Disused Bethlehem Steel plant in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. At the height of its success and productivity, the company was a symbol of American manufacturing leadership in the world. The company suspended most of its steelmaking operations in 1982 and declared bankruptcy in 2001; this factory is now part of the Bethlehem Works development site.

American decline is the idea that the United States of America is diminishing in power on a relative basis geopolitically, militarily, financially, economically, and technologically. It can also refer to absolute declines demographically, socially, morally, spiritually, culturally, in matters of healthcare, and/or on environmental issues.[1][2][3] There has been debate over the extent of the decline, and whether it is relative or absolute.[4][5]

Shrinking military advantages, deficit spending, geopolitical overreach, and a shift in moral, social, and behavioral conditions have been associated with American decline. The ascent of China as a potential superpower emerged as a central concern in discussions about the decline of American influence since the late 2010s, with some scholars suggesting that China has the potential to challenge the United States' current position as the world's leading superpower, though other scholars have criticized this view.

Scholars say that the perception of decline, or declinism, has long been part of American culture.[6][7]

Assessment

According to Jeet Heer, U.S. hegemony has always been supported by three pillars: "economic strength, military might, and the soft power of cultural dominance."[8] According to American diplomat Eric S. Edelman, the declinists, or those who believe America is in decline, have been "consistently wrong" in the past.[5] However, American political scientist Aaron Friedberg cautioned that just because the declinists were wrong in the past does not mean they will be incorrect in their future predictions, and that some of the arguments by the declinists deserve to be taken seriously.[5][9]

Political scientist Matthew Kroenig argues Washington has "followed the same basic, three-step geopolitical plan since 1945. First, the United States built the current, rules-based international system ... Second, it welcomed into the club any country that played by the rules, even former adversaries ... and third, the U.S. worked with its allies to defend the system from those countries or groups that would challenge it."[10]

Deficit spending

Paul Kennedy posits that continued deficit spending, especially on military build-up, is the single most important reason for decline of any great power. The costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were as of 2017 estimated to run as high as $4.4 trillion, which Kennedy deems a major victory for Osama bin Laden, whose announced goal was to humiliate America by showcasing its casualty averseness and lack of will to persist in a long-term conflict. By 2011, the U.S. military budget — almost matching that of the rest of the world combined — was higher in real terms than at any time since WWII.[11]

Kennedy made similar assessments about American decline in his book The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in which he projected "a need to 'manage' affairs so that the relative erosion of the United States' position takes place slowly and smoothly".[12] The book was published in 1989, three years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union and several years before the bursting of the Japanese asset price bubble, leaving the United States as the sole remaining superpower and the dominant political and economic power internationally.[13]

Geopolitical overreach

Countries with United States military bases and facilities in 2023

According to historian Emmanuel Todd, an expansion in military activity and aggression can appear to be an increase in power, but can mask a decline in power. He observes that this occurred with the Soviet Union in the 1970s, with Russia currently, and with the Roman Empire,[14] and that the United States may be going through a similar period in time.

There were 38 large and medium-sized American facilities spread around the globe in 2005—mostly air and naval bases—approximately the same number as Britain's 36 naval bases and army garrisons at its imperial zenith in 1898.[15] Kennedy compares the U.S. situation to Great Britain's prior to World War I, saying that the map of U.S. bases is similar.[11]

Culture

Commentators such as Allan Bloom, E. D. Hirsch and Russel Jacoby have suggested American culture is in decline.[16] Samuel P. Huntington commented critically on a trend in American culture and politics of predicting constant decline since the late 1950s. As he saw it, declinism came in several distinct waves, namely in reaction to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik; to the Vietnam War; to the oil shock of 1973; to Soviet tensions in the late 1970s; and to the general unease that accompanied the end of the Cold War.[4] According to American historian Russell Jacoby, the rise of academic Marxism, radical political economies, and critical literary and cultural studies since the World War II has contributed to the decline of American culture.[16]

William J. Bennett argued that America's cultural decline is signaling "a shift in the public's attitudes and beliefs".[17] According to the Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, published in 1993, statistically portraying the moral, social and behavioral conditions of modern American society, often described as 'values', America's cultural condition was in decline with respect to the situations of 30 years ago, 1963. The index showed that there has been an increase in violent crime by more than 6 times, illegitimate births by more than 5 times, the divorce rate by 5 times, the percentage of children living in single-parent homes by four times, and the teenage suicide rate by three times during the 30-year period.[17] However, by 2011, Bennett and others had acknowledged that there was a marked reduction in the violent crime rate, a reduction of suicide and divorce, as well as improvements in many other social metrics, since 1993.[18][19] Bennett wrote that contemporary authors see these improving metrics as evidence that the social decline from the 1960s to the early 1990s was temporary, while others (including Bennett) remain sceptical.[20]

