American Pharoah
American Pharoah after winning the 2015 Preakness Stakes
SirePioneerof the Nile
GrandsireEmpire Maker
DamLittleprincessemma
DamsireYankee Gentleman
SexStallion
Foaled (2012-02-02) February 2, 2012[1]
Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.
CountryUnited States
ColorBay
BreederAhmed Zayat
OwnerAhmed Zayat
TrainerBob Baffert
Record11: 9–1–0[2]
EarningsUS $8,650,300
Major wins
Del Mar Futurity (2014)
FrontRunner Stakes (2014)
Rebel Stakes (2015)
Arkansas Derby (2015)
Haskell Invitational (2015)

Breeders' Cup wins:
Breeders' Cup Classic (2015)

Triple Crown race wins:
Kentucky Derby (2015)
Preakness Stakes (2015)
Belmont Stakes (2015)

Awards
12th U.S. Triple Crown Champion (2015)
2nd Grand Slam Champion (2015)
American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse (2014)
American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse (2015)
American Horse of the Year (2015)
Honors
NTRA "Moment of the Year" (2015)
Secretariat Vox Populi Award (2015)
IFHA World's Best Racehorse (2015)
American Pharoah Way in Fayette and Woodford counties, Kentucky[3]
Statue at Oaklawn Park[4]
American Pharoah Stakes at Santa Anita Park
United States Racing Hall of Fame (2021)

American Pharoah (foaled February 2, 2012) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who won the American Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Classic in 2015. He was the 12th Triple Crown winner in history, and in winning all four races, became the second horse to win the Grand Slam of Thoroughbred racing. The older “Grand Slam” was to win the Triple Crown and the Travers in one season, which began in 1875. Whirlaway with jockey Eddie Arcaro was the first horse to win the “Grand Slam” of Thoroughbred racing in 1941. The Grand Slam is also referred to as a Superfecta or Quadruple Crown. [lower-alpha 1] He won the 2015 Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year and 2015 Champion three-year-old. In 2021 he was inducted into the American Racing Hall of Fame. He was bred and owned throughout his racing career by Ahmed Zayat of Zayat Stables, trained by Bob Baffert, and ridden in most of his races by Victor Espinoza. He now stands at stud at Ashford Stud in Kentucky.

After finishing fifth in his track debut as a two-year-old, American Pharoah won his next two races, the Grade I Del Mar Futurity and FrontRunner Stakes, each by several lengths. An injury kept him out of the Breeders' Cup Juvenile, but the strength of his two wins nonetheless resulted in his being voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse at the 2014 Eclipse Awards. Before the 2015 season began, Zayat had sold breeding rights to the colt to the Ashford Stud, a division of Ireland's Coolmore Stud. He retained control over the colt and his racing career, as well as an undisclosed dividend on stud fees.

American Pharoah began his 2015 campaign with wins in the Rebel Stakes and Arkansas Derby and went on to win the 2015 Kentucky Derby and 2015 Preakness Stakes. He won the Triple Crown in a wire-to-wire victory at the 2015 Belmont Stakes, becoming the first American Triple Crown winner since Affirmed in 1978 and the 12th in history. His winning time was the second-fastest for a Triple Crown winner. He next shipped to Monmouth Park and easily won the Haskell Invitational on August 2.[6] Three weeks later, he finished a close second in a hard-fought Travers Stakes at Saratoga Race Course on August 29, 2015, snapping a winning streak of eight races. After a layoff of two months, he shipped to Keeneland for the 2015 Breeders' Cup and ran in the Breeders' Cup Classic, where he challenged older horses for the first time and won by 6½ lengths, breaking the track record.

At the conclusion of his 2015 racing year, American Pharoah was retired to stud, per the agreement between Zayat and Ashford.

Background

American Pharoah is a bay colt with a faint star on his forehead and no other white markings.[7] He is from the second crop of foals sired by Pioneerof the Nile, who finished second in the 2009 Kentucky Derby. The stallion's first crop included Holy Bull Stakes winner Cairo Prince, and Social Inclusion, who finished third in the 2014 Preakness Stakes.[8] American Pharoah's dam, Littleprincessemma, was purchased by Zayat in 2007 for $250,000.[9] She raced but did not win either of her two starts in 2008.[10] American Pharoah was her second foal, following allowance race winner Xixixi.[11][lower-alpha 2] Since his birth, she had produced two more full siblings to American Pharoah: a filly born in 2014,[12][lower-alpha 3] and a colt, foaled in 2015[14][15] after she sold—in foal to Pioneerof the Nile—in November 2014 for $2.1 million.[16]

American Pharoah was bred in Kentucky by his owner, Ahmed Zayat, CEO of Zayat Stables, LLC, and was born at 11 p.m. on Groundhog Day, February 2, 2012, at Tom VanMeter's Stockplace Farm in Lexington, Kentucky.[17][18] When he was a few days old, he and Littleprincessemma went to nearby Pretty Run Farm, also owned by VanMeter, where they remained for a few months.[19] Later, the mare and foal were moved to Vinery, another Lexington farm where Pioneerof the Nile was stabled. There, American Pharoah was weaned at five months of age, and stood out from the other weanlings due to his conformation and good temperament.[20][lower-alpha 4]

In January 2013 as a yearling, he went to Taylor Made Farm near Nicholasville, Kentucky, and began to be prepared for possible sale.[21] In August 2013, American Pharoah was consigned by the Taylor Made Sales Agency to the Fasig-Tipton Saratoga Yearling sale. A few weeks before the auction, American Pharoah bumped his leg and had a small lump that was visible to potential buyers at the sale, which may have discouraged bidders.[22] He was officially purchased for the posted minimum of $300,000 by Ingordo Bloodstock,[18][23] acting as an agent for Zayat, who in effect bought back his own horse.[24] Zayat had pledged that he would not sell the promising but untested colt for less than $1 million.[14][lower-alpha 5] Zayat similarly bought back Pioneerof the Nile, American Pharoah's sire, for $290,000 in a 2007 yearling auction.[14]

"We felt that he had brilliance in him", said Zayat of American Pharoah, "his demeanor, his aura, his conformation, the way he moved."[25] Following the auction, the horse first went to Florida and was started under saddle at the McKathan Brothers Training Center near Citra, where trainer J.B. McKathan said, "He just did everything right."[20] Once he was ready to begin race conditioning, he went into training with Hall of Fame inductee Bob Baffert in the spring of 2014.[26]

He was described in 2014 as a ridgling,[24][27] rather than a colt, meaning that he had an undescended testicle. The 2013 catalogue for his yearling Fasig-Tipton sale listed him as a "colt", and he was described that way again in 2015. Zayat maintained the "ridgling" designation was an error: "he was always a colt."[28]

