panamanian newspaper, reported numerous infringements of the regulations concerning conflict of interest, related to the mining contract, by three ministers of the administration of Laurentino Cortizo: Federico Alfaro, minister of Commerce and Industries; Aristides Royo, minister of Canal Affairs and former president of Panama; and Rafael Sabonge, minister of Public Works.[50] As reported by the newspaper, they infringed these laws for the following reasons:

Rómulo Roux (right), meeting with Hugo Swire, British Minister of State for Europe and the Americas (17 December 2013)

Incumbent vice president and 2024 presidential candidate José Gabriel Carrizo was also reported of infringing conflict of interest regulations as he served as lawyer for Petaquilla Gold, the early owner of Cobre Panamá,[56][57] of which his mother Lydia Jaén de Carrizo served as executive.[58][59] Another 2024 presidential candidate, Rómulo Roux, who served as minister of Foreign Affairs during the presidency of Ricardo Martinelli and the current president of Democratic Change, is also heavily involved with First Quantum Minerals as a member of the law firm Morgan & Morgan;[60] Roux has been a vocal supporter of the mining contract,[61] and criticized politicians who opposed it saying that "They should stop talking crap" during a YouTube podcast with OliMezaTV.[62][63]

Aftermath

Supreme Court decision

Protesters in front of the seat of the Supreme Court, Panama City

On 28 November 2023, the 9 justices of the Supreme Court of Justice unanimously ruled the mining contract, signed into law by President Laurentino Cortizo last month, as unconstitutional.[23][24][64] Through a 234-page document containing arguments of the plaintiffs Juan Ramón Sevillano and Martita Cornejo, solicitor general Rigoberto González, and 90 legal opinions from numerous lawyers in support or opposition of the unconstitutionality of the mining contract.[65]

The justices determined that the mining contract between First Quantum Minerals and the government of Panama infringed twenty-five articles of the Panamanian constitution, including numerous articles concerning the sovereignty, the duty of preserving people's safety, the fundamental rights and the international law:[66] articles 4, 17, 18, 19, 20, 32, 43, 46, 56, 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 159 (sections 10 and 15), 163 (section 1), 200 (section 3), 257 (section 5), 258, 259, 266, 285, 286 and 298.[65] As the Supreme Court also upheld their 2017 ruling,[67] and reported that First Quantum Minerals illegally exploited the mine for the span between 2021 and 2023,[39] María Eugenia López (chief justice of the Supreme Court) said during the public announcement of the ruling that the mining contract would be removed from the Panamanian regulatory system;[68] therefore, the government of Panama must ensure the orderly and safe shutting down of the operation of First Quantum Minerals in Panamanian territory.[69][70] The ruling was published in the government gazette four days later, on 2 December 2023, effectively ending the protests in the country.[71]

Public reaction

Protesters celebrating the Supreme Court's ruling in the center of Panama City, 28 November 2023

The Supreme Court's ruling was widely supported by the people and numerous lawyers, and celebrations erupted throughout the country.[25][26] The plaintiffs Juan Ramón Sevillano and Martita Cornejo, who were also prominent leaders of the demonstrations, celebrated the ruling and called it an outstanding victory following weeks of protests opposing the mining contract.[72] There were numerous celebrations in Panama City, with the hotspot being in the financial center located in San Francisco, and other major cities and towns.[73]

Protesters decided to withdraw most road closures thorughout the Pan-American Highway and other minor roads,[74] and basic products started to be distributed again throughout Panama. Teachers agreed to dismiss their labor strike on 2 December 2023 and in-person classes were resumed in all Panamanian state and private schools on 6 December.[75][76] On the same day, 2 December, protesters agreed to withdraw the remaining road closures in Chiriquí Province following the publication of the Supreme Court ruling in the government gazette.[71]

Public opinion of the administration of Laurentino Cortizo and most members of the National Assembly was severely damaged,[77] with the governing parties PRD and MOLIRENA getting poor support and candidates' stance on mining in Panama becoming a flashpoint for the upcoming general elections.[78][79] These protests are the largest held during the Panamanian post-intervention era, as the largest demonstrations since the National Civic Crusade between 1987 and 1989 in opposition to the dictatorship of Manuel Noriega (supported by the PRD).[80]

