American System Built Homes-Burnham Street District
Model F Duplex
American System-Built Homes is located in Wisconsin
American System-Built Homes
American System-Built Homes is located in the United States
American System-Built Homes
LocationMilwaukee, Wisconsin
Coordinates43°0′38″N 87°56′55″W / 43.01056°N 87.94861°W / 43.01056; -87.94861
Area0.5 acres (0.20 ha)
Built1914 – 1915
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural stylePrairie Style
NRHP reference No.85002166
Added to NRHPSeptember 12, 1985[1]

The American System-Built Homes were modest houses in a series designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright. They were developed between 1911 and 1917 to fulfill his interest in affordable housing but were sold commercially for just 14 months. The Wright archives include 973 drawings and hundreds of reference materials, the largest collection of any of single Wright project. Wright cancelled the project in July of 1917 by successfully suing his partner Arthur Richards for payments due and didn't speak of the program again.[2] [3] The designs were standardized, and customers could choose from one hundred and twenty nine models on seven floorpans.[3] Because of this standardization, the lumber could be milled at a factory, thereby cutting down on both waste and the amount of skilled labor needed for construction.[4] The buildings are often termed prefabricated homes, but they were not, since prepared materials were delivered to the work site for construction by a carpenter. Windows, doors and some cabinetry were made at the factory. Frames, shelves, trim and some fixtures were cut and assembled on site. Every milled profile had a part number and corresponding instructions and drawings for construction. [5] [3] Many extant homes remain in private hands and an ad hoc homeowners group sometimes meets to share ideas.[6] Six structures are located in a federal historic district in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and others have been designated Chicago Landmarks in Chicago, Illinois.

Manufacture and sales

In 1911, Arthur L. Richards and a partner contracted with Frank Lloyd Wright to design a hotel in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. After this, Richards learned of Wright's new American System-Built Homes, and in 1914 began construction on six as demonstrator models. Richards gained the exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute the homes in 1916.[3] He sold franchises to market the homes, and planned to allow only approved contractors to build them, though some homes were built independently. Richards had offices in Milwaukee, the Chicago area, Champaign, Decatur and Gary. The Richards Company milled the lumber and fabricated cabinets, doors and windows, and packaged all the materials needed for construction, including plaster, paint, windows, hardware and fixtures. The customer purchased a completed home, sometimes directly from The Richards Company, or alternatively, from speculators to whom Richards had sold plans and materials.[5][3]

In 1914, the young architect Russell Barr Williamson joined Frank Lloyd Wright's studio and was tasked as the main draftsperson on the project. Williamson kept a register of models and features and was responsible for creating and issuing the construction drawings required by a contractor to build a house, when one was sold. [3] [7]

In July, 1917, Wright, dissatisfied with Richards and with World War I as cover, sued for nonpayment of royalties and fees, and the project came to an end, though the court found that home construction started before ruling could be completed.[8]

Williamson was let go or left Wright's studio when the project was cancelled and then teamed with Richards to continue designing and selling Prairie School and more conventionally-designed modest homes using standardized practices under the short-lived brand "American Renaissance Homes". Wright, meanwhile, walked away from the Prairie School to focus on his Imperial Hotel, Tokyo project and transition his own designs to include Mayan and Asian influences.[3]

It is believed that about 25 System-Built Homes were constructed, but only about 12 are believed to have survived. They can be found in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa.[5]

Prototype Burnham Street Historic District, Milwaukee

Three of the six American System-Built Homes in the Burnham Street Historic District, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Six demonstrator homes were built in the Burnham Park neighborhood of Milwaukee by Arthur Richards in 1915-16 and were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.[9] There are four model 7a duplexes, a model B1 bungalow,[10] the only example of its kind, and a model C3 bungalow. It is the only grouping of Frank Lloyd Wright-designed homes that includes both duplexes and single-family dwellings. Three of the homes have been purchased by the Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Program. The B1 bungalow was restored in 2010, with one of the duplexes to follow. They are located in the 2700 block of West Burnham Street, at South Layton Boulevard.[5][11]

The designs for the Burnham Block homes were bought directly by Richards from Wright in 1915 and served as a testing ground for the systems that would be created by Wright and his assistant Williamson when the program was commercialized with a formal contract and branding in 1916. Therefore, details found in the prototype homes and the commercial homes are different. Elements found in the Burnham block but not in commercial homes can be seen as experimental. Elements found only in commercial homes can be seen as refinements of the system.[3]

2714 W Burnham St Model B1 bungalow, taken August 2017.

American System Built Homes in the Burnham Street District:[5]

  • Arthur L. Richards Duplex Apartments - referred to as either "Model 7a Duplexes", "Model C" or "Model F" - 4 units, 3 identical units (2720-2730 West Burnham), the 4th unit (2732-2734 West Burnham) is a mirror image. The second house from the west has been converted to a single family home. Built 1915.[12]
  • Arthur L. Richards Small House - "Model B1" or "Cottage B"[11] located at 2714 West Burnham Street. Built 1915.[13]
  • Richards Bungalow - "Model C3" or "Cottage A"[11] located at 1835 South Layton Boulevard. Built 1915.[14] This house was resurfaced in precast coral stone veneer in 1956.