In 2015, Baffert noted American Pharoah's smooth and distinctively long stride: "I've never had a horse that moves or travels over the ground like he does."[29] The horse also had a short tail during his two- and three-year-old seasons—it was apparently chewed off by another horse. It is theorized that Mr. Z, a fellow competitor and Zayat-bred colt, may have been the culprit; the pair were kept together in Florida as younger horses. Trainer Baffert had a more colorful theory: "I think he was in the pasture one day and there was a mountain lion chasing him—that was the closest he could get ..."[30]

American Pharoah's gentle demeanor is also distinctive, in that he appears fond of people and, particularly for a young racehorse, surprisingly calm around them. As Baffert explained, "Horses of his caliber are not that nice and sweet. They're just sort of tough. If I brought Bayern out here, you can't get near him, he's too aggressive. [American Pharoah]'s just so different than any horse I've ever had." He was not always so calm, described initially as "a little bit of a headcase", but Baffert explained that after his anxiety-ridden first race, people worked with him, schooling him in the track paddock for about two weeks, when "all the sudden he got really sweet and really mellow."[31] That said, United States Vice President Mike Pence alleged that American Pharoah had bit him in 2018, after becoming a breeding stallion. However, a manager for American Pharoah's breeding company denied the allegation.[32]

Name

American Pharoah's name is inspired by that of his sire, Pioneerof the Nile, and his dam's sire, Yankee Gentleman.[33] The horse's name also acknowledges Zayat's own Egyptian-American background.[34] The misspelling of "Pharaoh" is permanent, but inadvertent. Zayat originally claimed that the spelling was the result of an error by the Jockey Club, but the organization's president stated, "The name request for the 2012 colt American Pharoah was submitted electronically on January 25, 2014, through the Jockey Club's interactive registration site. Since the name met all of the criteria for naming and was available, it was granted exactly as it was spelled on the digital name application." Zayat later retracted his statement.[35][lower-alpha 6]

Zayat's wife, Joanne, offered another explanation for the name's origins to a local news reporter just before the Preakness. Zayat's son, Justin, ran a contest on social media in which fans could submit names for the horse. The winning entry had "Pharaoh" misspelled, she said. "Justin cut and pasted the name from [the winner's] email, and sent it to the Jockey Club."[37][38] Marsha Baumgartner of Barnett, Missouri, who submitted the winning entry, told The New York Times, "I don't want to assign blame", but "I looked up the spelling before I entered." Nonetheless, Baumgartner minimized the controversy, stating, "Horses can't spell, anyway."[33] Ultimately, Justin Zayat accepted responsibility for the error, stating, "I didn't happen to realize at the time that it was misspelled wrong [sic] ... Most English teachers in the world now are unhappy with me, but I'll live with that."[39]

Due to the winning record of American Pharoah, the Jockey Club has now reserved both spellings so another horse cannot be similarly named.[33] The Triple Crown blanket awarded to American Pharoah after his Belmont win inadvertently used the correct spelling of "pharaoh", and hence misspelled his name.[40]

Racing career

2014: two-year-old season

Silks of Zayat Stables, owner of American Pharoah

American Pharoah made his track debut in a maiden race over six and a half furlongs on the Polytrack surface at Del Mar Racetrack on August 9. Ridden by Martin Garcia, he started as the 7–5 favorite against eight opponents. He became unsettled before the race and, after running in second place until the stretch, faded to finish fifth behind Om, Iron Fist, One Lucky Dane, and Calculator, more than nine lengths behind the winner.[41] He ran in a blinker hood, which appeared to unnerve him, as did the commotion in the saddling paddock. Baffert addressed his anxiety issues by removing the hood and stuffing cotton in the horse's ears for subsequent races.[42]

Despite his defeat, American Pharoah was moved up to Grade I class for the Del Mar Futurity over seven furlongs on September 3.[43] He was ridden by Victor Espinoza for the first time and started as the 3.2–1 second favorite behind Best Pal Stakes winner Skyway, with Calculator and Iron Fist also in the field. American Pharoah took the lead from the start and went clear in the straight to win by four and three quarter lengths from Calculator, with a gap of more than eight lengths back to Iron Fist in third.[43] Commenting on the colt's improvement, Baffert said, "We took the blinkers off, put cotton in his ears and schooled him a lot. He trained well, we decided he was ready and we put him in there. Today, he behaved himself and showed what he could do. He did what we thought he'd do the first time."[44]

On September 27, American Pharoah was made the 1–2 favorite for the Grade I FrontRunner Stakes over eight and a half furlongs at Santa Anita Park. As in his previous race, he was immediately sent to the front by Espinoza and stayed there, pulling away from his rivals in the straight to win by three and a quarter lengths over Calculator, with Texas Red a length and a half away in third.[45] After the race, Espinoza explained how the colt moved: "All the way he was on a high cruising speed. He has such a long stride. He moves really nice and is light on his feet." Baffert said, "I can't believe his demeanor, how he has changed since his first out. He's so professional. He's really mentally there."[46]

American Pharoah was scheduled to run in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile at Santa Anita on November 1 but was scratched from the race after sustaining a "deep bruise" to his left front foot in a workout on October 27.[47] After this injury, he was fitted with a special horseshoe. His farrier, Wes Champagne, placed a thin sheet of aluminum alloy over a regular racing horseshoe and cut it to match the dimensions of the shoe, leaving the front two-thirds of the hoof sole exposed, but creating a solid plate across the back that covered part of American Pharoah's heels and part of his frog. Champagne varied the design slightly depending on the tracks and races American Pharoah would run, but used the same basic concept throughout the Triple Crown series.[48]

Even though he did not run in the Breeders' Cup, for the 2014 Eclipse Awards, American Pharoah was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse, beating Breeders' Cup Juvenile winner Texas Red by 126 votes to 111.[24]

2015: three-year-old season

Five and a half months after his last start, American Pharoah began his second season in the Grade II Rebel Stakes on a sloppy track at Oaklawn Park on March 14. He carried top weight of 119 pounds and started as the 2–5 favorite against six opponents, headed by the Todd Pletcher-trained Madefromlucky. The colt led from the start and drew away in the closing stages to win by six and a quarter lengths. Espinoza called the winner "an amazing horse", while Baffert was satisfied with the run, especially as the colt returned with a twisted shoe which would have hampered his progress.[49] Four weeks later at the same track, American Pharoah started as the odds-on favorite against seven opponents in the Grade I Arkansas Derby. After racing in second place behind outsider Bridget's Big Luvy, he took the lead a quarter of a mile from the finish and steadily increased his advantage to win by eight lengths from Southwest Stakes winner Far Right. Baffert noted, "He's matured substantially. He's a good horse and he keeps moving forward. I don't want to get ahead of myself, but Dortmund is another one who we don't yet know how good he is. We've got a one-two punch and that's a good position to be in."[lower-alpha 7] After the race, Ron Moquett, the trainer of runner-up Far Right, described American Pharoah as "a superhorse".[50]

