2023 Slovak parliamentary election
30 September 2023 (2023-09-30)
All 150 seats in the National Council
76 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout68.51%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Robert Fico Michal Šimečka Peter Pellegrini
Party SMER–SD PS HLAS–SD
Seats won 42 32 27
Seat change Increase 4 Increase 32 New party
Popular vote 681,017 533,136 436,415
Percentage 22.94% 17.96% 14.70%
Swing Increase 4.7 pp Increase 11.0 pp New party
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Igor Matovič Milan Majerský Richard Sulík
Party OĽaNO and Friends KDH SaS
Seats won 16 12 11
Seat change Decrease 49 Increase 12 Decrease 2
Popular vote 264,137 202,515 187,645
Percentage 8.89% 6.82% 6.32%
Swing Decrease 21.9 pp Increase 2.1 pp Increase 0.1 pp
  Seventh party
 
Leader Andrej Danko
Party SNS
Seats won 10
Seat change Increase 10
Popular vote 166,995
Percentage 5.62%
Swing Increase 2.4 pp
Results of the election, showing vote strength by district
Prime Minister before election

Ľudovít Ódor (acting)
Independent

 Elected Prime Minister

Robert Fico
Smer-SD

Early parliamentary elections were held in the Slovak Republic on 30 September 2023 to elect members of the National Council. Regular elections were scheduled to be held in 2024. However, on 15 December 2022 the government lost a no-confidence vote.[1] Subsequently, the National Council amended the Constitution so that an early election could be held on 30 September 2023.[2] This was the first snap election in the country since 2012.

The left-wing populist and social conservative, Direction – Social Democracy (Smer-SD), led by former Prime Minister Robert Fico, emerged as the largest party, winning 42 seats. The social-liberal and pro-European, Progressive Slovakia (PS) came in second, with 32 seats. Former Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini's social-democratic, Voice – Social Democracy (Hlas-SD), which split from Smer-SD in 2020, came in third with 27 seats. The Liberal, OĽaNO and its allies won 16 seats, less than a quarter of their total in the 2020 election. The Christian-democratic, Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) and the right-wing populist, Slovak National Party (SNS) re-entered the National Council after failing to achieve the vote threshold in 2020, winning twelve and ten seats respectively. The classical liberal, Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) won eleven seats, tying the 2012 election as their worst result since the party's founding.[3]

As no singule party or alliance reached the 76 seats needed for a majority, a coalition government was needed. A coalition goverment of Smer-SD, Hlas-SD, and SNS was formed. A new government with Robert Fico as prime minister was sworn in on 25 October 2023.[4]

Background

Prior to the previous election, the Slovak Republic experienced a period of political turbulence, triggered by the murder of investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and his fiancée Martina Kušnírová in 2018. The incident led to widespread protests and the resignation of then-Prime Minister Robert Fico.[5]

The election itself was won by the movement of Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO) led by Igor Matovič. The party emerged as the victor, gaining over a quarter of the popular vote, which translated to 53 seats in the 150-seat National Council. OĽaNO formed a coalition government with several other parties, ending the long-standing dominance of Direction – Social Democracy (SMER–SD).[6]

Electoral system

The 150 members of the National Council were elected by proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency with an electoral threshold of 5% for single parties, 7% for coalitions of two or three parties, and 10% for coalitions of four or more parties. The election used the open list system, with seats allocated using largest remainder method with Hagenbach-Bischoff quota, a variant of the D'Hondt method.[7] Voters were able to cast up to four preferential votes for candidates of the selected party.[8]

All citizens of the Slovak Republic were allowed to vote except for citizens under 18 years of age, felons in prison convicted of serious offenses, and people declared ineligible to perform legal acts by court. Voters abroad on election day were allowed to vote by mail.[9] All citizens, who were 21 years of age or older on the election day and are permanent residents of Slovakia, were allowed to run as candidates except for prisoners, convicted felons, and those declared ineligible to perform legal acts by court.[10] All participating parties must register 90 days before election day and pay a deposit of 17,000€ which would be refunded to all parties gaining at least 3% of the votes.

