Ala Hazrat
Ahmed Raza Khan
Bareilly Sharif Dargah
TitleImam Ahl-e-Sunnat
امام اہل سنت
Personal
Born14 June 1856[1]
Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British India
DiedOctober 1921(1921-10-00) (aged 65)
Bareilly, United Provinces, British India
Resting placeBareilly Sharif Dargah, Uttar Pradesh, India
ReligionIslam
NationalityIndian
SpouseIrshad Begum
Children
Parents
CitizenshipBritish Indian
EraModern era
RegionSouth Asia
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi[2]
CreedMaturidi
MovementBarelvi
Main interest(s)Islamic theology, Hadith, Tafsir, Hanafi jurisprudence, Urdu poetry, Tasawwuf, Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Astronomy
TariqaQadri
RelationsHassan Raza Khan (Brother)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (Grandson)(Son of Hamid Raza Khan)
Akhtar Raza Khan (Great-Grandson)
Asjad Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Hussam Raza Khan (Great- Great-Grandson)
Muslim leader
SuccessorHamid Raza Khan
Influenced by
Influenced

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (14 June 1856 – October 1921), known reverentially as Ala Hazrat, was an Indian Islamic scholar, theologian, jurist, preacher, poet from Bareilly, British India, considered as the founder of the Barelvi movement and the Razvi branch of the Qadri Sufi order.

He wrote on law, religion, philosophy and the sciences, and because he mastered many subjects in both rational and religious sciences, Francis Robinson, one of the leading Western scholars of South Asian Islam, considers him to be a polymath.[3] He was a reformer who wrote extensively in defense of the Prophet Muhammad and popular Sufi practices.[4][5][6] He influenced millions of people, and today the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers in the region.[7]

Biography

Family

Khan was born on 14 June 1856 to an Indian Muslim family in the mohallah of Jasoli in Bareilly district, North-Western Provinces, British India. His father, Naqi Ali Khan, was an Islamic scholar.

The name corresponding to the year of his birth was "Al Mukhtaar". His birth name was Muhammad.[8] Khan used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" ("servant of the chosen one") prior to signing his name in correspondence.[9]

Teachers

According to the official Biography written by Molana Zafar Uddin Bihari, some of his famous teachers included:[10][11]

  • Shah AI-i-Rasul (d. 1297/1879)
  • Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297/1880)
  • Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Makki (d. 1299/1881)
  • Abd al-Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1301/1883)
  • Hussayn bin Saleh (d. 1302/1884)
  • Abul-Hussayn Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1324/1906)
  • 'Abd al-Ali Rampuri (d. 1303/1885)

Spiritual order

In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age of 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi. His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.[12][13]

Ahl-e-Sunnat Revival movement

Imam Ahmed Raza wrote extensively in defense of his views, countered the Wahabism and Deobandi movements, and, by his writing and activity, became the leader of the Ahle Sunnat movement.[14] The movement is spread across the globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa[7] and Bangladesh.[15] The movement now has over 200 million followers globally.[7] The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when began but is currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians as well as the South Asian diaspora throughout the world.[16]

The efforts of Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement to counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to in the institutionalization of diverse Sufi movements and their allies in various parts of the world.[17]

Death

Ahmed Raza Khan died in October 1921 (Safar 1340 AH) at the age of 65.[18] He is buried in his hometown of Bareilly.

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several hundred books in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razaviyya, and Kanzul Iman (Translation & Explanation of the Qur'an). Several of his books have been translated into European and South Asian languages.[19][20]

Kanz ul Iman (translation of the Qur'an)

Kanzul Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by Khan. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam,[19] and is a widely read version of the translation in the Indian Subcontinent. It has been translated into English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Pashto, and also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.[20]

Husam ul Haramain

Husamul Haramain or Husam al Harmain Ala Munhir kufr wal mayn (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of unbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a treatise which declared infidels the founders of the Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements on the basis that they did not have the proper veneration of Muhammad and finality of prophethood in their writings.[21][22][23] In defense of his verdict he obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in South Asia, and some from scholars in Mecca and Medina. The treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and Hindi.[24]