According to Kenneth Weisbrode, though some statistics point to American decline (increased death rate, political paralysis, and increased crime), "Americans have had a low culture for a very long time, and have long promoted it". He thinks that the obsession with decline is not something new, as something dating back to the Puritans. "Cultural decline, in other words, is as American as apple pie," Weisbrode argues. Weisbrode likens pre-revolutionary France and present-day America for their vulgarity, which he argues is "an almost natural extension or outcome of all that is civilized: a glorification of ego."[6]

Daniel Bell argued that the perception of decline is part of the culture. "What the long history of American 'declinism' -- as opposed to America's actual possible decline -- suggests," says Daniel Bell, "is that these anxieties have an existence of their own that is quite distinct from the actual geopolitical position of our country; that they arise as much from something deeply rooted in the collective psyche of our chattering classes as from sober political and economic analyses."[7]

According to RealClearPolitics, declarations of America's declining power have been common since the beginning of the country.[21] According to Australian journalist Nick Bryant, "warnings of American decline are by no means new".[22] In the 20th century, declinism came in several distinct waves.[23][24] In a 2011 book, Thomas L. Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum argued that the United States was in the midst of "its fifth wave of Declinism." The first had come "with the 'Sputnik Shock' of 1957," the second with the Vietnam War, the third with President Jimmy Carter's "malaise" and the rise of Japan, the fourth with the increased power of China.[25] According to Robert Lieber in 2021, “declinists’ proclamations about America have appeared ever since America’s founding" and “it can be instructive to compare current arguments and prescriptions of the new declinism with the ideas of earlier eras.”[24]

Political polarization

David Leonhardt writes that "incomes, wealth and life expectancy in the United States have stagnated for much of the population, contributing to an angry national mood and exacerbating political divisions. The result is a semidysfunctional government that is eroding many of the country’s largest advantages over China."[26] Jonathan Hopkin writes that decades of neoliberal policies, which made the United States "the most extreme case of the subjection of society to the brute force of the market," resulted in unprecedented levels of inequality, and combined with an unstable financial system and limited political choices, paved the way for political instability and revolt, as evidenced by the resurgence of the Left as represented by Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign and the rise of an "unlikely figure" like Donald Trump to the presidency of the United States.[27]

In 2021 Michael McFaul, former U.S. Ambassador to Russia from 2012 to 2014, stated his belief that the U.S. has faced a democratic decline, stemming from elite polarization and damage done by former president Donald Trump to trust in elections and bonds with democratic allies. McFaul states that the decline in democracy weakens national security and heavily restrains foreign policy.[28]

Economy

Largest economies in the world by GDP (nominal) in 2022
according to International Monetary Fund estimates[29]

Economist Jeffrey Sachs observed the US share of world income was 24.6% in 1980 falling to 19.1% in 2011.[8] The ratio of average CEO earnings to average workers’ pay in the U.S. went from 24:1 in 1965 to 262:1 in 2005.[30][1] In 2018, income inequality reached the highest level recorded by the Census Bureau.[31]

Some centrists believe that the American fiscal crisis stems from the rising expenditures on social programs or alternatively from the increases in military spending for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, both of which would lead to decline. However, Richard Lachmann argues that if military or overall spending is not pressuring the U.S. economy, they would not contribute to U.S. decline. Lachmann describes the real problem as "the misallocation of government revenue and expenditure, resulting in resources being diverted from the tasks vital to maintain economic or geopolitical dominance."[32] Kennedy argues that as military expenses grow, this reduces investments in economic growth, which eventually "leads to the downward spiral of slower growth, heavier taxes, deepening domestic splits over spending priorities, and weakening capacity to bear the burdens of defense."[11]

Health

Life expectancy at birth in several large countries; the US (dark blue) can be seen to fall behind other wealthy nations from the 1980s onward, and life expectancy has decreased since the COVID-19 pandemic.