Kentucky Derby

On May 2, American Pharoah started as the 2.9–1 favorite in an eighteen-runner field for the 141st running of the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs. His opponents included Dortmund, winner of the Santa Anita Derby; Carpe Diem, who won the Breeders' Futurity Stakes and Blue Grass Stakes; Firing Line, winner of the Sunland Derby; Wood Memorial winner Frosted; Florida Derby winner Materiality; international entry Mubtaahij, who earned his way to Kentucky with a win in the UAE Derby; and Upstart, winner of the Holy Bull Stakes.[51] The crowd surrounding the horse during the walk-over from the barns to the paddock upset American Pharoah, and several grooms were required to keep him under control. He continued to misbehave until he was loaded into the starting gate; his connections and supporters worried that he was using up energy he needed for the race.[42]

Espinoza positioned the colt in third place early in the race as Dortmund took the lead, followed closely by Firing Line. The three remained ahead of the pack throughout the race,[52] and broke clear of their rivals entering the straightaway with American Pharoah making a forward move on the outside. The favorite took the lead entering the final furlong and won by a length from Firing Line and Dortmund in 2:03.02, with Frosted finishing strongly in fourth.[51] Espinoza, who won the race for the third time, said, "I feel like the luckiest Mexican on earth. He has been a special horse since the first time I rode him. He has a lot of talent and is an unbelievable horse. Turning for home I started riding a little bit harder. At the eighth pole I just couldn't put that other horse away, but he got it done."[53] Espinoza's performance attracted some scrutiny as he appeared to have struck the winner 32 times with his whip during the race.[54] In post-race analysis, one of the stewards at Churchill Downs said, "we watched [the race replay] many, many times prior to making it official, and that wasn't anything that got our attention." Baffert said, "He was hitting him on the saddle towel. He doesn't hit that hard." Gary Stevens, rider of second-place Firing Line, commented that he had used his whip heavily as well, stating that the race was "as tough a race as I've been in in 20 years the last eighth of a mile."[55] The Blood-Horse writer Steve Haskin, while condemning whip overuse in general, offered analysis that Espinoza "did a lot of waving with the whip" and may not have actually hit the horse as many times as it seemed.[56] Reflecting on the race, Baffert said that the colt did not bring his "super A-game" to the Derby and that it was the first time American Pharoah had really been tested by other aggressive horses.[57]

Preakness Stakes

American Pharoah led throughout the 2015 Preakness, which was run on a very sloppy track.

Two weeks after winning the Kentucky Derby, American Pharoah entered the second leg of the Triple Crown, the 2015 Preakness Stakes, run over nine and a half furlongs at Pimlico Race Course. Despite an unfavorable inside draw of the number one post position, he was installed as the morning line favorite ahead of Firing Line and Dortmund.[58] No horse had won the Preakness starting from the rail since 1994.[59] Immediately before post time, the weather changed to a heavy downpour with thunder.[60] The last time the Preakness had been run on a sloppy track was in 1983,[61] and American Pharoah was the only horse in the field to have previously faced similar conditions, having won the Rebel Stakes running in rain and mud.[62]

American Pharoah had the lead within the first quarter-mile and was challenged by Mr. Z early on, but held the lead on the inside throughout the race. He was challenged by Dortmund and then Divining Rod, but American Pharoah broke from the pack in the homestretch and won by seven lengths, as Tale of Verve made a strong rally to overtake Divining Rod to place. Firing Line slipped badly at the start and was eased in the stretch. The winning time was 1:58.45.[63] Espinoza did not use his whip at all in the Preakness,[64] and stated, "I couldn't see how far I was in front because there was so much water in my eyes."[65] The margin of victory was tied for the sixth-largest in Preakness history.[59] The win by American Pharoah set up an attempt for the Triple Crown for the second straight year.[60] It was also the second straight year that Espinoza had won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and the jockey's third time winning both races.[65][lower-alpha 8] For Baffert, it was the fourth time in 19 years that he won the first two Triple Crown races. Of the colt, Baffert said, "He brought his A-game today."[64]

Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown

In the week following the Preakness, the Leverage Agency was named as the exclusive marketing, sponsorship, and licensing agents for the horse. The firm performed similar duties for California Chrome, the winner of the 2014 Derby and Preakness.[67] The agency secured a deal with Monster Energy for an undisclosed sum, rumored to be the largest single-horse advertising sponsorship to date. The deal allowed the "Monster Girls" to be around the horse, and the product's logo to be used on the horse's horse sheets, on Espinoza's shirt collar, and on caps and other gear worn by people around the horse.[68]

In the runup to the Belmont, Baffert chose to work the horse at Churchill Downs, and transport him late to Belmont Park without a timed workout at the New York track. While several prominent trainers questioned his decision, Baffert said it was more important to keep American Pharoah "happy" on a track he liked, having used a similar strategy with his 2001 Belmont Stakes winner, Point Given. Rival trainers Kiaran McLaughlin and D. Wayne Lukas backed Baffert's strategy; the former said, "I don't think it matters for American Pharoah. He could probably run down a street over broken glass."[29] Appearing unperturbed but curious about a small crowd of well-wishers, American Pharoah arrived at Long Island MacArthur Airport on June 2, having traveled from Louisville, Kentucky, on a customized Boeing 727 dubbed "Air Horse One".[69][70]

Three days before the race, American Pharoah's connections drew the number five post position. Pundits noted it was the same slot from which Seattle Slew had won the 1977 Belmont and the Triple Crown, and that 14 other Belmont winners had started from the position.[71] American Pharoah was the 3–5 morning line favorite in an eight-horse field that included Tale of Verve, as well as five rivals from the Kentucky Derby who had skipped the Preakness, and one horse, Madefromlucky, who had not run either of the previous Triple Crown races, but, like Tonalist the previous year, had instead won the Peter Pan Stakes at Belmont Park.[72] American Pharoah had previously defeated every horse entered, but he was also the only horse to contest all three legs of the Triple Crown and had run four races in the preceding eight weeks.[73]

"This little horse deserves it ... He's a joy to be around."[74]

—Bob Baffert

American Pharoah won the Belmont Stakes on June 6, becoming the 12th Triple Crown winner and the first since 1978, ending a "drought" of 37 years.[75][lower-alpha 9] The horse was leaning back in the starting gate when it opened and was a touch late at the start,[76] but he soon pulled out to an early lead, which he maintained for a gate-to-wire win. He steadily increased his lead throughout the race. He was challenged by Materiality until the top of the stretch when Materiality faded, ultimately finishing last, and Frosted held second although starting to fade at the sixteenth pole. Keen Ice ran in the middle of the pack until a late rally brought him into third over Mubtaahij, who was fourth. American Pharoah crossed the finish line leading by 5+1⁄2 lengths, with a winning time of 2:26.65 for the 1+1⁄2-mile (2,400 m) race.[77] His margin of victory was the fourth-largest ever for a Triple Crown winner at the Belmont.[75]

American Pharoah won the Belmont Stakes to become the 12th winner of the US Triple Crown.

