Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally hold certain elected government offices. In many cases, it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access.

The first known example of a law enforcing age of candidacy was the Lex Villia Annalis, a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum ages for senatorial magistrates.[1]

Controversies

In 1972, Linda Jenness ran for president of the United States, although she was 31 at the time.

Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination.[2] Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they do not know that the requirement exists. On extremely rare occasions, young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office.

In 1934, Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29. Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30, Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday, six months after the start of the session, before being sworn in.[3]

In 1954, Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate. Shortly after being sworn in, Fulton was ousted from office because he was 27 years old at the time. The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30.[4] Rather than hold a new election, the previous incumbent, Clifford Allen, was allowed to resume his office for another term. Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the U.S. House of Representatives where he served for 10 years.

In 1964, Congressman Jed Johnson Jr. of Oklahoma was elected to the 89th Congress in the 1964 election while still aged 24 years. However, he became eligible for the House after turning 25 on his birthday, 27 December 1964, seven days before his swearing in, making him the youngest legally elected and seated member of the United States Congress.[5]

In South Carolina, two Senators aged 24 were elected, but were too young according to the State Constitution: Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn (later a U.S. congressman) in 1941. They were seated anyway.[6]

On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified.[7] Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes.[8] In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age.[9]

Reform efforts

In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 25 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21.[10] In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.

During the early 2000s, the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom.[11] The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007,[12] when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force.[13]

International standards

International electoral standards which are defined in the International Public Human Rights Law, allow restricting candidacy on the basis of age. The interpretation of the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights offered by the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the General Comment 25 states "Any conditions which apply to the exercise of the rights protected by article 25 (of the ICCPR) should be based on objective and reasonable criteria. For example, it may be reasonable to require a higher age for election or appointment to particular offices than for exercising the right to vote, which should be available to every adult citizen."[14]

In various countries

Australia

In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level.

The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20-year-old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended (in 1973) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18.[15]

Austria

In Austria, a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council.[16] The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for to be in the polls in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land.[17] In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.

Belgium

Any Belgian who has reached the age of 18 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments.[18] This is regulated in the Constitution (Art. 64) and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.

Belize

According to the Constitution of Belize, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be president or Vice-President of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister, the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.[19]

Brazil

The Brazilian Constitution (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected president, Vice-President or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Councilman.[20]

Canada

In Canada, to be eligible to run for elected office (municipal, provincial, federal) one must be a minimum of 18 years or older on the day of the election.[21] Prior to 1970, the age requirement was 21 along with the voting age.

However, to be appointed to the Senate (Upper House), one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which they are appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above their debts and liabilities.[22]

In the province of Ontario, Sam Oosterhoff, a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, was first elected at the age of 19 in a November 2016 by-election, the youngest Ontario MPP to ever be elected. [23]

Pierre-Luc Dusseault (born May 31, 1991) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2011 federal election at the age of 19, becoming the youngest Member of Parliament in the country's history. He was sworn into office two days after his 20th birthday. He was re-elected in 2015 but lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian federal election.[24]

Central African Republic

Article 36 of the 2016 Constitution of the Central African Republic requires that candidates for President must "be aged thirty-five (35) years at least [on] the day of the deposit of the dossier of the candidature".[25]

Chile

In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For senators it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for deputies it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).[26]

China

In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45.[27] All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election.[28]

Cyprus

In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years. The minimum age to run for the House of Representatives was 25 years until the Constitution was amended in 2019 to lower the limit to 21.[29]

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, a person must be at least 18-years-old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house (Senate) of the Parliament[30] or the President of the Czech Republic.

Denmark

In Denmark, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

Estonia

In Estonia, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections. The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40.[31]

France

In France, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament, and 24 years or older for the Senate. The minimum age for the President of France is 18.

Germany

In Germany a citizen must be 18 or over to be elected at the national level, like the Chancellor, and this age to be elected at the regional or local level. A person must be 40 or over to be President.

Greece

In Greece, those aged 25 years old and over who hold Greek citizenship are eligible to stand and be elected to the Hellenic Parliament.[32] All over 40 years old are eligible to stand for presidency.