The economists Anne Case and Angus Deaton attribute rising mortality, which is mostly impacting the working class, to the flaws in contemporary capitalism.[33]

Competition with China

GDP (current US$) - United States, China (in trillions of US$, 1960–2019)
GDP per capita - United States, China (1960–2019)

China challenging the United States for global dominance constitutes a core issue in the debate over the American decline.[34][35][36]

In 2020, China surpassed the US for a second time as the world's leading nation for foreign direct investment (FDI). Daniel H. Rosen, a long-time analyst of U.S.-China economic relationship, said that it is natural that foreign investment would decline sharply in the U.S. under extraordinary circumstances due to its open market economy, a feature that China lacks. Rosen said, "There is no reason to be concerned about the outlook for the FDI in the United States providing that the U.S. is sticking with its basic open-market competitive system." Previously, in 2003, China surpassed the US once as the biggest recipient of FDI.[37]

According to former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd, "China has multiple domestic vulnerabilities that are rarely noted in the media. The United States, on the other hand, always has its weaknesses on full public display, but has repeatedly demonstrated its capacity for reinvention and restoration."[38] Ryan Hass of the Brookings Institution said that much of the narrative of China "inexorably rising and on the verge of overtaking a faltering United States" was promoted by China's state-affiliated media outlets. Hass went on to say, "Authoritarian systems excel at showcasing their strengths and concealing their weaknesses. But policymakers in Washington must be able to distinguish between the image Beijing presents and the realities it confronts."[39]

According to American economist Scott Rozelle and researcher Natalie Hell, "China looks a lot more like 1980s Mexico or Turkey than 1980s Taiwan or South Korea. No country has ever made it to high-income status with high school attainment rates below 50 percent. With China's high school attainment rate of 30 percent, the country could be in grave trouble."[40] Rozelle and Hell warn that China risks falling into the middle income trap due to the rural urban divide in education and structural unemployment.[40]

Nicholas Eberstadt, an economist and demographic expert at the American Enterprise Institute, said that current demographic trends will overwhelm China's economy and geopolitics, making its rise much more uncertain. He said, "The age of heroic economic growth is over."[41]

Comparisons with earlier states

Samuel P. Huntington noticed that predictions of American decline have been part of American politics since the late 1950s. According to Daniel Bell, "many of America's leading commentators have had a powerful impulse consistently to see the United States as a weak, 'bred out' basket case that will fall to stronger rivals as inevitably as Rome fell to the barbarians, or France to Henry V at Agincourt."[4][7] Huntington critiqued declinism as misguided, but praised it on some counts, "declinism has predicted the imminent shrinkage of American power. In all its phases that prediction has become central to preventing that shrinkage".[42]

Michael Hudson points to debt forgiveness being necessary when individuals' debts to the state are too large. Whereas earlier empires (Assyrian) survived through periodic debt forgiveness, this practice ended with the Roman empire, resulting in impoverishment and dispossession of farmers, creating a growing lumpenproletariat. The same process contributed to the collapse of the British empire and continues today, with periodic financial crises (1930s, 2008) which are only relieved by government bailouts and/or war. Hudson adds that every time history repeats itself, the price goes up, i.e., the U.S. is being destroyed by bank debt with no forgiveness mechanism, making collapse inevitable.[43]

Political scientist Paul K. Macdonald writes that great powers can be in relative or absolute decline and discussed the ways they often respond. The most common is retrenchment (reducing some but not all commitments of the state).[44]

Roman Empire

Certain commentators, historians and politicians believe U.S. is heir to the Roman Empire. According to Kristofer Allerfeldt, there are divergent views regarding Rome vs U.S. comparison. He believes that the "use of the Roman metaphor provides a scholarly patina to the expression of visceral hopes and fears."[45]

Britain

Kennedy argues that "British financial strength was the single most decisive factor in its victories over France during the 18th century. This chapter ends on the Napoleonic Wars and the fusion of British financial strength with a newfound industrial strength." He predicts that, as the U.S. dollar loses its role as world currency, it will not be able to continue financing its military expenditures via deficit spending.[11]

According to Richard Lachmann, the U.S. would last much longer if, like Britain, it could restrict particular families and elites from exclusively controlling offices and governmental powers.[32]

Soviet Union

Historian Harold James published an article in 2020 titled "Late Soviet America", comparing the present-day United States to the former Soviet Union. James wrote that many aspects of the US now resemble the late Soviet Union: intensification of social conflict, ethnic/racial rivalries, and economic decline. He predicted that the dollar may lose its value and start looking like the Soviet rouble. James ended the article saying that the economic decline will continue, even if there is change in leadership, pointing to Mikhail Gorbachev's inability to prevent collapse despite coming to power just a few years after Leonid Brezhnev's death.[46]