References

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  2. ↑ "Roux, Romulo - Morgan & Morgan". Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  3. ↑ Oppmann, Patrick (2023-11-09). "Two demonstrators killed amid anti-mining protests in Panama". CNN. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  4. ↑ "Journalists denounce violence during protests in Panama". LatAm Journalism Review by the Knight Center. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  5. ↑ Salcedo, Andrea (2023-11-09). "Why ordinarily quiet Panama has erupted in deadly protests". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  6. ↑ Guevara, Cristina (2023-12-18). "Panama's Mining Future Is at a Tipping Point". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
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  8. ↑ "Reporte de la sesión ordinaria - Votación: Tercer Debate al Proyecto de Ley No. 1100". Reportes de transparencia de la Asamblea Nacional de Panamá. 2023-10-20.
  9. 1 2 Moreno, Elida (2023-10-20). "Panama's president gives final approval to major copper mine contract". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  10. ↑ Divya Rajagopal, Valentine Hilaire (2023-11-28). "Why might Panama cancel a copper mine contract?". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  11. ↑ S, María Mónica Monsalve (2023-10-27). "Mass protests in Panama to reject new concession for largest copper mine in Central America". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  12. ↑ "Anti-mining protesters in Panama say road blockades will be suspended for 12 hours on Monday". AP News. 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  13. ↑ "Panama president pushes back against Canadian copper mine protests". France 24. 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  14. ↑ "Panama's leader calls for referendum on mining concession, seeking to calm protests over the deal". AP News. 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  15. ↑ "Panama Congress Committee Votes in Favor of Mine Referendum". Bloomberg.com. 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
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  17. ↑ "Panama Congress Backs Repealing First Quantum Mine Contract". Bloomberg.com. 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
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  23. 1 2 "Panama's Supreme Court declares 20-year contract for Canadian copper mine unconstitutional". AP News. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  24. 1 2 EFE, Agencia (2023-11-23). "Five keys to why a large mine in Panama faces a ruling that could spell its end". EFE Noticias. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  25. 1 2 Taylor, Luke (2023-11-28). "'Historic moment': Panama activists celebrate ruling against copper mine". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  26. 1 2 Fox, Michael. "Panama celebrates court order to cancel mine even as business is hit". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  27. ↑ "UPDATE 8-Panama president directs First Quantum to shut copper mine after court ruling". Yahoo Finance. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  28. ↑ Moreno, Elida (2023-12-01). "Panama trade minister resigns after mining contract backlash". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  29. ↑ "Panama trade minister resigns after mining contract backlash". MINING.COM. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  30. ↑ Oppmann, Patrick (2023-11-09). "Two demonstrators killed amid anti-mining protests in Panama". CNN. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  31. ↑ Dorgan, Michael (2023-11-09). "American lawyer arrested for fatally shooting two environmental protesters at Panama road blockade: police". Fox News. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  32. ↑ Millward, David (2023-11-08). "Chilling moment gunman kills two protesters blocking road in Panama". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
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  34. ↑ "Legispan de la Asamblea Nacional - Ley No. 9 del 26 de febrero de 1997: "Por la cual se aprueba el contrato celebrado entre el Estado y la Sociedad Minera Petaquilla, S.A." Derecho Comercial" (PDF). Legispan - Asamblea Legislativa de Panamá. 1997-02-26.
  35. ↑ "Fifer, 'el padre de la minería panameña'". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2016-02-28. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  36. ↑ "Criticism about contract between Government and Minera Panama grows - Prensa Latina". 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  37. ↑ "Supreme Court rules law on First Quantum's Cobre Panama unconstitutional". www.spglobal.com. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  38. ↑ "Declaración de Inconstitucionalidad de la Ley 9 del 26 de febrero de 1997: "Contrato de Explotación Minera entre el Estado y Minera Petaquilla, S.A." - Corte Suprema de Justicia" (PDF). Government gazette of Panama, issued by the Supreme Court of Justice. 2021-06-28.
  39. 1 2 "Panamanian Group Tries to Stop the Only Open-Pit Mine". www.occrp.org. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
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  44. ↑ Zea, Mary Triny (2023-03-03). "Central America's Largest Copper Mine Faces Uncertain Future as Problems Pile Up". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  45. ↑ "Copper mine destroying forests in Panama's Mesoamerican Biological Corridor". Mongabay Environmental News. 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