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election.[33][34] A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election, and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council.[35]

Iceland

For the office of President, any Icelandic citizen who has reached the age of 35 and fulfills the requirement necessary to vote in elections to the Althing is eligible to be elected president.[36]

India

In India a person must be at least:

Criticism has been on the rise to decrease the age of candidacy in India. Young India Foundation has been working on a campaign to decrease the age of candidacy in India for MPs and MLAs to better reflect the large young demographic of India.[37]

Indonesia

In Indonesia a person must be at least:

  • 40 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia
  • 30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
  • 25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
  • 21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act

Israel

In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset section 6(a)) or a municipality. When the Prime Minister was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a Government Minister, or elected as President of Israel, but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.

Italy

In Italy, a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a Senator, and 25 to be a Deputy, as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy. 18 years of age is sufficient, however, to be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes).

Iran

In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.[38]

Iraq

The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president[39] and 35 years old to be Prime Minister.[40] Until 2019, the electoral law set the age limit at 30 years old for candidates to run for the Council of Representatives.[41] However, the new Iraqi Council of Representatives Election Law (passed in 2019, yet to be enacted) lowered the age limit to 28.[42]

Ireland

The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas (legislature) to be 21.[43][44] Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21.[44][45] Members of local authorities must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973.[44][46] The 1922–1937 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs (members of the Dáil, lower house) to be 21,[47] whereas Senators had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928).[48] The Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2015 proposed to lower the presidential age limit to 21.[49] However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.

Japan

In Japan a person must be at least:[50]

Lithuania

In Lithuania a person must be at least:

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg a person must be at least 18-years-old to stand as a candidate to be a member of the Chamber of Deputies, the country's unicameral national legislature.[51]

Malaysia

In Malaysia a citizen shall be over 21 years of age to become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri, and a person shall be over 30 to be the Senator by constitution.

Mexico

In Mexico, a person must be at least 35 to be president, 25 to be a senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, any adult 18 years of age or older can become elected in any public election. To be a candidate the person has to reach this age during the time for which the elections are held.

New Zealand

In New Zealand the minimum age to be Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old. Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament.

Nigeria

In Nigeria, a person must be at least 35 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 35 to be a senator, 30 to be a State Governor, and 25 to be a Representative in parliament or Member of the States' House of Assembly.[52]

North Korea

In North Korea, any person eligible to vote in elections to the Supreme People's Assembly is also eligible to stand for candidacy. The age for both voting and candidacy is 17.[53]

Norway

In Norway, any adult, aged 18 or over within the calendar year, can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.

Palestine

Palestinian parliamentary candidates must be at least 28 years old, while the presidential candidates must be at least 40 years old.[54]

Pakistan

In Pakistan, a person must be at least 45 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.[55]

Philippines

Ages of candidacy in the Philippines
Type of candidateMinimum age
President and Vice President40
Senator35
Regional governor35
Member of the House of Representatives25
Provincial-level elected official23
City-level elected official21
Municipal-level elected official21
Member of the regional legislative assembly21
Barangay-level elected official18
Member of youth councils18–24

Poland

Ages of candidacy in Poland
Type of candidateMinimum age
President35
Senator30
Mayor/Wójt25
Member of the Parliament/Poseł21
Member of the European Parliament21
Councillor18

Portugal

Ages of candidacy in Portugal
Type of candidate Minimum age References
President 35 [56]
Parliament 18 [57]

Russia

In Russia a person must be at least 35 to run for president.[58]

Singapore

In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president.[59] 21 year-olds can stand in parliamentary elections.

South Africa

Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.

South Korea

Ages of candidacy in South Korea[60]
Type of candidate Minimum age
President 40
Member of Parliament, Member of Legislative Assembly, Councillor 18
Mayor 18
Governor 18

[61]

Spain

Spain has two legislative chambers of Parliament, a lower house and an upper house. These are the Congress of Deputies (lower house) and the Senate of Spain (upper house) respectively. The minimum age requirement to stand and to be elected to either house is 18 years of age.[62]

Sweden

In Sweden, any citizen at least 18 years old, who resides, or who has resided in the realm can be elected to parliament.[63] Citizens of Sweden, the European Union, Norway or Iceland aged 18 and over may be elected to county or municipal council. Citizens of other countries may also be elected to council, provided they have resided in the realm for at least three years.[64]

Switzerland

In Switzerland, any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.

