Alaunt
Detail of the altarpiece, Adoration of the Magi, from 1423 by the Italian painter Gentile da Fabriano
Other namesAlão
Alano
Alangu
OriginPontic-Caspian Steppe
Breed statusExtinct
Dog (domestic dog)

The Alaunt is an extinct type of dog which came in different forms,[1][2] with the original possibly having existed in North Caucasus, Central Asia and Europe from ancient times.

This type of dog may have been developed by the Alans, and was renowned primarily for its quality as a large-game catch dog, and as a war dog and guard dog.

Features

Persian Mastiff statue. National Museum of Iran.

In France, the Alaunt as a crossbreed had three distinct types: the alant veautre, alant boucherie and alant gentile.[3] They all were large, short-coated dogs of varying head-types. The former two resembled the mastiff-type dogs much like the present-day Dogo Argentino or like the Caucasian Shepherd Dog except with short hair and a mesocephalic head which made them excellent large-game hunters, the gentile was a large sighthound type.[4] The Alaunt type may have been originally bred by the Alani tribes, the nomads of Indo-European Sarmatian ancestry who spoke an Iranian language. The Alans were known as superb warriors, herdsmen, and breeders of horses and dogs. The Alans bred their dogs for work and developed different strains within the breed for specific duties. The type was further developed in Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, England, and in Italy.

History

Molossus dog. Terracotta statue. Boboli Gardens, Italy

The Molossus belonged to the tribe of the Molossians, from Epirus in northern Greece in about 1200 BC, coming from the north. However, their artifacts did not resemble the Mastiff prototype, as they had a long nose of a narrow type, and a long mane. Varro, however, described a herding dog of Epirus which was white, large-headed, and slightly undershot, used to defend sheep and goats.[5] One group of Alans arrived in what is now Albania in the 5th or 6th centuries BC.[6] Molossis of Epirus is located in Southern Albania.[7] It is most plausible the Alaunt gave rise to the fighting dogs of the Molossi,[8] which were introduced to Britain by Roman invasion in 43 BC. The Alans provided cavalry for Rome, many of whom were deployed to Hadrian's Wall in the second century AD.[9]

In the 370s AD, Hun invasions divided the Alani into the Eastern and Western Alans. The Eastern Alani tribes merged with the Ossetians and other nations, introducing their dogs into the bloodlines of many Balkan breeds, such as the Šarplaninac, Metchkar, Qen Ghedje, Hellenikos Poimenikos and other livestock guardian dogs of the region. The white-coloured Alaunts may be the direct ancestors of the Balkan breeds, which in turn influenced all other white dogs in the Balkans.

Tomb of Pedro Afonso of Portugal, Count of Barcelos. The tomb has a wild boar hunting scene with dogs, possibly the extinct Portuguese Alaunt dog.

The Western Alans joined the Vandals on their raids through Europe, and by the 410s AD, their fierce dogs were influencing many breeds in France, Spain, Portugal, England, and other countries. This spread the use of the "Alaunt" name, which became synonymous with a type of a working dog rather than a specific breed. Through breeding with various scenthounds and sighthounds, some Alaunts became valued large game hunting dogs, existing in a variety of types dictated by regional preferences. In AD 1500, Spain was known for breeding the best Alaunts and used them to conquer the New World.[10]

In France, Alaunts were separated into three main categories, based on physical appearance and the duties they performed. The lightest type was the alant gentil, a greyhound-like dog. The original mastiff variety, known as the alant de boucherie, may have contributed to the development of the fighting and baiting dogs of France. The French alants de boucherie were known as alauntz o bouchery in England,[11] famously dramatised by Chaucer in his "Knight's Tale" as the mythical hounds of Lycurgus, King of Thrace,[12] and the Alano in Spain and Italy and were termed the original Bulldogs as they were used to control and defend herds of cattle. In Spain, the three categories were the Mastins, Alanos, and Lebrels, further separated as the ayuda (defense types) and the presa (offense types), such as the Perro de presa español.

Form

Bocanegra, a portuguese Alaunt dog, 1904

The long, broad, flat head of the Alaunt should never be confused with the modified brachycephalic breeds. The brachycephalic head type is wide in base, but short in length. While the preferred bite is reverse scissor, like the mastiff,[13] and may have been a trait introduced by the Mongolian breeds at some remote time in history, skull type and bite type are separate subjects of genetic traits. The dolichocephalic skull is narrow at base yet long in length, so the Alaunt could be referred to as a modified dolichocephalic breed, as mesocephalic is a balance of base to length. Moreover, the Alaunt or mastiff must be separated from the Molossoides in head study, as this term does not separate the Mastiff from the mountain dogs or even the pug.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Master of Game: The Oldest English Book on Hunting at the Internet Archive (p. 116)
  2. ↑ Ostrander, Elaine A.; Giger, Urs; Kerstin, Lindblad-Toh (2007-04-03). The Dog and Its Genome. CSHL Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-781-5.
  3. ↑ Gaston Phébus Livre de Chasse Tillander, G. Cynegetica XVIII Karlshamn 1971 Ch.17 p125
  4. ↑ "Alaunt". www.comneton.com. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
  5. ↑ Fleig 1996, pp. 18–22 (Varro's description of herding dogs)
  6. ↑ Atlas 1995 p. 30
  7. ↑ Fleig 1996, p. 18 "Today Epirus is part of Albania."
  8. ↑ "Molossian Dog". My Albanian studies. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
  9. ↑ Hancock p. 28
  10. ↑ Hancock 2000, p. 22
  11. ↑ James I. McNelis III, The Uncollated Manuscripts of The Master of Game: Towards a New Edition (PhD diss., Univ. of Washington, 1996) p. 222
  12. ↑ Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Knightes Tale . 1290 – via Wikisource.
  13. ↑ Prisco, Andrew de; Johnson, James B.; Johnson, James Burris (1993). Canine lexicon. T.F.H. Publications. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-86622-198-6. (Mastiff is example of scissors reverse)

Bibliography

  • Fleig, Dieter (1996). Fighting Dog Breeds. TFH Publications. ISBN 0-7938-0499-X.
  • Hancock, David (2001). The Mastiffs: The Big Game Hunters - Their History, Development and Future. Charwynne Dog Features. ISBN 0-9527801-2-7.
  • Jenkins, Robert E.; Mollett, Ken (1997). The Story of the Real Bulldog. TFH Publications. ISBN 0-7938-0491-4.
  • The Lincoln library of essential information. Columbus, Ohio: Frontier Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0-912168-12-8.
  • American Kennel Club Staff (1998). The complete dog book. New York: Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-047-X.
  • Derr, Mark (2004). A dog's history of America: how our best friend explored, conquered, and settled a continent. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-631-8.
  • Couturier, Casey. "The True History of the Spanish Conquest of Americas". American Bulldog Review, Fall 2001.
  • Prisco, Andrew de; Johnson, James B.; Johnson, James Burris (1993). Canine lexicon. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-86622-198-6.
  • Stratton, Richard F. (1976). This is the American pit bull terrier. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-87666-660-9.
  • Bonnie Wilcox; Chris Walkowicz (1995). The Atlas of dog breeds of the world. TFH Publications. ISBN 978-0-7938-1284-4.
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