Fatawa Razawiyyah

Fatawa-e-Razvia or the full name Al Ataya fi-Nabaviah Fatwa Razaviah (translates to Verdicts of Imam Ahmed Raza by the blessings of the Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement.[25][26] It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solutions to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage.[27][28]

Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish

He wrote na'at (devotional poetry in praise of Muhammad) and always discussed him in the present tense.[29] His main book of poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish.[30]

His poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of Muhammad, often have a simplicity and directness.[31]

His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa Jaane Rahmat pe Lakhon Salaam (Millions of salutations on Mustafa, the Paragon of mercy), are recited in mosques globally. They contain praise of Muhammad, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the awliya and saleheen (the saints and the pious).[32][33]

Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya

In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his second Haj. Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal a Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he presented five questions to Ahmad Raza on behalf of the Ulema of Makkatul Mukarrama, this question was asked by Makkatul Mukarrama Wahabi Ulema regarding Knowledge of the knowledge of Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that time Ahmed Raza was suffering from a high fever, despite the illness he tried to answer all the questions, he answered in such detail that the answer took the form of a book, and this book was named Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.[34]

Jamat Raza E Mustafa

Khan founded an organization on 17 December 1920 and named it Jamat Raza E Mustafa.[35]

Beliefs

Khan saw an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India.[36] His movement was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of the Deobandi movement in South Asia and the Wahhabi movement elsewhere.[37]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan supported Tawassul, Mawlid, Muhammad's awareness of complete knowledge of the unseen, and other practices which were opposed by Salafis and Deobandis.[29][38][39]

In this context he supported the following beliefs:

  • Prophet Muhammad is made of nur (light) and is omnipresent. This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad was the insan-i-kamil (perfect person), but still a mortal human.[40][41]
  • Prophet Muhammad is haazir naazir (Haazir-o-Naazir on the deeds of his Ummah) which means that Muhammad views and witnesses the actions of his people.[42]

This concept was interpreted by Shah Abdul Aziz in Tafsir Azizi in these words: The prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Imaan) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress.[43]

We do not hold that anyone can equal the knowledge of Allah Most High, or possess it independently, nor do we assert that Allah's giving of knowledge to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is anything but a part. But what a patent and tremendous difference between one part [the Prophet's] and another [anyone else's]: like the difference between the sky and the earth, or rather even greater and more immense.

— Ahmed Raza Khan, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

Raza Khan was emphatic in opposing the Shia and Hindu influences on Muslim identity. To differentiate between Muslim and infidel he categorically said:[44]

Presented a choice of giving water to a thirsty infidel or to a thirsty dog, a believer (Muslim) should make the offering to dog.

He reached judgments with regard to certain practices and faith in his book Fatawa-e-Razvia, including:[45] [46]

  • Islamic Law is the ultimate law and following it is obligatory for all Muslims;
  • To refrain from Bid'ah is essential;
  • It is impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to mingle with the misguided [and heretics], and to participate in their festivals.

Fatwas

Ahmadis

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Messiah, Prophet, and Mahdi awaited by some Muslims as well as a Ummati Nabi, a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to the pristine form as practiced by Muhammad and early Sahaba.[47][48] Khan declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a heretic and apostate and called him and his followers disbelievers (kuffar).[49]

Deobandis

The theological difference with the Deobandi school began when Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri objected in writing to some of the following beliefs of Deobandi scholars.

  • A founder of the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie.[50] This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb.[51][50] According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying.[51] Gangohi supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets equal to Muhammad.[51][50]
  • He opposed the doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen (Ilm e Ghaib).[50][51]

When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs"). In this work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such as Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi and those who followed them as kuffar. Khan collected scholarly opinions in the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Hussam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese).[52] However, Deobandis claim the evidence provided to the scholars in Arabia were fabricated and that Ahmed Raza Khans takfir of them was unjust. [51]

This work initiated a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis lasting to the present.[52]

Shia

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote various books against the beliefs and faith of Shia Muslims and declared various practices of Shia as kufr.[53] He considered most Shiites of his day apostates because, he believed, they repudiated necessities of religion.[54][55]

