An active fluid is a densely packed soft material whose constituent elements can self-propel.[1][2][3][4] Examples include dense suspensions of bacteria, microtubule networks or artificial swimmers.[2] These materials come under the broad category of active matter and differ significantly in properties when compared to passive fluids,[5] which can be described using Navier-Stokes equation. Even though systems describable as active fluids have been observed and investigated in different contexts for a long time, scientific interest in properties directly related to the activity has emerged only in the past two decades. These materials have been shown to exhibit a variety of different phases ranging from well ordered patterns to chaotic states (see below). Recent experimental investigations have suggested that the various dynamical phases exhibited by active fluids may have important technological applications.[6][7]

Terminology

The terms “active fluids”, “active nematics” and “active liquid crystals” have been used almost synonymously to denote hydrodynamic descriptions of dense active matter.[2][8][9][10] While in many respects they describe the same phenomenon, there are subtle differences between them. “Active nematics” and “active liquid crystals” refers to systems where the constituent elements have nematic order whereas “active fluids” is the more generic term combining systems with both nematic and polar interactions.

Examples and observations

There are wide range of cellular and intracellular elements which form active fluids. This include systems of microtubule, bacteria, sperm cells as well as inanimate microswimmers.[2] It is known that these systems form a variety of structures such as regular and irregular lattices as well as seemingly random states in two dimensions.

Pattern formation

Active fluids have been shown to organize into regular and irregular lattices in a variety of settings. These include irregular hexagonal lattices by microtubules[11] and regular vortex lattice by sperm cells.[12] From topological considerations, it can be seen that the constituent element in quasi stationary states of active fluids should necessarily be vortices. But very less is known, for instance, about the length scale selection in such systems.

Active turbulence

Chaotic states exhibited by active fluids are termed as active turbulence.[13] Such states are qualitatively similar to hydrodynamic turbulence, by virtue of which they are termed active turbulence. But recent research has indicated that the statistical properties associated with such flows are quite different from that of hydrodynamic turbulence.[5][14]

Mechanism and modelling approaches

The mechanism behind the formation of various structures in active fluids is an area of active research. It is well understood that the structure formation in active fluids is intimately related to defects or disclinations in the order parameter field[15][16] (the orientational order of the constituent agents). An important part of research on active fluids involve modelling of dynamics of these defects to study its role in pattern formation and turbulent dynamics in active fluids. Modified versions of Vicsek model are among earliest and continually used approach to model active fluids.[17] Such models have been shown to capture the various dynamical states exhibited by active fluids.[17] More refined approaches include derivation of continuum limit hydrodynamic equations for active fluids[18][19] and adaptation of liquid crystal theory by including the activity terms.[13]