Taiwan

In the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan), the minimum age of candidacy is 23, unless otherwise specified in the Constitution or any relevant laws.[65] The Civil Servants Election and Recall Act specifies that candidates for township, city, and indigenous district chiefs must be at least 26, and candidates for municipality, county, and city governors must be at least 30.[66] The minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 40.[67]

Tibet

The 14th Dalai Lama was enthroned at the age of 4, and none of his predecessors have been enthroned before age 4. The coming of age for the Dalai Lama is 18, when responsibilities are assumed.

Turkey

The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age.[68] In presidential elections the candidacy age is 40.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, a person must be aged 18 or over to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils within the UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006.

United States

In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to serve as president. To be a senator, a person must be aged 30 or over. To be a Representative, a person must be aged 25 or older. This is specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[69] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).

Venezuela

In Venezuela, a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President,[70] 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly[71] and 25 to be the Governor of a state.[72]

Comparison chart

Minimum age to be a candidate for the lower house by country.
  ≥30
  25–29
  21–24
  20
  18
  ≤17
  No data
  No legislature

Dashes indicate that the position or house does not exist in that particular country, such as countries that are unicameral.

Country President Vice President Prime Minister Upper house Lower house References
 Albania 40 18 - 18 [73][74][75]
 Algeria 40 40 28 [76][77]
 Andorra 18 18 - 18 [78][79]
 Angola 35 - - 35 [77]
 Argentina 30 30 - 30 25 [80][81][82][83]
 Armenia 40 - 25 - 25 [84][85]
 Australia - - 18 18 18 [77]
 Austria 35 - 18 18 18 [16][86][77]
 Azerbaijan 18 18 - 18 [87]
 Bahamas - - 21 30 21 [88]
 Bahrain - - 30 35 30 [89]
 Bangladesh 35 - 25 - 25 [90][91][92]
 Barbados - 21 21 21 [93]
 Belarus 35 - - 30 21 [94]
 Belgium - - 18 18 18 [95][96]
 Belize - - 18 18 18 [19]
 Benin 40 - - 25 [97][77]
 Bhutan - - 25 25 25 [98]
 Bolivia 30 30 - 18 18 [99]
 Botswana 30 30 - - 18 [100]
 Brazil 35 35 - 35 21 [20]
 Bulgaria 21 21 - 21 [101]
 Burundi 40 35 25 [102]
 Cabo Verde 35 - 18 [103][77]
 Cameroon 35 - 40 23 [104][77]
 Canada - - 30 18 [105]
 Central African Republic 35 - - - - [25]
 Chile 35 - 35 21 [106]
 China 45 45 - 18 [77]
 Colombia 30 30 - 30 25 [107][108]
 Comoros 35 - - 18 [109][77]
 Republic of the Congo 30 - 45 25 [77]
 Costa Rica 30 30 - - 21 [110]
 Côte d'Ivoire 35 - 23 [111][77]
 Croatia 18 - 18 [112][113][114]
 Cuba 35 35 35 - 18 [115]
 Cyprus 35 35 (indefinitely vacant) - 25 25 [116]
 Czech Republic 40 40 21 [30]
 Denmark - - 18 - 18 [117]
 Djibouti 40 - - 23 [118]
 Dominica 40 - 21 21 21 [119]
 Dominican Republic 30 30 - 25 21 [120]
 East Timor 35 - 17 [121][122]
 Ecuador 30 30 - - 18 [123]
 Egypt 40 40 35 35 25 [124][125]
 El Salvador 30 - - 25 [126]
 Equatorial Guinea 40 - - 25 [127][77]
 Estonia 40 - 21 [31]
 Ethiopia 21 21 [128]
 Fiji - 18 - 18 [129]
 Finland 18 - 18 - 18 [130][131][132]
 France 18 24 18 [77]
 Gambia 30 - - 21 [133]
 Georgia 40 - 18 - 25 [134]
 Germany 40 - 18 18 [135]
 Ghana 40 - - 21 [136]
 Greece 40 - 25 - 25 [137][32][138]
 Grenada - - 18 18 18 [139]
 Guatemala 40 40 18 18 [140]
 Guinea-Bissau 35 - - 21 [141][77]
 Guyana 18 18 18 - 18 [142]
 Hong Kong - - - 21
 Honduras 30 30 - - 21 [143]
 Hungary 35 - - 18 [144][145]
 Iceland 35 - - 18 [146]
 India 35 35 25 30 25 [147]
 Indonesia 40 40 - 21 21
 Iran 21 - - 26 [38][77]
 Iraq 40 35 (never established) 28 [39][40][148]
 Ireland 35 - 30 21 [43][44][45][46][48]
 Israel - 30 - 21 [149]
 Italy 50 - 40 25 [150]
 Jamaica - - 21 21 21 [151]