Also in 2020, political commentator Julius Krein argued that the ongoing America's state of decline parallels the late Soviet Union vis-à-vis the "unmistakable" slide into gerontocracy.[47]

Commentators

  • Philosophers Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, theorize in the mid-1990s about an ongoing transition to an emergent construct created among ruling powers which the authors call "Empire".
  • American historian Morris Berman wrote a trilogy of books published between 2000 and 2011 about the decline of American civilization.
  • Igor Panarin, a political scientist and graduate of the Higher Military Command School of Telecommunications of the KGB, predicted that, starting in 1998, the US would collapse into six parts in 2010.[48] He also wrote The Crash of the Dollar and the Disintegration of the USA (2009).[49]
  • American journalist Chris Hedges, in his 2018 book America The Farewell Tour, predicts that "within a decade, two at most" America will cease to be the dominant super-power in the world.[50][51]
  • Jean Chrétien, former prime minister of Canada (1993–2003), described Trump's election as a "monumental error" that heralded "the true end of the American empire" in a 2018 memoir.[52]

Public opinion

A 2019 survey carried out by Pew Research Center shows that a majority of Americans predicted the U.S. economy to be weaker in 2050. Also, the survey says, a majority of the people thought the U.S. would be "a country with a burgeoning national debt, a wider gap between the rich and the poor and a workforce threatened by automation."[53]