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  49. ↑ "Consejo de Gabinete aprueba el Contrato con las respectivas modificaciones entre el Estado y Minera Panamá S.A." www.presidencia.gob.pa. 2023-10-10. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  50. 1 2 3 4 "Ley de conflicto de interés habría sido ignorada por ministros vinculados a la aprobación de la Ley 406". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  51. ↑ Zea, Mary Triny (2023-04-24). "Ministerio de Comercio pide a la Procuraduría no revelar consulta del fallo referente a la mina de cobre". Bloomberg Línea (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  52. ↑ "Mining - Morgan & Morgan". Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  53. ↑ "Royo, Aristides - Morgan & Morgan". Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  54. 1 2 "Reclaman a Sabonge y Rojas su nexo con empresa que trabaja para la minera". www.prensa.com (in Spanish). 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  55. ↑ Noticias, Redacción de TVN (2023-11-09). "Ministro Sabonge admite el desarrollo de proyecto inmobiliario para Minera Panamá". Tvn Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  56. ↑ "Vicepresidente Carrizo admite que trabajó para Petaquilla, pero... así reaccionó Cortizo". www.midiario.com (in Spanish). 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  57. ↑ "Panamá quiere lavar el rostro a su minería y convertirla en motor económico". France 24. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  58. ↑ "CRITICA EN LINEA: la voz del interior". portal.critica.com.pa. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  59. ↑ Panamá, GESE-La Estrella de. "Petaquilla Gold contradice versión de Gold Dragon". La Estrella de Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  60. ↑ "Roux, Romulo - Morgan & Morgan". Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  61. ↑ Noticias, Redacción de TVN (2023-07-16). "'Tito' Afú, Martinelli, contrato minero y matrimonio igualitario ¿Qué dijo Rómulo Roux?". Tvn Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  62. ↑ El que está en contra de LA MINERIA, habla PURA PAJA. ➡️ROMULO ROUX. video completo OliMezaTV⬇️, retrieved 2023-12-09
  63. ↑ LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE LOS QUE VIVEN Y LOS QUE NO VIVEN DE LA POLITICA ROMULO ROUX - OLI MEZA PODCAST, retrieved 2023-12-09
  64. ↑ Harrup, José de Córdoba and Anthony. "Panama's Supreme Court Rules Against Major Copper Mine". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  65. 1 2 "Gaceta Oficial - Declaración de inconstitucionalidad de la Ley 406 del 20 de octubre de 2023 por parte de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Panamá" (PDF). www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa. 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  66. ↑ "E&E News: Panama's high court declares mining contract unconstitutional". subscriber.politicopro.com. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  67. ↑ "Gaceta Oficial No. 29439 del 22 de diciembre de 2021" (PDF). www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  68. ↑ "Panama copper mine to close after Supreme Court rules concession unconstitutional". Mongabay Environmental News. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  69. ↑ "Cobre Panamá: Panama orders controversial copper mine's closure". 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  70. ↑ "Panama to Shut Down First Quantum Mine After Ruling, President Says". Bloomberg.com. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  71. 1 2 "Panama publishes ruling finding First Quantum contract unconstitutional". Reuters. 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  72. ↑ Luis \u00c1vila (2023-11-28). "¿Qué sigue tras la inconstitucionalidad del contrato minero?". Panamá América (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  73. ↑ O, Jilma Aguilar (2023-11-28). "Panameños se concentran en Calle 50 para celebrar fallo de inconstitucionalidad de la Ley 406 del contrato minero". Tvn Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  74. ↑ "Celebración y apertura de vías por fallo de inconstitucionalidad". www.critica.com.pa (in Spanish). 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  75. ↑ "Las clases se reanudarán en Panamá tras seis semanas de paro por contrato minero". France 24. 2023-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  76. ↑ "Panamá reanudará clases tras prolongada huelga – DW – 02/12/2023". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  77. ↑ Brown, Rich (2023-10-26). "Panama's Protests Are About More Than a Mine". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  78. ↑ Hilaire, Valentine; Moreno, Elida; Hilaire, Valentine (2023-11-28). "Canada mining deal emerges as flashpoint in Panama 2024 election". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  79. ↑ Valerio, Alejandro (2023-12-06). "What Panama's Mining Showdown Means for Its Presidential Race". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  80. ↑ Salcedo, Andrea (2023-11-09). "Why ordinarily quiet Panama has erupted in deadly protests". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
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