 Japan - - 30 30 25 [50][152]
 Jordan - - 40 40 30 [153]
 Kazakhstan 40 - 30 25 [154]
 Kenya 18 18 - 18 18 [155][156]
 Kiribati 21 - - 21 [157]
 Kuwait - - 30 - 30 [158]
 Kyrgyzstan 35 - 21 - 21 [159]
 Kosovo 18 18 18 - 18 [160]
 Latvia 40 - - 21 [161]
 Lesotho - - 18 21 18 [162][77]
 Liberia 35 - 30 25 [163]
 Lithuania 40 - - 25 [164]
 Luxembourg - - - 18 [51]
 Malawi 35 35 - (never established) 21 [165]
 Malaysia - - 21 30 21 [166]
 Maldives 35 35 - - 18 [167]
 Malta - 18 [168][169]
 Marshall Islands 21 - - - 21 [170]
 Mauritania 40 - 35 25 [171]
 Mauritius 40 40 18 - 18 [172]
 Mexico 35 - - 25 21 [173]
 Micronesia 30 30 - - 30 [174]
 Moldova 40 - 18 [175][77]
 Mongolia 45 - - 25 [176]
 Montenegro 18 - 18 - 18 [177]
 Mozambique 35 - - 18 [178][77]
 Myanmar 45 30 (dissolved) 25 (dissolved) [179][180]
 Namibia 35 35 21 21 21 [181]
 Nauru 20 - - - 20 [182]
   Nepal 45 35 35 25 [183]
 Netherlands - - 18 18 18 [184]
 New Zealand - - 18 - 18 [185]
 Nicaragua 25 25 - - 21 [186]
 Nigeria 35 35 35 30 [187]
 North Korea - 17 [188][189]
 Norway - - 18 - 18 [190]
 Pakistan 45 - 25 30 25 [191]
 Palau 35 35 - 25 25 [192]
 Palestine 40 - - - 28 [77]
 Panama 35 35 - - 21 [193]
 Papua New Guinea - - - 25 [194]
 Paraguay 30 30 - 35 25 [195]
 Peru 35 35 - - 25 [196]
 Philippines 40 40 35 25 [197]
 Poland 35 - 30 21 [198]
 Portugal 35 - - 18 [199][200]
 Qatar - - - 30 [201]
 Romania 35 - 33 23 [202][203][204][205][206]
 Russia 35 - - 21 [58][207]
 Rwanda 35 - 40 21 [208][77]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis - - 21 21 21 [209]
 Saint Lucia - - 21 30 21 [210]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - - 21 21 21 [211]
 São Tomé and Príncipe 35 - - 18 [212][77]
 Senegal 35 - - 25 [213][77]
 Serbia - - 18 [214]
 Seychelles 18 18 - - 18 [215]
 Sierra Leone 40 - - 21 [216]
 Singapore 45 - 21 - 21 [217]
 Slovakia 40 - 21 - 21 [218]
 Solomon Islands - - 21 - 21 [219]
 South Africa 18 18 18 [220][77]
 South Korea 40 - - - 18 [61]
 Spain - - 18 18 [62]
 Sri Lanka 18 - 18 - 18 [221]
 Suriname 30 30 30 - 21 [222]
 Sweden - - 18 - 18 [223]
  Switzerland 18 18 18 18 18 [224]
 Taiwan 40 40 - - 23 [225]
 Tajikistan 30 - 30 30 [226]
 Tanzania 40 21 - 21 [227][228]
 Thailand - - 35 40 25 [229]
 Togo 35 - - 25 [230][77]
 Trinidad and Tobago 35 - 18 25 18 [231][77]
 Tunisia 35 - - 23 [232]
 Turkey 40 40 - - 18 [233]
 Tuvalu - - 21 - 21 [234]
 Uganda 18 18 18 - 18 [235]
 Ukraine 35 - - 21 [236]
 United Kingdom - - 18 21 18 [237]
 United States 35 35 - 30 25 [238]
 Uruguay 35 - 30 25 [239][240][241]
 Uzbekistan 35 - 25 25 [242]
 Vanuatu 25 - 25 - 25 [243]
 Venezuela 30 30 - - 21 [244]
 Vietnam 21 21 21 - 21 [245][246]
 Zambia 35 35 - - 21 [247][248][249]
 Zimbabwe - - - 40 21 [250][251]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Broughton, Thomas; Marcia Patterson (1951). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association. p. 388.
  2. ↑ "BYC Youth Manifesto" (PDF). British Youth Council. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2008. Young people believe that the age to stand as candidates for local, regional, national and European elections should be 16, as should the age to become a trustee of a charity. Young people have significant responsibilities to society at the age of 16 and can have significant responsibilities in the private sector as company directors; this inconsistency should be rectified. Young people have lots to offer and the decision of their appointment to positions of political authority or governance of organisations should be in the hands of the electorate or membership respectfully.
  3. ↑ "Unsworn Senators". Time (14 January 1935).
  4. ↑ Battle, Dick; Tom Flake (5 January 1955). "Senate Vote Ousts Fulton". Nashville Banner.
  5. ↑ "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details". bioguideretro.congress.gov. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  6. ↑ O'Brian, Jack (11 January 1969). "Senate To Have Ineligible Man". Spartanburg Herald. Spartanburg, SC. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  7. ↑ Freeman, Jo (2008). We Will Be Heard: Women's Struggles for Political Power in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. Only 31, Linda Jenness did not meet the Constitutional age requirement to hold the office of President, but the SWP was on the ballot in 25 states — six more than in 1968.