Of the victory, Baffert said, "This little horse deserves it. There's something about this horse that he just brought it every time. He's a joy to be around."[74] In a post-race interview, Zayat said that the colt's racing schedule for the remainder of the year would be decided by Baffert, and that the needs of the horse would come first. He also acknowledged the need for horse racing to have "stars" and for them to race as long as they could. Though American Pharoah's stud rights had been sold with plans to retire the horse at the end of 2015, Zayat expressed hope that the horse would continue racing as long as he was healthy and "has it in him".[78] His winning time of 2:26.65 was the sixth-fastest in Belmont history, the second-fastest for a Triple Crown winner, and his closing quarter-mile was run in 24.32 seconds, which was over a half-second faster than Secretariat's final quarter-mile time of 25.00 when the 1973 winner set a world record and won by 31 lengths.[79]

The following morning, the colt came out of the race tired but in good shape.[80] When Baffert brought American Pharoah out of the Belmont Park barn, he invited the assembled media to come over and pet the horse. "I wanted to share him with everybody and show everybody how kind and sweet he is", said Baffert, while the group of about 30 people touched and even kissed the horse.[31] The horse then posed quietly with Baffert and Espinoza to tape a segment for The Today Show, standing between the two men who were seated in folding director's chairs.[80]

An estimated 22 million U.S. television viewers watched the live Belmont race broadcast.[81] Of 94,237 winning $2 tickets sold at Belmont Park, each with a yield of $3.50 for American Pharoah's first-place finish, some 90,128 remained unredeemed several days after the race, most likely kept as race-day souvenirs or to be offered for sale at a premium by their purchasers.[82]

Haskell Stakes

After the Belmont Stakes, American Pharoah returned to Churchill Downs to rest, beginning to jog on the track the following Friday. On June 13, the day of the Stephen Foster Handicap, American Pharoah was paraded on the track between races. A crowd of 30,000 people showed up to see him as he was hand-walked for about 45 minutes in front of the grandstand and in the paddock. Zayat, Baffert, and Espinoza were also given their permanent keepsake Kentucky Derby and Triple Crown trophies in a ceremony that evening. American Pharoah's popularity was so high that his win made the cover of Sports Illustrated,[83] he was photographed for Vogue,[84] and during the NBA Playoffs, the coach of the Golden State Warriors, Steve Kerr, suggested that American Pharoah was the only athlete better than LeBron James.[83]

American Pharoah's next race was the Haskell Invitational at Monmouth Park, New Jersey on August 2. Zayat wanted the horse's first race back be an easy race against other 3-year-olds, he wanted to race the horse in Zayat's home state of New Jersey, and he wanted to race on a Sunday to avoid a clash with the Jewish Sabbath. Zayat explained, "He can run anywhere ... as long as he's happy and healthy ... I told [Monmouth] ... 'I want to do it for the sport and not worry about the money and stuff."[85] Nonetheless, Monmouth Park raised the purse money for the race from $1 million to $1.75 million.[6] Zayat had previously won the Haskell with Paynter in 2012,[lower-alpha 10] and Baffert already held the record for the most Haskell wins, having seven previous victories.[85] Over 60,000 people showed up at Monmouth Park, which featured the Bruce Springsteen song "Born to Run" in the post parade. Viewed as being in even better physical condition than in the Belmont, American Pharoah took the lead in the far turn and easily opened up a five-length lead over the six other horses in the race before Espinoza eased him back as second-place finisher Keen Ice made a strong finishing push. He won the race by 2+1⁄4 lengths with a time of 1:47.95 for the 9-furlong distance. Espinoza quipped, "He was having fun, and so was I." Baffert said, "He just keeps bringing it; he's a great horse."[6][86]

Travers Stakes defeat

American Pharoah's next start was the Travers Stakes at Saratoga on August 29. While Zayat wanted to enter the race, Baffert was reluctant.[87] The race marked the second time in under a month that American Pharoah, training with Baffert in California, had flown across the country, raising concerns that the extensive air travel was taking a toll on the horse.[88] The only previous Triple Crown winner to win the Travers was Whirlaway in 1941, and two others, Gallant Fox and Affirmed, had been defeated there,[89] helping give the track its nickname 'The Graveyard of Champions.'[90][lower-alpha 11] In five previous attempts, Baffert had one Travers win with Point Given in 2001.[91] With American Pharoah training well, Baffert stated, "I've been looking for an excuse not to come (to the Travers), and I can't find one."[89]

"He was valiant in defeat."[92]

—Bob Baffert

American Pharoah faced a field of 10 horses, most of whom, including Keen Ice, he had previously defeated.[93] Espinoza had concerns at the starting gate when he noticed that his mount was already sweating, even though the weather was not particularly hot.[94] While the horse led for much of the race, he was hard-pressed throughout by Frosted,[93] a change from Frosted's previous stalking style, attributed to a rider change less than an hour before the race, when Jose Lezcano replaced an injured Joel Rosario, altering the complexion of the race. The unexpected tactics of Lezcano may have been decisive.[95] Espinoza stated that he "knew he was in trouble" by the half-mile pole because American Pharoah did not pull away from his rival and lacked his usual energy. Frosted challenged American Pharoah for the lead at the far turn, and the horses bumped several times,[96] but American Pharoah dug in and fought back when Frosted took a very brief lead.[92] While American Pharoah fended off the challenge from Frosted, Keen Ice was coming up on the outside,[96] also under a new jockey, Javier Castellano. They overtook American Pharoah at the sixteenth pole, going on to defeat him by three-quarters of a length.[93] Once again the Saratoga track lived up to its reputation.[96]

American Pharoah led Frosted for much of the run in the Travers Stakes.

After the race, Espinoza said, "He's OK ... Maybe it was just a little too much for him those three weeks, flying back and forth. He was running pretty comfortable there, but not like he used to."[97] Baffert was proud of the horse's fighting effort, stating "It was just guts."[96] Though Zayat talked of retiring the horse, Baffert said, "We knew we were doing the impossible, shipping him back and forth."[94] The following day, Baffert said that American Pharoah was healthy and came out of the race in good shape. He said he had no regrets, stating, "I'm glad I brought him. Racing needed something like this. He almost pulled it off." Regarding Zayat's talk of retiring the horse, Baffert said, "Mr. Zayat is a very emotional man. We were all pretty disappointed ... I know (Zayat) will be going back and forth ... He's a sportsman for bringing him up here."[95] Five days later, Zayat announced that the horse would be kept in training with the goal to run in the Breeders' Cup Classic, stating, "I believe there were a combination of factors that prevented American Pharoah from running his absolute best ... I have every confidence that he can run to his best again, and he deserves the chance to do so."[98]

