Alfonsine Tables

The Alfonsine Tables (Spanish: Tablas Alfonsíes, Latin: Tabulae Alphonsinae), sometimes spelled Alphonsine Tables, provided data for computing the position of the Sun, Moon and planets relative to the fixed stars.

The tables were named after Alfonso X of Castile, who sponsored their creation. They were compiled in Toledo, Spain, and contain astronomical data starting on June 1, 1252, the date of the coronation of the King.

Production

Frontispiece of the 1545 edition of the Tabulae astronomicae

Alfonso X assembled a team of scholars, known as the Toledo School of Translators, who among other translating tasks, were asked to produce new tables that updated the Tables of Toledo. The new tables were based on earlier astronomical works and observations by Islamic astronomers, adding observations by astronomers Alfonso had gathered in Toledo, among them several Jewish scholars, like Yehuda ben Moshe and Isaac ibn Sid.[1] He also brought Aben Raghel y Alquibicio and Aben Musio y Mohamat, from Seville, Joseph Aben Alí and Jacobo Abenvena, from Córdoba, and fifty more from Gascony and Paris.[2]

The instructions for the Alfonsine tables were originally written in Castilian Spanish. The first printed edition of the Alfonsine tables appeared in 1483, and a second edition in 1492.[3]

Georg Purbach used the Alfonsine tables for his book, Theoricae novae planetarum (New Theory of the Planets). Nicolaus Copernicus used the second edition in his work. One use of these and similar astronomical tables was to calculate ephemerides, which were in turn used by astrologers to cast horoscopes.[4] Canons on the tables included those by John of Saxony and his teacher John of Lignères (fl 1320 to 1335).[5]

Methodology

The methods of Claudius Ptolemy were used to compute the table, dividing the year into 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, 16 seconds—very close to the currently accepted figure. Copernicus's observation that his system could explain the planetary motions with no more than 34 circles has been taken to imply that a large number of additional epicycles had been subsequently introduced into the Ptolemaic system in an attempt to make it conform with observation.[6] (There is a famous (but probably apocryphal)[7] quote attributed to Alfonso upon hearing an explanation of the extremely complicated mathematics required to demonstrate Ptolemy's geocentric model of the solar system: "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler.") However, modern computations[8] using Ptolemy's unmodified theory have replicated the published Alfonsine tables.

Popularity

The Alfonsine tables were the most popular astronomical tables in Europe and updated versions were regularly produced for three hundred years. Nicolaus Copernicus, known as the father of modern astronomy, bought a copy while at the University of Cracow, and cared about it enough to have it professionally bound with pieces of wood and leather.[9] Alexander Bogdanov maintained that these tables formed the basis for Copernicus's development of a heliocentric understanding in astronomy.[10] In 1551, the Prutenic Tables (or Prussian Tables) of Erasmus Reinhold's were published. These tables used the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system. Copernicus's publication, De revolutionibus, was not easy to use and the Prutenic tables were intended to make the heliocentric model more usable by astrologers and astronomers. However, the Prutenic tables were not widely adopted outside German speaking countries and new ephemerides based on the Alfonsine tables continued to be published[11] until the publication of Johannes Kepler's Rudolphine Tables in 1627.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Noah J. Efron, Judaism and Science: A Historical Introduction (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007).
  2. ↑ Jean Meeus & Denis Savoie, "The history of the tropical year", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 1992, pp.40–42
  3. ↑ Vegas Gonzalez, Serafín, La Escuela de Traductores de Toledo en la Historia del pensamiento, Toledo, Ayuntamiento de Toledo, 1998
  4. ↑ Owen Gingerich, Gutenberg's Gift pp. 319-28 in Library and information services in astronomy V (Astron. Soc. Pacific Conference Series vol. 377, 2007).
  5. ↑ Chabás, José; Goldstein, Bernard R. (2019). "The Master and the Disciple: The Almanac of John of Lignères and the Ephemerides of John of Saxony". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 50 (1): 82–96. doi:10.1177/0021828618820215. ISSN 0021-8286.
  6. ↑ Gingerich, Owen (2005). The Book Nobody Read. London: Arrow. p. 306. ISBN 0-09-947644-4. quotes the Encyclopædia Britannica (article unspecified) of 1969 as implying 40-60 epicycles per planet; in the 1974 edition no similar quantified claim can be found
  7. ↑ Owen Gingerich, "Alfonso X as a Patron of Astronomy," pp. 30-45 in Alfonso X of Castile, the Learned King (1221-1284) (Harvard Studies in Romance Languages 43, 1990).
  8. ↑ Owen Gingerich: The Book Nobody Read. Walker, 2004, Ch. 4 (ISBN 0-8027-1415-3)
  9. ↑ Rosen, Edward (November 1976). "Alfonsine Tables And Copernicus". Manuscripta. 20 (3): 163–174. doi:10.1484/J.MSS.3.851.
  10. ↑ Bogdanov, Alexander (1996). Bogdanov's Tektology: Book !. Hull: Centre for Systems Studies. p. 27.
  11. ↑ "Starry Messenger: Astronomical Tables". Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
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