Voters not present in their electoral district at the time of the elections were allowed to request a voting certificate (voličský preukaz), which allowed them to vote in any district regardless of their residency. Voters abroad on election day were allowed to request a postal vote. According to the Central Election Committee, approximately 72,000 citizens of the Slovak Republic living abroad had requested a postal vote for the election. The deadline for requests passed on 9 August 2023.

Composition of the National Council

At the first parliamentary session on 20 March 2020, 6 parliamentary groups were established: OĽaNO, Smer, We Are Family, ĽSNS, SaS and For the People.

Group/party Ideology Leader Deputies
Elected 2020 Incumbent 2023
OĽaNO and
Friends		 OĽaNO
Ordinary People and Independent Personalities		 Conservatism Igor Matovič
43 / 150
29 / 150
KÚ
Christian Union		 Conservatism Anna Záborská
5 / 150
5 / 150
NOVA Conservatism Gábor Grendel
2 / 150
2 / 150
For the People[lower-alpha 1] Liberal conservatism Veronika Remišová
12 / 150
1 / 150
Smer
Direction – Social Democracy		 Left-wing nationalism Robert Fico
38 / 150
27 / 150
We Are Family National conservatism Boris Kollár
17 / 150
16 / 150
SaS
Freedom and Solidarity		 Liberalism Richard Sulík
13 / 150
20 / 150
Hlas[lower-alpha 2]
Voice – Social Democracy		 Social democracy Peter Pellegrini
11 / 150
ĽSNS[lower-alpha 3]
Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia		 Neo-Nazism Marian Kotleba
14 / 150
7 / 150
Republic[lower-alpha 4] Neo-fascism Milan Uhrík
5 / 150
For the People[lower-alpha 5] Liberal conservatism Veronika Remišová
12 / 150
1 / 150
Change from Below[lower-alpha 6] Liberal conservatism Ján Budaj
3 / 150
0 / 150
Life[lower-alpha 7]
Life – National Party		 Christian right Tomáš Taraba
3 / 150
3 / 150
PS[lower-alpha 8]
Progressive Slovakia		 Social liberalism Michal Šimečka
1 / 150
Democrats[lower-alpha 9] Liberal conservatism Eduard Heger
16 / 150