Wahabi Movement

Ahmed Raza Khan declared Wahabis as disbelievers (kuffar) and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant in the Arabian peninsula, just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis. Until this day, Khan's followers remain opposed to the Wahhabi and their beliefs.[56]

Permissibility of currency notes

In 1905, Khan, on the request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on the permissibility of using paper as a form of currency, entitled Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.[57]

Political views

Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, Khan and his movement opposed the Indian independence movement due to its leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.[58]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India was Dar al-Islam and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there. According to him, those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under the non-Muslim rule to collect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight Jihad or perform Hijra.[59] Therefore, he opposed labeling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant that waging holy war against and migrating from India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. This view of Khan's was similar to other reformers Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy.[60]

The Muslim League mobilized the Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan,[61] and many of Khan's followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts.[12]

Legacy

Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions teach Khan's ideas, which emphasize the primacy of Islamic law along with the adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to Muhammad.[62]

Recognition

  • On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's program Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of Khan and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him.[63]
  • Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi, and philosopher, said: "I have carefully studied the decrees of Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam Ahmed Raza forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgments.[64] In another place he says, "Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge."[65]
  • Prof. Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was the head of the department of Mathematics at Aligarh University, was once unable to find solutions to some mathematic algorithms, even after he took help from the mathematicians abroad. He decided to visit Germany for the solution but at the request of his friend Sayyed Suleman Ashraf who was a professor of Islamic Studies at Aligarh University and also the mureed (disciple) of Ahmed Raza, Ziauddin visited Ahmed Raza on a special visit to get answers to his difficult questions, and under the guidance of Ahmed Raza he finally succeeded in getting solutions.[66][67]
  • Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Court of Pakistan: "Maulana Ahmad Raza's grand personality, a representation of our most esteemed ancestors, is history-making, and a history uni-central in his self. ... You may estimate his high status from the fact that he spent all his life in expressing the praise of the great and auspicious Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), in defending his veneration, in delivering speeches regarding his unique conduct, and in promoting and spreading the Law of Shariah which was revealed upon him for the entire humanity of all times. His renowned name is 'Muhammad' (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), the Prophet of Almighty Allah. ... The valuable books written by an encyclopedic scholar like Ahmed Raza, in my view, are the lamps of light that will keep enlightened and radiant the hearts and minds of the men of knowledge and insight for a long time."[68]

Societal influence

Spiritual successors

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had two sons and five daughters. His sons Hamid Raza Khan and Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Khan was his appointed successor. After him Mustafa Raza Khan succeeded his father, who then appointed Akhtar Raza Khan as his successor. His son, Mufti Asjad Raza Khan now succeeds him as the spiritual leader.[71] He had many disciples and successors, including 30 in the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere.[72] The following scholars are his notable successors:[73]

Educational influence

There are thousands of madrassas and Islamic seminaries dedicated to his school of thought across the Indian Subcontinent.

  • Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is the main educational institute and learning center that provides Islam education.
  • Raza Academy publishing house in Mumbai
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat, vol.1 p.1
  2. ↑ Rahman, Tariq. "Munāẓarah Literature in Urdu: An Extra-Curricular Educational Input in Pakistan's Religious Education." Islamic Studies (2008): 197–220.
  3. ↑ Robinson, Francis (1988). Varieties of South Asian Islam. The Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations (CRER), University of Warwick. p. 8.
  4. ↑ Sanyal, Usha (30 April 2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". In Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.). Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer Netherlands. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 9789402412673. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2021 – via Springer Link.
  5. ↑ Sanyal, Usha (2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  6. ↑ "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 "Barelvi". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions.
  8. ↑ Ala Hadhrat by Bastawi, p. 25
  9. ↑ Man huwa Ahmed Rida by Shaja'at Ali al-Qadri, p.15
  10. ↑ Bihari, Zafar'uddin. Hayat-e-Ala'hazrat (in Urdu). Lahore: Maktaba-e-Razaviyah. p. 12.
  11. ↑ "Full text of 'The Reformer of the Muslim World By Dr. Muhammad Masood Ahmad'". archive.org. 2 August 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  12. 1 2 Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005). The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in the Archived 29 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Pakistan Movement 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi.
  13. ↑ "Imam Raza Ahmed Khan". sunnah.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  14. ↑ Sanyal, Usha (2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6.
  15. ↑ "Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa issued by Barelvis". The Times of India.
  16. ↑ "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam.
  17. ↑ Continuity and transformation in a Naqshbandi tariqa in Britain, The changing relationship between Mazar (shrine) and dar-al-ulum(seminary) revisited Ron Geaves https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain
  18. ↑ Usha Sanyal (1996). Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-19-563699-4.
  19. 1 2 Paula Youngman Skreslet; Rebecca Skreslet (2006). The Literature of Islam: A Guide to the Primary Sources in English Translation. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-0-8108-5408-6.
  20. 1 2 Maarif Raza, Karachi, Pakistan. Vol.29, Issue 1–3, 2009, pages 108–09
  21. ↑ Thomas K. Gugler (2011). "When Democracy is Not the Only Game in Town: Sectarian Conflicts in Pakistan". In Stig Toft Madsen; Kenneth Bo Nielsen; Uwe Skoda (eds.). Trysts with Democracy: Political Practice in South Asia. Anthem Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-85728-773-1.
  22. ↑ Usha Sanyal (1996). Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-19-563699-4.
  23. ↑ Ismail Khan (19 October 2011). "The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism". Hudson Institute. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  24. ↑ Arshad Alam (2013). "The Enemy Within: Madrasa and Muslim Identity in North India". In Filippo Osella; Caroline Osella (eds.). Islamic Reform in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-107-03175-3.
  25. ↑ "Jamia Rizvia of Bareilly to be upgraded to a university". milligazette.com. 9 November 2012.
  26. ↑ Maulana Shakir Noorie (10 October 2008). What is Sacrifice?: Qurbani kya hai?. Sunni. pp. 12–. GGKEY:G6T13NU1Q2T.
  27. ↑ "Dargah Ala Hazrat: Fatva Razabia is encyclopedia of Fatvas". jagran. 18 December 2014.
  28. ↑ David Emmanuel Singh (2012). Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response. Walter de Gruyter. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-61451-246-2.
  29. 1 2 Ian Richard Netton (2013). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1.
  30. ↑ Raza, Muhammad Shahrukh (22 November 2012). "sharah Hadaiq e Bakhshish - Books Library - Online School - Read – Download – eBooks – Free – Learning – Education – School – College – University – Guide – Text Books – Studies".
  31. ↑ Contributions to Indian Sociology. Mouton. 1993.
  32. ↑ "Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan". 19 December 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  33. ↑ Noormuhammad, Siddiq Osman. "Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan". Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  34. ↑ Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya, Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri. "A brief history of Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya by Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri". Youtube. Noori Amjadi. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  35. ↑ "About Jamat Raza e Mustafa". Jamat Raza -E- Mustafa. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  36. ↑ Marshall Cavendish Reference (2011). Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7614-7929-1.