In a poll conducted January 11–13, 2021 of 1,019 Americans, shortly after the January 6 Capitol attack, 79% of those surveyed said that America is "falling apart".[54][55][56][57]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Friedman, Hershey H.; Hertz, Sarah (2015). "Is the United States Still the Best Country in the World? Think Again". SSRN Electronic Journal. Elsevier BV. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2622722. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 153146583.
  2. ↑ "The Hidden Meaning Of American Decline". Huffington Post. May 24, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  3. ↑ Rosenberg, Mark; Marber, Peter (January 22, 2021). "Biden's opportunity to flip the script on U.S. decline". Newsweek. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 McArdle, Megan (October 7, 2010). "America's Perpetual Decline". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 Edelman, Eric S. (2010). "Understanding America's Contested Primacy" (PDF). Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  6. 1 2 Weisbrode, Kenneth (July 19, 2016). "Don't Panic about America's Cultural Decline". The National Interest. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 Bell, David A. (October 7, 2010). "Political Columnists Think America Is In Decline. Big Surprise". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  8. 1 2 Heer, Jeet (March 7, 2018). "Are We Witnessing the Fall of the American Empire?". The New Republic. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  9. ↑ Friedberg, Aaron L. (November 1, 2009). "Same Old Songs". The American Interest. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  10. ↑ Kroenig, Matthew (April 3, 2020). "Why the U.S. Will Outcompete China". The Atlantic. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Kennedy, Paul (January 26, 2017). The Rise And Fall of British Naval Mastery. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141983837. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  12. ↑ Kennedy, Paul M., The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, New York, Vintage Books, 1987, ISBN 0679-720197, p. 534.
  13. ↑ Catley, Bob, "Hegemonic America: The Benign Superpower?" Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 18, No. 4 (March 1997), p. 382|https://www.jstor.org/stable/25798354
  14. ↑ "The good European". www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  15. ↑ Johnson, Chalmers (February 6, 2007). Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781429904681. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  16. 1 2 Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. (1989). "The Decline and Fall of American Culture?". Social Research. 56 (3): 659–680. JSTOR 40970560.
  17. 1 2 Bennett, William J. "Quantifying America's Decline". Ashbrook. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  18. ↑ Bennett, William J. (August 3, 2011). The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators: American Society at the End of the Twentieth Century. Crown Publishing Group. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-307-77809-3.
  19. ↑ Johnson, Steven (September 18, 2012). Future Perfect: The Case For Progress In A Networked Age. Penguin. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-101-59697-5.
  20. ↑ Bennett 2011, p. 5.
  21. ↑ "RealClearPolitics - Articles - Three Centuries of American Declinism". www.realclearpolitics.com. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  22. ↑ "American Declinism: has collective fear finally become reality?". ABC Radio National. November 4, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  23. ↑ McArdle, Megan (October 7, 2010). "America's Perpetual Decline". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  24. 1 2 "Robert Lieber on Why the Declinists Are Wrong About America". CIRS. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  25. ↑ Joffe, Josef (December 9, 2011). "Declinism's Fifth Wave". The American Interest. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  26. ↑ Leonhardt, David (January 16, 2020). "Opinion | What Americans Don't Understand About China's Power (Published 2020)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  27. ↑ Hopkin, Jonathan (2020). "American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy". Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190699765.003.0004. ISBN 978-0190699765.
  28. ↑ "Opinion | The good, the bad and the (very) ugly foreign policy legacy Trump leaves for Biden". NBC News. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  29. ↑ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  30. ↑ Coplan, Jill Hamburg. "12 signs America is on the decline". Fortune. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  31. ↑ Telford, Taylor (September 26, 2019). "Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since census started tracking it, data shows". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  32. 1 2 Lachmann, Richard (2011). "The roots of american decline". Contexts. 10 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1177/1536504211399050. ISSN 1536-5042. JSTOR 41960690. S2CID 61355963.
  33. ↑ Case A, Deaton A (2020). Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691190785.
  34. ↑ Wyne, Ali (June 21, 2018). "Is America Choosing Decline?". The New Republic. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  35. ↑ Brown, Stuart S. (2013). The Future of US Global Power: Delusions of Decline. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137023155. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  36. ↑ Rapoza, Kenneth. "The Future: China's Rise, America's Decline". Forbes. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  37. ↑ Jeong, Paul Hannon and Eun-young (January 24, 2021). "China Overtakes U.S. as World's Leading Destination for Foreign Direct Investment". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  38. ↑ Rudd, Kevin (February 5, 2021). "Short of War". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  39. ↑ Hass, Ryan (March 3, 2021). "China Is Not Ten Feet Tall". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  40. 1 2 Hell, Natalie, and Rozelle, Scott. Invisible China: How the Urban-Rural Divide Threatens China’s Rise. University of Chicago Press, 2020.
  41. ↑ LeVine, Steve (July 3, 2019). "Demographics may decide the U.S-China rivalry". Axios. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  42. ↑ Wyne, Ali (July 25, 2019). "Yes, Sam Huntington Has Insights to Guide U.S. Competition with China". www.rand.org. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  43. ↑ Hudson, Michael (2015). Killing the Host: How Financial Parasites and Debt Destroy the Global Economy. ISLET-Verlag. ISBN 9783981484281. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
  44. ↑ MacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (2018). Twilight of the Titans: Great Power Decline and Retrenchment. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501717109. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  45. ↑ Allerfeldt, Kristofer (2008). "Rome, Race, and the Republic: Progressive America and the Fall of the Roman Empire, 1890-1920". The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 7 (3): 297–323. doi:10.1017/S1537781400000736. ISSN 1537-7814. JSTOR 25144530. S2CID 163132995. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  46. ↑ James, Harold (July 1, 2020). "Late Soviet America". Project Syndicate. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021.
  47. ↑ Krein, Julius (June 2020). "America's Unhealthy Gerontocracy". American Affairs. America in its present state of decline increasingly resembles the late Soviet Union, but one of the most unsettling parallels is its unmistakable slide into gerontocracy
  48. ↑ Osborn, Andrew (December 29, 2008). "As if Things Weren't Bad Enough, Russian Professor Predicts End of U.S." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  49. ↑ Bohm, Michael (November 29, 2012). "Russia's Misery Loves U.S. Company". The Moscow Times. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  50. ↑ Hedges, Chris (2018). America: The Farewell Tour. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501152672.
  51. ↑ Chris Hedges - The American Empire Will Collapse Within a Decade, Two at Most (11-19-18) on YouTube
  52. ↑ Campion-Smith, Bruce (October 9, 2018). "Jean Chrétien calls Donald Trump 'fanatical'". Toronto Star. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  53. ↑ "Public Sees America's Future in Decline on Many Fronts | Pew Research Center". March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  54. ↑ Allen, Mike (January 14, 2021). "Republicans and Democrats agree — the country is falling apart". Axios. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  55. ↑ "79 percent of Americans say US is falling apart". Futurism. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  56. ↑ "Majority of Americans now support removing Trump from office". Ipsos. January 13, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  57. ↑ Castronuovo, Celine (January 14, 2021). "4 in 5 say US is falling apart: survey". The Hill. Retrieved February 2, 2021.

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