Television debates

2023 Slovak parliamentary election
Date Broadcasters  P  Present   S  Surrogate   NI  Not invited   A  Absent   I  Invited   N  No debate  
OĽANO Smer–SD SR ĽSNS PS D SaS KDH Aliancia MF SNS Modrí, Híd Hlas–SD REP Piráti PRINCÍP SOS KSS VB SPRAVODLIVOSŤ SHO MySlovensko SRDCE SDKÚ-DS KARMA
3 Sep 2023[11] JOJ 24
(150th candidates)		 P
Matovič		 P
Bekmatov		 P
Klus		 NI A
Kusá		 NI P
Hlina		 P
F. Majerský		 NI NI P
Huliak		 NI A
L. Pellegrini		 P
Mazurek		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
19 Sep 2023[12] Jednotka/RS NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI S
Kaliaš		 S
Smolka		 NI P
Stanovič		 NI NI P
Panenka		 NI NI P
Szaboová
20 Sep 2023[12] TV JOJ/JOJ 24 P
Matovič		 NI P
Kollár		 NI NI NI NI P
Majerský		 NI NI P
Danko		 NI NI P
Uhrík		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
20 Sep 2023[12] Jednotka/RS NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P
Šubová		 NI NI P
Hrdlička		 NI P
Chlebo		 P
Švec		 NI NI P
Rybárik		 NI
21 Sep 2023[12] TV JOJ/JOJ 24 NI P
Fico		 NI NI P
Šimečka		 NI P
Sulík		 NI NI NI NI NI P
Pellegrini		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
21 Sep 2023[12] Jednotka/RS NI NI NI S
Schlosár		 NI NI NI NI NI S
Rajtár		 NI S
Schwarzbacher		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI S
Tokár		 NI NI
22 Sep 2023[12][13] TV Markíza NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI S
Kaliaš		 P
Hanuliak		 NI P
Stanovič		 P
Chlebo		 P
Švec		 NI NI NI P
Szaboová
23 Sep 2023[12][14] TV Markíza NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P
Šubová		 NI NI P
Hrdlička		 NI NI NI P
Panenka		 S
Kováč		 P
Rybárik		 NI
24 Sep 2023[12][15] TV Markíza NI NI NI S
Kotleba		 NI S
Letanovská		 NI NI P
Forró		 P
Šimon		 NI P
Dzurinda		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
25 Sep 2023[12][16] Jednotka/RS P
Jurinová		 NI NI NI NI S
Naď		 NI NI S
Gyimesi		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
25 Sep 2023[12][17] TA3 S
Remišová		 NI S
Krajniak		 NI NI NI NI P
Majerský		 P
Forró		 NI P
Danko		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
25 Sep 2023[12][18] TV Markíza P
Matovič		 A
Fico		 P
Kollár		 NI P
Šimečka		 NI P
Sulík		 P
Majerský		 NI NI P
Danko		 NI S
Tomáš		 P
Uhrík		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
26 Sep 2023[12]
(cancelled)[19]		 TV Markíza N
Matovič		 N
Fico		 NI NI N
Šimečka		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI N
Pellegrini		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
26 Sep 2023[12][20] Jednotka/RS NI NI S
Pčolinský		 NI NI NI S
Gröhling		 S
Hajko		 NI NI P
Danko		 NI NI S
Mazurek		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
26 Sep 2023[12][21] TA3 NI P
Fico		 NI NI P
Šimečka		 NI P
Sulík		 NI NI NI NI NI P
Pellegrini		 P
Uhrík		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
27 Sep 2023[12] Jednotka/RS NI P
Fico		 NI NI P
Šimečka		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI P
Pellegrini		 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI

Opinion polls

This section is an excerpt from Opinion polling for the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election § Graphical summary.[edit]
A LOESS graph displaying the polls for the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election.

Issues and developments

2023 election issues included high inflation, Slovakia's position on the war in Ukraine and the related global energy crisis, COVID-19, internal fights within the previous government, corruption scandals and immigration;[22][23] questions of rights and values (particularly LGBTQ+ issues) were covered during the campaign by Al Jazeera English, BBC[23][24] and Pravda.[25]

By the week of the election, popularity polls indicated that the two strongest parties were the Progressive Slovakia (led by pro-European Michal Šimečka, a member of the European Parliament (EP) since 2019, and EP Vice-President since 2022, who has committed to maintaining support for Ukraine) and Smer-SD (headed by Robert Fico, three-time former prime minister, who has committed to ending Slovakia's support for Ukraine); however, neither appeared to be commanding a majority, and the BBC projected neither would top 20% of the vote,[24] so each would have to attempt to build a coalition with other parties to achieve the majority needed to rule.[22][23][24] Consequently, as many as 10 parties could wind up in the government.[24] The outcome could have posed a crisis for NATO if Robert Fico had chose

to ally his party with Republika, an extremist far-right party, which blames NATO and Ukraine for the war.[22][24]

The third-largest party, which tipped the balance in favor of Robert Fico, is Hlas–SD (Voice), the moderate-left party of Peter Pellegrini (formerly of Smer-SD, and former prime minister, 2018–20).