  37. ↑ Francis Robinson (2002). "Perso-Islamic culture in India". In Robert L. Canfield (ed.). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5.
  38. ↑ Abdulkader Tayob; Inga Niehaus; Wolfram Weisse. Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. Waxmann Verlag. p. 64. ISBN 978-3-8309-7554-0.
  39. ↑ Abdulkader Tayob; Inga Niehaus; Wolfram Weisse. Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. Waxmann Verlag. p. 76. ISBN 978-3-8309-7554-0.
  40. ↑ Tariq Rahman (July–December 2002). "Images of the 'Other' in Pakistani Textbooks". Pakistan Perspectives. 7 (2): 46.
  41. ↑ Akbar S. Ahmed (1999) [First published 1993]. Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World. I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 118, 174. ISBN 978-1-86064-257-9.
  42. ↑ N. C. Asthana; A.Nirmal (2009). Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities. Pointer Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6.
  43. ↑ Mufti Abubaker Siddiq Ash-Shazli Sahab (29 June 2013). "The Prophet is Hazir o Nazir". Kanzul Islam. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  44. ↑ Jalal, Ayesha (2008). Partisans of Allah : Jihad in South Asia (1 ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780674028012.
  45. ↑ Yoginder Sikand (2005). Bastions of The Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India. Penguin Books Limited. p. 73. ISBN 978-93-5214-106-7.
  46. ↑ Sita Ram Sharma (1998). Politics and government of communalism. APH Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7024-933-7.
  47. ↑ "My Claim to Promised Messiahship – The Review of Religions". reviewofreligions.org. January 2009.
  48. ↑ Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (2018). Elucidation of Objectives: English Translation of Taudih-e-Maram : a Treatise. Islam International. ISBN 978-1-85372-742-9.
  49. ↑ Aziz, Zahid. (2008). A survey of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement: history, beliefs, aims and work. Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam (AAIIL), UK. p. 43, ISBN 978-1-906109-03-5.
  50. 1 2 3 4 Ingram, Brannon D. (2009), "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism", The Muslim World, Blackwell Publishing, 99 (3): 484, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 Ingram Brannon D. (2018). Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. University of California Press. pp. 7, 64, 100, 241. ISBN 978-0-520-29800-2.
  52. 1 2
    • Siraj Khan, Blasphemy against the Prophet, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker), ISBN 978-1610691772, pp. 59–67 *R Ibrahim (2013), Crucified Again, ISBN 978-1621570257, pp. 100–101
  53. ↑ Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding. Sampark Literary Services. 2004.
  54. ↑ Fatawa-e-Razavia, Fatwa on Sunni marriage with shia, Book of Marriage; vol.11/pg345, Lahore edition
  55. ↑ "Fiqh: Sunni marriage with Shia", www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk, archived from the original on 18 July 2011, retrieved 4 September 2015
  56. ↑ "Kafirs". Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  57. ↑ "Phamphlet on Currency". dawateislami.net. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
  58. ↑ R. Upadhyay, Barelvis and Deobandis: "Birds of the Same Feather". Eurasia Review, courtesy of the South Asia Analysis Group. 28 January 2011.
  59. ↑ Ayesha Jalal (2009). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-674-03907-0.
  60. ↑ M. Naeem Qureshi (1999). Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. BRILL. p. 179. ISBN 90-04-11371-1.
  61. ↑ Ingvar Svanberg; David Westerlund (2012). Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-136-11322-2.
  62. ↑ Usha Sanyal. Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press
  63. ↑ "Shaykh Yaqoubi Advocates Imam Ahmed Raza as a Mujaddid from Indian Subcontinent !!!!". Sunni Talk. Takbeer TV. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  64. ↑ Arafat, 1970, Lahore.
  65. ↑ Weekly Uffaq News Paper, Karachi. 22–28 January 1979.
  66. ↑ Assunnah Trust. "Aala Hazrat - An Adept Mathematician, Scientist and Economist". Scribd.
  67. ↑ Zafar-ud-din. Hayat e Ala Hazrat (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). Kashmir International Publishers. pp. 265–272.
  68. ↑ Razavi (June 2020). "Anjuman Tehreek e AhleSunnat". Anwar e Qadriya.
  69. ↑ "Ala Hazrat Express/14312 Live Running Train Status". runningstatus.in. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  70. ↑ Commemorative Stamps, India Archived 23 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ↑ "Mufti Asjad Raza conferred with 'Qadi Al-Qudaat' title | Bareilly News". The Times of India.
  72. ↑ Shah Ahmed Rida Khan – The "Neglected Genius of the East" by Professor Muhammad Ma'sud Ahmad M.A. P.H.D. – Courtesy of "The Muslim Digest", May/June 1985, pp. 223–230
  73. ↑ Sanyal, Usha (1998)
  74. ↑ "19th Jumada al-Aakhir | Allamah Zafar al-Din Bihari (Alayhir Rahmah)". www.ahlesunnat.net.
  75. ↑ "Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation". Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  76. ↑ "Hazrat Allama Hashmat Ali Khan Rizvi". www.ziaetaiba.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021.

Bibliography

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Husam ul Harmain
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