Potential applications

A few technological applications for active fluids have been proposed such as powering of molecular motors through active turbulence and patterned state.[7] Furthermore, given the innumerable applications liquid crystals find in various technologies, there have been proposals to augment them by using active liquid crystals.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Morozov, Alexander (2017-03-24). "From chaos to order in active fluids". Science. 355 (6331): 1262–1263. Bibcode:2017Sci...355.1262M. doi:10.1126/science.aam8998. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28336624. S2CID 5238817.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Saintillan, David (2018). "Rheology of Active Fluids". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 50 (1): 563–592. Bibcode:2018AnRFM..50..563S. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010816-060049.
  3. ↑ Marchetti, M. C.; Joanny, J. F.; Ramaswamy, S.; Liverpool, T. B.; Prost, J.; Rao, Madan; Simha, R. Aditi (2013-07-19). "Hydrodynamics of soft active matter". Reviews of Modern Physics. 85 (3): 1143–1189. Bibcode:2013RvMP...85.1143M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1143.
  4. ↑ Rheology of complex fluids. Deshpande, Abhijit, Y. (Abhijit Yeshwa), Murali Krishnan, J., Sunil Kumar, P. B. New York: Springer. 2010. p. 193. ISBN 9781441964946. OCLC 676699967.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. 1 2 Bratanov, Vasil; Jenko, Frank; Frey, Erwin (2015-12-08). "New class of turbulence in active fluids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (49): 15048–15053. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215048B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509304112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4679023. PMID 26598708.
  6. ↑ Yeomans, Julia M. (November 2014). "Playful topology". Nature Materials. 13 (11): 1004–1005. Bibcode:2014NatMa..13.1004Y. doi:10.1038/nmat4123. ISSN 1476-4660. PMID 25342530.
  7. 1 2 Yeomans, Julia M. (2017-03-01). "Nature's engines: active matter". Europhysics News. 48 (2): 21–25. Bibcode:2017ENews..48b..21Y. doi:10.1051/epn/2017204. ISSN 0531-7479.
  8. ↑ Bonelli, Francesco; Gonnella, Giuseppe; Tiribocchi, Adriano; Marenduzzo, Davide (2016-01-01). "Spontaneous flow in polar active fluids: the effect of a phenomenological self propulsion-like term". The European Physical Journal E. 39 (1): 1. doi:10.1140/epje/i2016-16001-2. ISSN 1292-8941. PMID 26769011. S2CID 5287464.
  9. ↑ Keber, Felix C.; Loiseau, Etienne; Sanchez, Tim; DeCamp, Stephen J.; Giomi, Luca; Bowick, Mark J.; Marchetti, M. Cristina; Dogic, Zvonimir; Bausch, Andreas R. (2014). "Topology and dynamics of active nematic vesicles". Science. 345 (6201): 1135–1139. arXiv:1409.1836. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1135K. doi:10.1126/science.1254784. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 4401068. PMID 25190790.
  10. ↑ Marenduzzo, D.; Orlandini, E.; Yeomans, J. M. (2007-03-16). "Hydrodynamics and Rheology of Active Liquid Crystals: A Numerical Investigation". Physical Review Letters. 98 (11): 118102. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98k8102M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.118102. hdl:11577/1776051. PMID 17501095.
  11. ↑ Sumino, Yutaka; Nagai, Ken H.; Shitaka, Yuji; Tanaka, Dan; Yoshikawa, Kenichi; Chaté, Hugues; Oiwa, Kazuhiro (March 2012). "Large-scale vortex lattice emerging from collectively moving microtubules" (PDF). Nature. 483 (7390): 448–452. Bibcode:2012Natur.483..448S. doi:10.1038/nature10874. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22437613. S2CID 4381568.
  12. ↑ Riedel, Ingmar H.; Kruse, Karsten; Howard, Jonathon (2005-07-08). "A Self-Organized Vortex Array of Hydrodynamically Entrained Sperm Cells". Science. 309 (5732): 300–303. Bibcode:2005Sci...309..300R. doi:10.1126/science.1110329. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16002619. S2CID 40668987.
  13. 1 2 Thampi, S. P.; Yeomans, J. M. (2016-07-01). "Active turbulence in active nematics". The European Physical Journal Special Topics. 225 (4): 651–662. arXiv:1605.00808. Bibcode:2016EPJST.225..651T. doi:10.1140/epjst/e2015-50324-3. ISSN 1951-6355. S2CID 118487130.
  14. ↑ James, Martin; Wilczek, Michael (2018-02-01). "Vortex dynamics and Lagrangian statistics in a model for active turbulence". The European Physical Journal E. 41 (2): 21. arXiv:1710.01956. doi:10.1140/epje/i2018-11625-8. ISSN 1292-8941. PMID 29435676. S2CID 3762381.
  15. ↑ Giomi, Luca; Bowick, Mark J.; Mishra, Prashant; Sknepnek, Rastko; Marchetti, M. Cristina (2014-11-28). "Defect dynamics in active nematics". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 372 (2029): 20130365. arXiv:1403.5254. Bibcode:2014RSPTA.37230365G. doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0365. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4223672. PMID 25332389.
  16. ↑ Elgeti, J.; Cates, M. E.; Marenduzzo, D. (2011-03-22). "Defect hydrodynamics in 2D polar active fluids". Soft Matter. 7 (7): 3177. Bibcode:2011SMat....7.3177E. doi:10.1039/c0sm01097a. ISSN 1744-6848.
  17. 1 2 Großmann, Robert; Romanczuk, Pawel; Bär, Markus; Schimansky-Geier, Lutz (2014-12-19). "Vortex Arrays and Mesoscale Turbulence of Self-Propelled Particles". Physical Review Letters. 113 (25): 258104. arXiv:1404.7111. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113y8104G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.258104. PMID 25554911. S2CID 9650798.
  18. ↑ Toner, John; Tu, Yuhai (1998-10-01). "Flocks, herds, and schools: A quantitative theory of flocking". Physical Review E. 58 (4): 4828–4858. arXiv:cond-mat/9804180. Bibcode:1998PhRvE..58.4828T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.58.4828. S2CID 463753.
  19. ↑ Wensink, Henricus H.; Dunkel, Jörn; Heidenreich, Sebastian; Drescher, Knut; Goldstein, Raymond E.; Löwen, Hartmut; Yeomans, Julia M. (2012). "Meso-scale turbulence in living fluids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (36): 14308–14313. arXiv:1208.4239. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10914308W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1202032109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3437854. PMID 22908244.
  20. ↑ Majumdar, Apala; Cristina, Marchetti M.; Virga, Epifanio G. (2014-11-28). "Perspectives in active liquid crystals". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 372 (2029): 20130373. Bibcode:2014RSPTA.37230373M. doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0373. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4223676. PMID 25332386.
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