Results

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Direction – Social Democracy681,01722.9542+4
Progressive Slovakia533,13617.9632+32
Voice – Social Democracy436,41514.7027New
OĽaNO and Friends264,1378.9016–49
Christian Democratic Movement202,5156.8212+12
Freedom and Solidarity187,6456.3211–2
Slovak National Party166,9955.6310+10
Republic141,0994.750New
Alliance130,1834.3900
Democrats87,0062.9300
We Are Family65,6732.210–17
People's Party Our Slovakia25,0030.840–17
Communist Party of Slovakia9,8670.330New
Pirate Party – Slovakia9,3580.320New
Modrí, Most–Híd7,9350.270New
Hungarian Forum3,4860.120New
MySlovensko2,7860.090New
Karma2,4070.080New
Common Citizens of Slovakia2,4010.080New
HEART Patriots and Pensioners – Slovak National Unity2,3150.080New
Princíp1,8170.060New
99% – Civic Voice1,3350.0400
Slovak Revival Movement1,3320.0400
Patriotic Bloc1,2620.040New
Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party7710.030New
Total2,967,896100.001500
Valid votes2,967,89698.83
Invalid/blank votes35,0521.17
Total votes3,002,948100.00
Registered voters/turnout4,388,87268.42
Source: Results (99.98% counted)

Results by region

Region Smer–SD PS Hlas–SD OĽaNO
and Friends		 KDH SaS SNS Republic Alliance Democrats We Are
Family		 People's Party
Our Slovakia		 KSS Other parties
Bratislava Region 18.54 31.00 10.36 6.17 4.90 12.50 4.31 3.14 0.91 4.43 1.78 0.57 0.20 1.08
Trnava Region 22.01 17.07 12.11 9.40 4.56 5.36 4.43 4.38 12.69 2.92 2.19 0.81 0.40 1.56
Trenčín Region 29.47 16.63 16.40 5.93 5.44 5.63 7.28 5.45 0.03 2.84 2.22 1.06 0.46 1.03
Nitra Region 25.31 14.42 14.40 7.47 4.06 4.80 4.51 4.46 13.91 2.19 2.01 0.80 0.26 1.24
Žilina Region 25.79 15.51 16.04 6.90 9.38 5.56 8.11 5.61 0.02 2.80 2.02 0.96 0.34 0.89
Banská Bystrica Region 22.89 14.96 19.76 7.41 4.29 5.14 6.53 5.18 5.17 2.40 2.73 1.33 0.43 1.67
Prešov Region 22.04 10.83 16.16 14.78 14.07 4.10 5.73 5.22 0.07 2.65 2.36 0.63 0.31 0.98
Košice Region 21.10 14.68 15.08 13.46 6.80 5.74 4.38 4.97 5.44 2.98 2.75 0.76 0.33 1.41
Foreign 6.10 61.70 2.46 3.81 3.31 10.80 3.79 3.20 0.47 2.50 0.55 0.38 0.04 0.76
Total 22.94 17.96 14.70 8.89 6.82 6.32 5.62 4.75 4.38 2.93 2.21 0.84 0.33 1.16

Aftermath

As analysts predicted, Peter Pellegrini's Hlas-SD played the role of kingmaker in the "jockeying" that characterized the election's aftermath.[26] Two viable coalitions emerged: one consisting of Fico's Smer-SD, Hlas-SD, and SNS; the other of Hlas-SD, PS, KDH, and SaS. On 2 October 2023, two days after the election, president Zuzana Čaputová tasked Robert Fico, as the leader of the now-largest parliamentary party, with forming a government within 14 days. On 3 October, she held "informal discussions" with PS's leader Michal Šimečka about the possibility of a PS-led coalition before meeting with Pellegrini and KDH's Milan Majerský. Following this meeting, Peter Pellegrini stated that his party was not ruling out either coalition.