The Munkwitz Apartments

The Arthur R Munkwitz Duplex Apartments were pair of four-unit apartment buildings built in 1916. The Munkwitz Duplexes were based on an American System-Built Homes plan and constructed on 1102-1112 N. 27th Street under the supervision of Russell Barr Williamson. They were demolished in 1973 to widen the street.[5]

Chicago Landmark Homes

Guy C. Smith House
H. Howard Hyde House

On July 13, 1994, the Mayor and City Council of Chicago designated two System-Built Homes as Chicago Landmarks. Built in 1917, they are located at 10410 (the Guy C. Smith House) and 10541 S. Hoyne Avenue (the H. Howard Hyde House).[15] The first, at 10410 Hoyne, was intended to be the first of a subdivision of the homes and was built and sold speculatively. Both the Smith and Hyde Houses are two story, single-family units.

American System-Built Homes in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa

The Elizabeth Murphy House
Hunt House II
Reconstruction rendering of the Wynant House

Single story, single family units:

Two story, single-family units:

2000s revival

In 1999 it was announced that an update of the American System-Built Homes would be part of a renewal of Atlantic City, New Jersey. Taliesin Associated Architects were contracted to design new homes based on the original designs. They were expected to sell for $125,000 to US$150,000, similar to the originals in that the cost was relatively low.[16]

Recently identified but not verified

The Thomas E. Sullivan House

In 2008, Wright scholar, William Allin Storrer unveiled his controversial 29 undiscovered Frank Lloyd Wright works. One of these houses was the Thomas E. Sullivan House at 336 Gregory Avenue in Wilmette, Illinois, next door to the Burleigh House at 330 Gregory Ave. In 1989, Storrer had previously identified the 1916 house as the work of John S. Van Bergen even though the residence does not appear in Martin Hackl's complete catalog, The Works of John S. Van Bergen, Architect. In his 2008 findings, Storrer revised his claim, then stating that the Sullivan House was actually an American System-Built Home with a dining room addition by Van Bergen.[17] Excluding the alleged addition, the main block of the Sullivan House is nearly identical to that of the Wynant House; only the entrance and garage orientation, a missing bedroom above the garage, and differences in trim details distinguish these two residences. Storrer's assertion is further substantiated by a drawing from the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation which shows Model D-101 with the Sullivan House entrance and without the Wynant House garage wing.[18]

Storrer also identified three potential single-story American System-Built Homes in Berwyn, Illinois. One, the Chester Bragg House (1916), is located at the 6644 34th Street at the corner of Wesley Avenue and has a Model B1 plan.[17][19]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Shirley du Fresne McArthur (January 15, 1985). "NRHP Inventory/Nomination: American System Built Homes-Burnham Street District". National Park Service. Retrieved June 11, 2010. With 22 photos.
  2. ↑ "The Homes: Model B1, 2714 West Burnham". Wright in Milwaukee. Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Tourism Heritage Program. 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hayes, Nicholas (April 1, 2023). Frank Lloyd Wright's Forgotten House. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299331801. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  4. ↑ Bleiberg, Larry (June 7, 2015). "10 Great: Frand Lloyd Wright Homes". USA Today.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 . Lilek, Michael (2005). "The American System-Built Homes in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Frank Lloyd Wright's earliest system of low-cost housing". Wright in Milwaukee. Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Tourism Heritage Program. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  6. ↑ "ASBH Owners Organize", https://elizabethmurphyhouse.com/2021/03/09/asbh-owners-organize-and-invite-others-to-join-in-stewardship/, Retrieved 10 Jan 2024.
  7. ↑ Elias, Juanita M. "Prairie School Architecture in Milwaukee, Russell Barr Williamson". (Masters Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 1974
  8. ↑ "Frank Lloyd Wright vs. The Richards Company". Dane County Circuit Court Case Files. Wisconsin Historical Society.
  9. ↑ "American System Built Homes-Burnham Street District". Wisconsin Historical Society. January 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  10. ↑ "The Homes". Wright in Milwaukee. Frank Lloyd Wright Wisconsin Tourism Heritage Program. 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 "Historic designation study report - American System Built Homes Historic District" (PDF). City of Milwaukee Department of City Development. January 8, 2001.
  12. ↑ "Richards Duplexes". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Arthur L. Richards House". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  14. ↑ "R.E. City and Frank Huschek House". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  15. ↑ "American System-Built Houses". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  16. ↑ Garbarine, Rachelle (October 31, 1999), "Atlantic City Is Expanding a Renewal Area", New York Times, retrieved June 11, 2010
  17. 1 2 Storrer, William A. (2008). "The 29=30 discovered works". FLLW Update. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  18. ↑ Wagner, Andrew (December 2000), "There is Too a There There Too: Gary, Indiana" (PDF), Dwell Magazine, p. 74, retrieved June 11, 2010
  19. ↑ "6644 34th Street Berwyn, IL 60402". BlockShopper Chicago. 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.

References

  • Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006, ISBN 0-226-77621-2 (S.200, S.201, S.202, S.203, S.204)
  • Hayes, Nicholas Dale. Frank Lloyd Wright's Forgotten House. University of Wisconsin Press, 2021, ISBN 9780299331801
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