A+
ParadigmArray
Designed byArthur Whitney
DeveloperMorgan Stanley
First appearedA – 1985 (1985)
A+ – 1988 (1988)
Stable release
4.22-1 / March 27, 2008 (2008-03-27)
Typing disciplineDynamic, strong
LicenseGNU General Public License
Filename extensions.., .+, .a, .m[1]
Websitewww.aplusdev.org
Major implementations
A+
Influenced by
APL
Influenced
K

A+ is a high-level, interactive, interpreted array programming language designed for numerically intensive applications, especially those found in financial applications.

History

In 1985, Arthur Whitney created the A programming language[2] to replace APL.[3] Other developers at Morgan Stanley extended it to A+, adding a graphical user interface (GUI) and other language features. The GUI A+ was released in 1988.

Arthur Whitney went on to create a proprietary array language named K. Like J, K omits the APL character set. It lacks some of the perceived complexities of A+, such as the existence of statements and two different modes of syntax.

Features

A+ provides an extended set of functions and operators, a graphical user interface with automatic synchronizing of widgets and variables, asynchronous executing of functions associated with variables and events, dynamic loading of user compiled subroutines, and other features. A+ runs on many Unix variants, including Linux. It is free and open source software released under a GNU General Public License. A newer GUI has not yet been ported to all supported platforms.

The A+ language implements the following changes to the APL language:

  • an A+ function may have up to nine formal parameters
  • A+ code statements are separated by semicolons, so a single statement may be divided into two or more physical lines
  • The explicit result of a function or operator is the result of the last statement executed
  • A+ implements an object called a dependency, which is a global variable (the dependent variable) and an associated definition that is like a function with no arguments. Values can be explicitly set and referenced in exactly the same ways as for a global variable, but they can also be set through the associated definition.

Interactive A+ development is primarily done in the Xemacs editor, through extensions to the editor. Because A+ code uses the original APL symbols, displaying A+ requires a font with those special characters; a font named kapl is provided on the web site for that purpose.

References

  1. ↑ "A+ Reference: Appendix: Quick Reference". Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  2. ↑ "A – APL Wiki".
  3. ↑ "A+: History of A+". www.aplusdev.org. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
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