According to SNS leader Andrej Danko, the ensuing negotiations revolved around Peter Pellegrini's future role. Robert Fico allegedly offered Pellegrini the role of Speaker of the National Council, while Michal Šimečka was willing to support Peter Pellegrini for Prime Minister in exchange for PS receiving the Ministry of the Interior.[27] On 10 October, Hlas-SD announced that it had rejected PS's offer.[28][29] On 11 October, Smer-SD, Hlas-SD, and SNS ratified their coalition agreement, according to which they were to receive 6, 7, and 3 ministerial portfolios, respectively.[30][31][32]

On 12 October, the Party of European Socialists (PES) suspended Smer-SD and Hlas-SD over their plans to enter into coalition with SNS, which the PES views as a "radical-right party."[33] One week later, on 19 October, Zuzana Čaputová announced she would not approve the coalition government's nominee for Minister of Environment, Rudolf Huliak (SNS), due to his avowed climate change denialism. This delayed the swearing-in of the new government.[34][35][36] After the coalition partners replaced Rudolf Huliak with Tomáš Taraba (SNS) as their nominee for the post, Zuzana Čaputová accepted the coalition's government. She swore in the new government, with Robert Fico at its helm, on 25 October.[37][4][38]

Notes

  1. ↑ In September 2021, For the People parliamentary group dissolved after it fell below the required threshold of 8 deputies.
  2. ↑ In June 2020, 11 deputies elected for Smer–SD left its parliamentary group to found Hlas.
  3. ↑ In April 2022, ĽSNS parliamentary group dissolved after it fell below the required threshold of 8 deputies.
  4. ↑ In January 2021, 5 deputies elected for ĽSNS left its parliamentary group to found Republic.
  5. ↑ In September 2021, For the People parliamentary group dissolved after it fell below the required threshold of 8 deputies.
  6. ↑ In December 2022, Change from Below terminated its alliance with OĽaNO and its 3 deputies elected on a joint list left OĽaNO parliamentary group.
  7. ↑ In May 2020, Život terminated its alliance with ĽSNS and its 3 deputies elected on a joint list left ĽSNS parliamentary group.
  8. ↑ In March 2021, a deputy elected for For the People left its parliamentary group to join PS
  9. ↑ In February 2021, a deputy elected for For the People left its parliamentary group to join SPOLU. In March 2023 several deputies from the OĽANO group joined the Democrats.