Breeders' Cup Classic

By winning the Breeders' Cup Classic at Keeneland on October 31, American Pharoah became the first horse in history to complete the Grand Slam of Thoroughbred racing: The Triple Crown plus the Breeders' Cup Classic.[5][99] He also set a track record with a time of 2:00.07;[100] [lower-alpha 12] and breaking the track record by more than five seconds.[102] Challenging older horses such as Tonalist and Honor Code for the first time in his career, as well as previous rivals Keen Ice and Frosted, American Pharoah led from gate-to-wire, challenged only by Effinex, racing at 33–1 odds, who placed 6+1⁄2 lengths behind the winner.[103] Although American Pharoah's decisive victory secured a $2.75 million check for his win, Zayat had long insisted his horse continued to race only for the benefit of the sport and the pleasure of fans; "this horse owes us nothing", his son Justin Zayat said on the eve of the race.[104] Joe Drape of The New York Times described American Pharoah's Keeneland win as "sealing his legacy as a horse for the ages".[100]

American Pharoah finished 2015 having set a single season record for race earnings, winning $8,288,800. He broke the previous single season record of $7,563,535 set by Smarty Jones in 2004, and that record had included a $5 million bonus that is no longer awarded.[105] His lifetime career earnings were $8,650,300.[2] His Racing Post Rating (RPR) of 138 was the highest of any American horse since the Racing Post began the system in 1988, topping that of previous U.S. record-holders Ghostzapper and Cigar. Only two horses worldwide had ever achieved higher ratings, Frankel at 143, and Dubai Millennium, with 139, both doing so as more mature four-year-olds.[106] He was rated the number one horse in the world in 2015 by the World's Best Racehorse Rankings.[107]

Awards

At the conclusion of the season, American Pharoah's accomplishments were named the top sports story of the year by the Associated Press.[108] He and his connections also swept most of the horse-racing world's year-end awards. At the 2015 Eclipse Awards, he was the unanimous choice for American Horse of the Year and Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse. His win marked only the second time that an American Horse of the Year had been unanimously selected, the first being John Henry in 1981.[109] He was named the winner of the Secretariat Vox Populi Award,[110] and his Belmont win was declared the NTRA Moment of the Year.[111] His connections were given the Big Sport of Turfdom Award, an honor for people who "enhance coverage of Thoroughbred racing through cooperation with media and racing publicists."[112] In addition, Baffert won the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer and Zayat Stables took home the Eclipse awards for Outstanding Owner and Outstanding Breeder.[109] Acknowledging owner Ahmed Zayat's record of philanthropy to Jewish causes, the Jewish Daily Forward in November 2015 named American Pharoah its "plus one" on its annual list of 50 most influential American Jews.[113][114] The major award that the horse did not win was the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year. In spite of being the public's overwhelming favorite, earning 47% of the vote out of eleven candidates in online voting, topping the Kansas City Royals, Usain Bolt, and Novak Djokovic, the editors of the magazine gave the award to Serena Williams.[115][lower-alpha 13]

Statistics

Date Age Distance * Race Grade Track Odds Time Field Finish Margin Jockey Trainer Owner Ref
Aug 9, 2014 2 6+1⁄2 furlongs Maiden Special Weight Maiden Del Mar 1.40 1:15.75 10 5 (9+1⁄4 lengths) Martin Garcia Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [117]
Sep 3, 2014 2 7 furlongs Del Mar Futurity I Del Mar 3.20 1:21.48 9 1 4+3⁄4 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [118]
Sep 27, 2014 2 8+1⁄2 furlongs FrontRunner Stakes I Santa Anita 0.50 1:41.95 10 1 3+1⁄4 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [119]
Mar 14, 2015 3 8+1⁄2 furlongs Rebel Stakes II Oaklawn 0.40 1:45.78 7 1 6+1⁄4 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [120]
Apr 11, 2015 3 9 furlongs Arkansas Derby I Oaklawn 0.10 1:48.52 8 1 8 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [121]
May 2, 2015 3 10 furlongs Kentucky Derby I Churchill Downs 2.90 2:03.02 18 1 1 length Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [52]
May 16, 2015 3 9+1⁄2 furlongs Preakness Stakes I Pimlico 0.90 1:58.46 8 1 7 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [63]
Jun 6, 2015 3 12 furlongs Belmont Stakes I Belmont Park 0.75 2:26.65 8 1 5+1⁄2 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [77]
Aug 2, 2015 3 9 furlongs Haskell Invitational I Monmouth Park 0.10 1:47.95 7 1 2+1⁄4 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [86]
Aug 29, 2015 3 10 furlongs Travers Stakes I Saratoga 0.35 2:01.57 10 2 (3⁄4 lengths) Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [93]
Oct 31, 2015 3 10 furlongs Breeders' Cup Classic I Keeneland 0.70 2:00.07 8 1 6+1⁄2 lengths Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables [103]
* Conversion of race distances
Furlongs Miles Meters
6+1⁄2 13⁄16 1,308
7 7⁄8 1,408
8 1 1,609
8+1⁄2 1+1⁄16 1,710
9 1+1⁄8 1,811
9+1⁄2 1+3⁄16 1,911
10 1+1⁄4 2,012
12 1+1⁄2 2,414

Retirement

On May 20, 2015, The New York Times reported that Zayat had sold American Pharoah's breeding rights to Ashford Stud, a division of Ireland's Coolmore Stud, though he retained control over the colt and his racing career.[122] Before the announcement, offers for American Pharoah's breeding rights had reportedly exceeded $20 million.[123] After the Belmont, Forbes magazine reported that Zayat had actually sold the breeding rights to Ashford in late 2014, long before he began his Triple Crown run, and that Zayat retained 100% of the racing rights. Forbes went on to estimate that if American Pharoah stood for a $100,000 stud fee, he could be worth $50 million. More conservative estimates placed his potential stud fee at $75,000 and his potential value at about $25 to $36 million.[74] The New York Times said that breeding rights had been sold for $13.8 million: $9.8 million with an additional $4 million incentive if American Pharoah won the Belmont Stakes.[124] Zayat retained an undisclosed percentage in the colt's breeding career,[125] and explained that American Pharoah would retire from racing at the end of 2015.[126]

American Pharoah shipped to Ashford Stud on November 2, 2015, where he was housed in the stall once occupied by Grand Slam. He was pastured each morning next to the 23-year-old Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes winner Thunder Gulch, who was chosen for his calming influence on the young energetic stallion.[127] Ashford Stud set his initial stud fee for 2016 at $200,000,[128] the second-highest stud fee in the United States, behind that of the $300,000 fee for Tapit. Sire Pioneerof the Nile's stud fee of $60,000 in 2015[129] was raised to $125,000 for 2016.[130]

Stud career

American Pharoah officially began breeding mares in February 2016,[130] and was first bred to Untouched Talent, an 11-year-old mare owned by Coolmore,[131] dam of Zayat's Bodemeister.[132] Within the first two months of his breeding career, American Pharoah had about 80 mares in foal after about 100 breeding sessions.[133][lower-alpha 14] Notably, he has retained his kind disposition even as a breeding stallion.[133]