  8. ↑ "1972 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  9. ↑ "Presidency 2004". Politics1.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2007. Since they weren't going to be elected anyways, the Socialist Workers Party didn't care that they nominated a ticket entirely ineligible to be elected. Why? Because Róger Calero is both foreign born and also not a US citizen; and Arrin Hawkins is too young. To avoid ballot access problems for the SWP, as the constitutional ineligibility may also render them unable to be listed on the ballot in some states, the 2000 SWP ticket of James Harris for President and Margaret Trowe for Vice President are being used in states that will not permit the Calero-Hawkins slate to be listed.
  10. ↑ "South Dakota Age Qualifications for Elected Officials, Amendment H (1998)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  11. ↑ "How old is old enough?" (PDF) (Press release). British Youth Council. October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008. BYC believes that at the age of 18 a person may hold elected office. A candidate's breadth of life experience is something that can be evaluated by the electorate... BYC strongly believes that the age of voting should be lowered to 16 and candidacy age should be lowered to 18...
  12. ↑ "The Electoral Administration Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2006", article 3 and Schedule 1(14)(d).
  13. ↑ "Electoral Administration Act 2006 (c. 22) Part 5". Office of Public Sector Information. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008.
  14. ↑ "General Comment Adopted by the Human Rights Committee Under Article 40, Paragraph 4, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". OHCHR. 27 August 1996. Archived from the original on Oct 30, 2023.
  15. ↑ Lumb, Martin (2 October 2013). "The 43rd Parliament: traits and trends". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  16. 1 2 31/BNR (XXIII. GP) Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz, ss. 2 and 6, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved on 1 July 2007.
  17. ↑ Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz - Federal Constitutional Law 1920, 1929 version Archived 13 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 3 February 2007.
  18. ↑ Toharudin, Toni (2010). "Individualism, nationalism, ethnocentrism, and authoritarianism: Evidence from Flanders by means of structural equation modeling" (PDF). University of Groningen/UMCG research database. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  19. 1 2 Laws of Belize, Volume II, Title VIII, Chapter 88, Part III. "Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who: is a citizen of Belize; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election; and is at least eighteen years old."
  20. 1 2 Brazilian Constitution (in Portuguese)
  21. ↑ "How to Become a Candidate". www.elections.ca. 21 September 2021.
  22. ↑ Office, Privy Council (7 July 2016). "Assessment Criteria". aem. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  23. ↑ "PC Sam Oosterhoff wins Niagara West riding which had average candidate age of 21 | Globalnews.ca".
  24. ↑ Curry, Bill (4 May 2011). "Meet Canada's youngest MP in history". The Globe and Mail.
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  248. ↑ "ZAMBIA - National Assembly". Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  249. ↑ "Zambia 1991 (rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  250. ↑ "Zimbabwe - Definition of Youth". Youthpolicy.org. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  251. ↑ "ZIMBABWE". Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). Retrieved 22 October 2023.
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