References

  1. ↑ Janiček, Karel (15 December 2022). "Slovak coalition government collapses after losing no-confidence vote in parliament". PBS. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  2. ↑ Kahn, Michael (22 January 2023). Lawson, Hugh (ed.). "Slovakia's former coalition heads agree to early parliamentary elections". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  3. ↑ "Výsledky predčasných volieb 2023". Denník N (in Slovak). 18 September 2023. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  4. 1 2 "Slovakia swears in a new Cabinet led by a populist ex-premier who opposes support for Ukraine". AP News. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  5. ↑ "Slovak PM Robert Fico resigns". POLITICO. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2023. Slovakia's Prime Minister Robert Fico officially resigned Thursday, less than three weeks after the murder of an investigative reporter and his fiancée shocked the nation.
  6. ↑ "Výsledky parlamentných volieb 2020". SME (in Slovak). 29 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  7. ↑ Slovak law 180/2014 § 68
  8. ↑ "Slovakia Národná rada (National Council) Electoral System". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "Voľba poštou, Ministerstvo vnútra SR - Verejná správa" (in Slovak). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  10. ↑ "Prieskum: Voľby by vyhral Smer, OĽaNO-NOVA mimo parlamentu". Pravda (in Slovak). 9 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  11. ↑ "Prvá veľká predvolebná debata je tu! V diskusii sa stretne 9 kandidátov, aj Matovič, Hlina či Mazurek". Mediaklik.sk (in Slovak). 3 September 2023. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "V televíziách sa začínajú hlavné predvolebné televízne diskusie". TASR (in Slovak). 20 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  13. ↑ "Krava do každej rodiny aj štát riadený umelou inteligenciou. Diskusný maratón na TV Markíza odštartoval prvou predvolebnou debatou". TV Markíza (in Slovak). 22 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  14. ↑ "Kluby na pestovanie marihuany aj štvordňový pracovný týždeň. TV Markíza priniesla druhú predvolebnú debatu". TV Markíza (in Slovak). 23 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  15. ↑ "Sledujte NAŽIVO: Predvolebná diskusia s predstaviteľmi politických strán". TV Markíza (in Slovak). 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  16. ↑ "Parlamentné voľby 2023 - diskusie". Radio and Television of Slovakia (in Slovak). 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  17. ↑ "Superdebata: v ta3 sa stretli zástupcovia strán KDH, SNS, OĽANO a priateľov, Aliancie a Sme rodina". TA3 (in Slovak). 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  18. ↑ "Sledujte NAŽIVO: Lídri najsilnejších politických strán prezradili, o ktoré ministerstvá by mali po voľbách záujem". TV Markíza (in Slovak). 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  19. ↑ "Markíza zrušila finálnu debatu pre bojkot Smeru a neúčasť Hlasu a PS, OĽaNO to považuje za "mafiánske praktiky"". Denník N (in Slovak). 22 September 2023. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  20. ↑ "Miesto ideológií v školstve, popieranie holokaustu či zavádzanie bankového odvodu. Aj o tom bola piata predvolebná diskusia RTVS". Radio and Television of Slovakia (in Slovak). 26 September 2023. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  21. ↑ "Finálna Superdebata Voľby 2023". TA3 (in Slovak). 26 September 2023. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 "A NATO country could soon have a pro-Russian leader," Archived 29 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine updated September 28, 2023, CNN, retrieved September 29, 2023
  23. 1 2 3 "Slovakia’s knife-edge election to determine stance on Ukraine," Archived 29 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine September 27, 2023, Reuters in Al Jazeera, retrieved September 29, 2023
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ukraine war: Slovakia's Robert Fico eyes comeback in Saturday's election," Archived 29 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine September 29, 2023, BBC, retrieved September 29, 2023
  25. ↑ Mogilevskaia, Anna (9 September 2023). "Sulík pre Pravdu: Pliagou Slovenska je silný štát, nie LGBTI. Po voľbách si viem predstaviť SaS vo vláde". Pravda. Bratislava: Our Media SR. ISSN 1336-197X. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  26. ↑ Nicholson, Tom (1 October 2023). "Coalition jockeying revs up in Slovakia after Fico's victory". Politico. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  27. ↑ Bilás, Zsuzsanna (9 October 2023). "Pellegrini nem kapkodja el a döntést, félidőnél jár a Smer kormányalakítási megbízása". Napunk. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  28. ↑ Ibos, Emese (10 October 2023). "A Hlas elutasította a Progresszív Szlovákia ajánlatát. Már biztos, hogy Fico alakít kormányt". Napunk. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  29. ↑ "Slovakian kingmaker backs Fico coalition, vows foreign policy continuity". Reuters. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  30. ↑ Nicholson, Tom; Hülsemann, Laura (11 October 2023). "New government emerges in Slovakia, with Robert Fico as prime minister". Politico. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  31. ↑ Hancock, Sam (11 October 2023). "Slovakia elections: Populist winner signs deal to form coalition government". BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  32. ↑ Hovet, Jason (16 October 2023). "Slovakia's populist ex-PM Fico seals coalition deal for new government". Reuters. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  33. ↑ Wax, Eddy; Barigazzi, Jacopo; Jochecová, Ketrin (12 October 2023). "European socialists suspend Robert Fico's Smer party and its ally Hlas". Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  34. ↑ Jochecová, Ketrin (19 October 2023). "Slovakia's president refuses to back climate change denier as environment minister". Politico. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  35. ↑ "Slovakia president rejects nomination of opponent of climate change policy as environment minister". AP News. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  36. ↑ "Slovakia president sets condition to appoint ex-PM Fico's cabinet". Reuters. 20 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  37. ↑ Jochacová, Ketrin (24 October 2023). "Robert Fico to become Slovakia's new prime minister". Politico. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  38. ↑ Henley, Jon (25 October 2023). "Slovakia's new prime minister Robert Fico to attend EU summit". the Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
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