On January 3, 2017, American Pharoah's first foal was born at Brookdale Farms. It was a bay colt out of the Tizway mare, Kakadu. The foal was described as having his sire's calm but bold personality.[135] On January 15 at Coolmore Stud, the mare Untouched Talent produced his first filly.[136] In March, Coolmore announced that the stallion would shuttle to stand at Coolmore Australia for the breeding season in the southern hemisphere, which begins in July, then return to America at the end of the year.[137]

American Pharoah's first crop of foals sold well at the November 2017 Fasig-Tipton and Keeneland Sales, including a weanling filly who brought $1 million. Purchasers commented that his offspring at the sale inherited his efficiency of movement.[138]

On April 13, 2019, Monarch of Egypt became American Pharoah's first winner, taking a maiden race at Naas Racecourse in Ireland. On April 19, Maven was American Pharoah's first North American winner.[139] Maven then shipped to Europe, where he became the first stakes winner for his sire by taking the Prix du Bois at Chantilly Racecourse.[140] American Pharoah sired three entries in the 2019 Breeders' Cup,[141] with Four Wheel Drive winning the Juvenile Turf Sprint.[142] Harvey's Lil Goil became his first Grade I winner when she won the Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes at Keeneland in October 2020,[143] and later that month Van Gogh won the Critérium International to give the stallion his first Group 1 winner in Europe.[144] American Pharoah had a Grade 1 winner in Japan on February 21, 2021, when Cafe Pharoah won the February Stakes.[145]

In 2022 Coolmore announced that American Pharoah would not shuttle to Australia.[146]

Notable progeny

c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding

Foaled Name Dam Sex Major wins
2017 As Time Goes By Take Charge Lady f Beholder Mile Stakes
2017 Cafe Pharoah Mary's Follies c February Stakes (twice)
2017 Harvey's Lil Goil Gloria S f Queen Elizabeth II Challenge Cup Stakes
2018 Van Gogh Imagine c Critérium International
2019 Above The Curve Fabulous f Prix Saint-Alary
2019 Marketsegmentation Lonelily f New York Stakes
2020 Riff Rocket Missile Coda c Victoria Derby

Legacy and honors

In 2016, Oaklawn president Charles Cella commissioned Philadelphia sculptor James Peniston to create a life-sized bronze sculpture of American Pharoah and jockey Victor Espinoza. In preparation for sculpting, Peniston visited and photographed the horse with the permission of trainer Bob Baffert.[147] The sculpture was cast in 2017 at Laran Bronze outside Philadelphia[148] and installed on January 11, 2018, at the Oaklawn racetrack in Hot Springs, Arkansas.[149] One newspaper wrote, "James Peniston's full-scale, full-stride statue of American Pharoah [is] a perfect duplicate — down to its bulging muscles and veins — of the 3-year-old colt as he carried himself and jockey Victor Espinoza in the winter and spring of 2015 toward Triple Crown glory."[150]

In 2021, American Pharoah was inducted into the US Horse Racing Hall of Fame.[151]

Pedigree

American Pharoah's pedigree includes horses adept at classic race distances on his sire's side and endowed with speed on his dam's side.[152] Sire Pioneerof the Nile won the Santa Anita Derby and ran second in the 2009 Kentucky Derby, with all of his wins at distances of 1+1⁄16 miles or more. Prior to American Pharoah, Pioneerof the Nile had sired five other winners of stakes races of a mile or more in his relatively new career as a stallion.[152] Trainer Bob Baffert observed that Pioneerof the Nile also raced with "a big, long stride" and had "that same springing motion as American Pharoah, whose acceleration is pretty remarkable." He also praised Pioneerof the Nile's dam, Star of Goshen: "She was a freaky filly, really, really fast."[153] To Baffert, American Pharoah's bloodline is a source of fascination: "Every time I work him, I go back and look at the pedigree, and I go, What is going on here?"[153]

Pioneerof the Nile's sire is Empire Maker, who won the 2003 Belmont Stakes.[154] This makes American Pharoah a great-grandson of Unbridled, who won the 1990 Kentucky Derby and the Breeders' Cup Classic.[152] He carries lines to Grade I champions Toussaud and Fappiano, and to the top-rated European two- and three-year-old colt of 1983 and 1984, El Gran Senor. He is also descended from Northern Dancer, Buckpasser,[lower-alpha 15] and Mr. Prospector—whose descendants have won 43 Triple Crown races,[123][lower-alpha 16] all via Empire Maker.[154][157] Ultimately, via Unbridled and his ancestors, American Pharoah's sire line traces to the Darley Arabian.[158]

Although Littleprincessemma, American Pharoah's dam, is the half-sister to graded stakes winner Storm Wolf,[152] and to Misty Rosette, winner of the Old Hat Stakes in 2006,[159] her own undistinguished racing career,[10] combined with the modest record of her sire, Yankee Gentleman,[160][lower-alpha 17] dampened initial public expectations for her second-born foal.[14] Yet American Pharoah's maternal bloodline includes Storm Cat, a Grade I winner retired early due to injury,[161] Northern Dancer, a Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner,[lower-alpha 18] and Terlingua, a celebrated broodmare, through whom he is a fifth-generation descendant of Secretariat.[165][166] He is also descended through his dam from Flying Paster, a Grade I champion who was 1978 California Horse of the Year, and Exclusive Native (sire of Affirmed and Genuine Risk). Through both sire and dam, American Pharoah is a fifth- and sixth-generation descendant of Bold Ruler,[lower-alpha 19] as well as a sixth- and seventh-generation descendant of Tom Fool, one of the top thoroughbreds of the last century.[lower-alpha 20] His tail-female line traces back to The Oldfield Mare, foaled circa 1695.[170]

Figuring prominently and repeatedly in American Pharoah's deep lineage is an earlier generation of champions, including Nasrullah,[lower-alpha 21] Native Dancer,[lower-alpha 22] Nearco,[lower-alpha 23] Princequillo,[lower-alpha 24] War Admiral[lower-alpha 25] and Man o' War.[lower-alpha 26]

Pedigree of American Pharoah, bay colt, 2012[1]
Sire
Pioneerof the Nile (USA)
2006		 Empire Maker (USA)
2000		 Unbridled Fappiano
Gana Facil
Toussaud El Gran Senor
Image of Reality
Star of Goshen (USA)
1994		 Lord at War General
Luna de Miel
Castle Eight Key to the Kingdom
Her Native
Dam
Littleprincessemma (USA)
2006		 Yankee Gentleman (USA)
1999		 Storm Cat Storm Bird
Terlingua
Key Phrase Flying Paster
Sown
Exclusive Rosette (USA)
1993		 Ecliptical Exclusive Native
Minnetonka
Zetta Jet Tri Jet
Queen Zetta (Family 14)[lower-alpha 27]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ .[5]
  2. ↑ Xixixi was sired by Maimonides.[11]
  3. ↑ The filly, a full sister to American Pharoah owned by Zayat Stables, LLC, was named American Cleopatra in early 2016.[13]
  4. ↑ Sources cited in this section differ whether he moved to Vinery at two months, "several months old", or in July 2011, at five months.
  5. ↑ "I know we had a lot of live money over $200,000, that was the pulse I got", said Mark Taylor of Taylor Made Sales Agency, describing the unsuccessful 2013 auction of American Pharoah. "It's easy to look back in retrospect and say why didn't [people pay more], but you've got to remember that Pioneerof the Nile didn't stand for a ton of money and he hadn't had a lot of runners yet [. . .] and people weren't going to go crazy about something that was unproven. As it turned out, he ended up not hitting his reserve, not because people didn't love him, but because Mr. Zayat fell in love with him more than everybody else did." In 2013, Pioneerof the Nile's stud fee was $20,000. By 2015 it had tripled to $60,000.[14]
  6. ↑ The variant spelling is not without precedent. Equineline.com lists 6 registered Thoroughbreds named "Pharoah" since 1947, in contrast to 13 named "Pharaoh" or "The Pharaoh" since 1908.[36]
  7. ↑ Dortmund is also trained by Bob Baffert.[50]
  8. ↑ Espinoza also won the Derby and Preakness in 2002 on War Emblem.[66]
  9. ↑ The win was the fourth attempt at a Triple Crown for trainer Bob Baffert, who at age 62 was the second-oldest trainer to win a Triple Crown,[75] and the third attempt for jockey Victor Espinoza, who was the first Latino jockey to win the Triple Crown, and, at age 43, the oldest.[76]
  10. ↑ Paynter was also trained by Baffert.[85]
  11. ↑ Affirmed crossed the wire first in the 1978 Travers Stakes but was disqualified, giving his big rival Alydar the win. At Saratoga, but not in the Travers, Secretariat was defeated by Onion in 1973, and Man o' War lost to Upset in 1919.[90]
  12. ↑ The Breeders' Cup race series only began in 1984, so the "grand slam" was not possible for any of the previous Triple Crown winners.[101]
  13. ↑ This was not the first time Williams was in contention with a race horse for a sports award; in 2009, she defeated Zenyatta for 2009 Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year[116]
  14. ↑ His 2016 book included nine mares owned by Zayat Stables,[133] and champion mares such as Judy the Beauty, Take Charge Lady, and Rags to Riches.[134]
  15. ↑ Sired by Tom Fool, Buckpasser, the 1966 U.S. Horse of the Year, was the damsire of El Gran Senor.[155]
  16. ↑ Fappiano's sire, Mr. Prospector, was by Raise a Native—whose descendants have won 21 Kentucky Derbys—who was in turn sired by Native Dancer. Thus American Pharoah traces his unbroken male lineage through seven generations to Native Dancer, whose only career loss in 22 starts was the 1953 Kentucky Derby.[1][156]
  17. ↑ Yankee Gentleman had lifetime earnings of $202,547 with four wins in ten starts, placing no better than fourth in Graded stakes races.[160] Littleprincessema's lifetime earnings were $172.[10]
  18. ↑ Storm Cat's sire was Storm Bird, in turn sired by Northern Dancer, who accounts for American Pharoah's only inbreeding within five generations, as Northern Dancer was also the sire of El Gran Senor.[155][162] Northern Dancer, the first Canadian horse to win the Kentucky Derby, was named "one of the most influential sires in Thoroughbred history" by the National Thoroughbred Racing Association.[163] American Pharoah is also 6 × 5 inbred to Raise a Native through Fappiano and Exclusive Native.[156][164]
  19. ↑ American Pharoah is descended maternally from Bold Ruler through Terlingua and Minnetonka, and paternally through Key to the Kingdom. In addition to winning the 1957 Preakness Stakes, Bold Ruler was the sire of Secretariat.[166][167][168]
  20. ↑ American Pharoah is descended maternally from Tom Fool through Tri Jet and paternally through El Gran Senor.[155][169]
  21. ↑ American Pharoah carries the bloodline of Nasrullah paternally through Fappiano and Image of Reality, and maternally through Terlingua, Flying Paster, Sown, and Minnetonka.[156][166][167][171][172][173]
  22. ↑ Native Dancer appears in the bloodlines of Fappiano, Flying Paster, and Exclusive Native.[156][164][172]
  23. ↑ Nearco, an Italian-born Thoroughbred who retired undefeated after 14 races, was the sire of Nasrullah and grandsire of Northern Dancer, thus appearing eight times in American Pharoah's extended bloodline.[155][156][162][166][167][168][172][173]
  24. ↑ Princequillo appears in American Pharoah's paternal bloodline through Key to the Kingdom and Fappiano, and maternally through Minnetonka.[156][167][168]
  25. ↑ War Admiral, sired by Man o' War and winner of the 1937 U.S. Triple Crown, figures in American Pharoah's paternal bloodline through Gana Facil, El Gran Senor, Image of Reality (through his dam Edee's Image), and Key to the Kingdom, and maternally through Sown.[155][168][171][173][174][175]
  26. ↑ Man o' War, ranked number 1 in The Blood-Horse's List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, appears at least 17 times in American Pharoah's deep bloodline, through Gana Facil (three times, including twice by War Relic), El Gran Senor (three times), Image of Reality (twice), Key to the Kingdom (twice), Her Native, Terlingua (through her dam Crimson Saint), Flying Paster (through his dam Procne), Sown (through her sire Grenfall), Exclusive Native, Minnetonka, and Tri Jet (through his sire Jester).[155][164][166][167][168][169][171][172][174][176][177][178][179][180]
  27. ↑ Queen Zetta's fifth generation maternal grandam was Refugee III (foaled 1916);[181] Refugee III's dam is recorded in the 1921 General Stud Book as Aliena (foaled 1903), out of Lady Wrangler.[182] Aliena and Lady Wrangler are both members of Family 14, tracing their tail-female line back to The Oldfield Mare (circa 1695).[170]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "American Pharoah pedigree". Equineline. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "American Pharoah". Equibase. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  3. ↑ "'American Pharoah Way': Lexington Road To Be Renamed In Honor Of Triple Crown Winner". Paulick Report. June 28, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Oaklawn Park Unveils American Pharoah Statue". BloodHorse. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  5. 1 2 Bieler, Des (October 31, 2015). "Watch American Pharoah win horse racing's first-ever Grand Slam at Breeders' Cup". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 Drape, Joe (August 2, 2015). "American Pharoah Wins Haskell Invitational". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  7. ↑ Ishida, Kazushi (September 3, 2014). "Digital photograph of American Pharoah". Eclipse Sportswire. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Pioneerof the Nile – Stud Record – Bloodstock Stallion Book". Racing Post. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Auction History for Littleprincessemma". Equibase. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 "Littleprincessemma – Statistics". Equibase. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  11. 1 2 "Littleprincessemma". Equineline. February 9, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Zayat Stables, LLC: 2014 Filly by Pioneerof the Nile and Littleprincessemma". Zayat Stables, LLC. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  13. ↑ Lintner, Jonathan (January 29, 2016). "Pharoah's full sister named after Cleopatra". The Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 MacDonald, Michele (April 27, 2015). "American Pharoah: the Early Development of a Champion". Thoroughbred Daily News. Full April 27 issue at . Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  15. ↑ MacDonald, Michele (May 29, 2015). "Established breeders dare to dream of connection to Triple Crown royalty". Thoroughbred Racing Commentary. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  16. ↑ Lewyn, Myra (November 3, 2014). "Dam of American Pharoah Brings 2.1 Million at F-T". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  17. ↑ Linden, Mike (June 7, 2015). "Lexington farm owner looks back on raising American Pharoah". WKYT-TV. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  18. 1 2 Forde, Pat (June 2, 2015). "That time when no one wanted to buy American Pharoah". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  19. ↑ Clay, John (June 13, 2015). "American Pharoah's historic run started at Lexington's Stockplace Farm". The Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  20. 1 2 Rees, Jennie (June 8, 2015). "American Pharoah's story: How a champ is made". The Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  21. ↑ Novak, Claire (June 9, 2015). "The American Pharoah Story". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  22. ↑ Russo, Nicole (May 29, 2015). "'Made to run': The making of American Pharoah". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Fasig-Tipton Saratoga Yearling Sale". Racing Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 Hammonds, Evan (January 17, 2015). "American Pharoah is Champion 2-Year-Old Male". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  25. ↑ Powers, John (May 31, 2015). "American Pharoah's owner focused on history, not past". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  26. ↑ Layden, Tim (April 27, 2015). "Bob Baffert returns to Kentucky Derby with race's top two favorites". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  27. ↑ Andersen, Steve (September 27, 2014). "American Pharoah delivers as FrontRunner favorite". Daily Racing Form. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  28. ↑ Crawford, Eric (June 2, 2015). "Get to know American Pharoah all over again -- a dozen fun facts". WDRB. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
  29. 1 2 Wincze Hughes, Alicia (May 30, 2015). "American Pharoah to defy history by not working out at Belmont before Triple Crown attempt". The Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  30. ↑ McNamara, Ed (May 14, 2015). "American Pharoah's tail of woe". Newsday. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  31. 1 2 Balan, Jeremy (June 7, 2015). "Relaxed Baffert Shares Triple Crown With All". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
  32. ↑ Milbank, Dana (September 16, 2019). "Opinion: American Pharoah has officially joined the Resistance". Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  33. 1 2 3 Hoppert, Melissa (May 22, 2015). "So, Who Misspelled American Pharoah?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  34. ↑ Bishara, Motez (April 30, 2015). "Kentucky Derby: American Pharoah chases racing crown". CNN. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  35. ↑ Lintner, Jonathan (April 21, 2015). "That's 'Pharaoh,' not 'Pharaoh,' for Derby fav". The Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  36. ↑ "Thoroughbreds named 'Pharaoh'". Equineline. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  37. ↑ Palmer, Joanne (May 15, 2015). "We've got the horse right here ... Local Orthodox family wins the Kentucky Derby. Really!". Jewish Standard. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Two-year-old naming contest winners announced!". Zayat Stables, LLC. February 3, 2014. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  39. ↑ "Belmont Stakes Full Broadcast". NBC Sports. June 6, 2015. 36:45. Archived from the original (video) on May 11, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  40. ↑ Lintner, Jonathan (June 7, 2015). "Uh oh: American 'Pharaoh' on Crown blanket". The Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Maiden Special Weight result". Racing Post. August 9, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  42. 1 2 Hoppert, Melissa (May 15, 2015). "American Pharoah Is a Fan Favorite, but Not Vice Versa". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  43. 1 2 "Del Mar Futurity result". Racing Post. September 4, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  44. ↑ Mitchell, Ron (September 3, 2014). "American Pharoah Rolls in Del Mar Futurity". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  45. ↑ "FrontRunner Stakes result". Racing Post. September 27, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  46. ↑ LaMarra, Tom (September 27, 2014). "American Pharoah Easy Winner of FrontRunner". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  47. ↑ Novak, Claire (October 28, 2014). "American Pharoah Out of BC Juvenile". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  48. ↑ Jurga, Fran (June 8, 2015). "Hoofcare Confidential: American Pharoah's Subtle Triple Crown Horseshoe by Wes Champagne". The Hoof Blog. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  49. ↑ Novak, Claire (March 14, 2015). "American Pharoah Romps in Rebel". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  50. 1 2 Novak, Claire (April 11, 2015). "American Pharoah Impressive in Arkansas Derby". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  51. 1 2 Rolfes, Paul (May 2, 2015). "American Pharoah wins Kentucky Derby 2015". The Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  52. 1 2 "Churchill Downs–Race 11 – May 2, 2015". Equibase. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  53. ↑ Hammonds, Evan (May 3, 2015). "Favored American Pharoah Wins Kentucky Derby". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Espinoza's whip use on American Pharoah under scrutiny". Daily Racing Form. May 6, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
  55. ↑ Lintner, Jonathan (May 7, 2015). "Baffert: Jockey kept Pharoah 'busy' with whip". The Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  56. ↑ Haskin, Steve (May 10, 2015). "Whip Abuse: I Wish I Had the Answers". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  57. ↑ Wolken, Dan (May 14, 2015). "American Pharoah can answer some questions in Preakness Stakes". USA Today. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  58. ↑ LaMarra, Tom (May 13, 2015). "American Pharoah Draws Post 1 for Preakness". The Blood-Horse. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
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  60. 1 2 Bossert, Jerry (May 16, 2015). "Preakness Stakes: American Pharoah races to victory in driving rain to set up Triple Crown shot at Belmont". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  61. ↑ "Live updates: Preakness Stakes 2015 – American Pharoah breezes to win, Triple Crown hopes alive". AL.com. May 17, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  62. ↑ "2015 Preakness Stakes forecast: How does American Pharoah run on sloppy track?". NJ.com. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
  63. 1 2 "Pimlico – May 16, 2015– Race 13". Equibase. May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  64. 1 2 Layden, Tim (May 16, 2015). "One more time: American Pharoah wins Preakness, nears Triple Crown". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  65. 1 2 Ginsburg, David (May 16, 2015). "Preakness Winner Espinoza Gets 3rd Try at Triple Crown". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  66. ↑ "War Emblem". Equibase. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  67. ↑ "American Pharoah Owner Ahmed Zayat Appoints Leverage Agency as Exclusive Marketing, Sponsorship and Licensing Agency for Triple Crown Contender". Leverage Agency. May 20, 2015. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  68. ↑ Rovell, Darren (June 3, 2015). "American Pharoah owners agree to landmark marketing deal". ESPN. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  69. ↑ Ochs, Ridgely (June 2, 2015). "Racehorses heading for Belmont Stakes travel in style by air or by van". Newsday. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
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