The sinking Amoco Cadiz
History
NameAmoco Cadiz
OwnerAmoco Transport Co.
Port of registry Liberia
Builder
Yard number95
Laid down24 November 1973
Launched1974
CompletedMay 1975
Out of service16 March 1978 (aged 3–4)
IdentificationIMO number: 7336422
FateSunk at 48°36′N 4°42′W / 48.6°N 4.7°W / 48.6; -4.7
Notes[1]
General characteristics
Tonnage233,690 DWT; 109,700 GRT
Length334.02 m (1,095.9 ft)
Beam51.06 m (167.5 ft)
Draught19.80 m (65.0 ft)
Installed power
PropulsionSingle screw
Speed15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Capacity1.6 Mbbl (250×10^3 m3)
Crew44
Notes[1][2]

Amoco Cadiz was a VLCC (very large crude carrier) owned by Amoco Transport Corp and transporting crude oil for Shell Oil. Operating under the Liberian flag, she ran aground on 16 March 1978 on Portsall Rocks, 2 km (1.2 mi) from the coast of Brittany, France. Ultimately she split in three and sank, resulting in the largest oil spill of its kind in history to that date.[1][2]

Oil spill

On 16 March 1978 in a southwesterly gale, the Amoco Cadiz passed Ushant at the western tip of Brittany, headed for Lyme Bay in the United Kingdom. At 9:46 am when the supertanker was north of Ushant and 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) west of Portsall she turned to avoid another ship and her rudder jammed, full over to port. Captain Bardari shut down the engine and attempted to make repairs, but they were not successful. Meanwhile, the wind began blowing from the northwest, driving the ship toward the coast. By the time the tugboat Pacific successfully attached a hawser, it was 2:00 pm and the Amoco Cadiz had drifted 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) closer to the shore. For two hours, the tugboat struggled to slow the vessel's drift, but then the towline parted. Captain Bardari turned his engines on full astern and this helped slow the ship's drift. At 7:00 pm, the captain shut down the engines so that the Pacific could try to attach another hawser. The supertanker dropped one anchor, but the flukes broke off. At this point the supertanker was drifting at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph) toward the Portsall Rocks. A new towline was successfully attached at 8:55 pm.

Amoco Cadiz ran aground for the first time at 9:04 pm.[3] She rode a high wave over a spire of rock which she then was impaled on.[4] The rock cut through the plating of her bottom and thrust into the network of piping and machinery of the pump room as well as rupturing the rear wall of number-four cargo tank.[4] The engine room was flooded.[5] She rolled and ground on the rock for about five minutes until another huge wave lifted her off and she continued her southwesterly drift, pulling the Pacific after her.[4] She drifted through a rocky maze through the Portsall Rocks and at 9:30 pm she ran aground for the second time.[4]

The second grounding of Amoco Cadiz was on the Men Goulven rock 2 km (1.243 mi) from the shore.[4] She hit the reef stern first and the bottom under the engine room was opened.[4] She pivoted round to the port and stopped with her bow pointing toward land.[4] She came to rest with her stern impaled on a rock about 12 metres under the surface and her bow on another six to seven metres deep.[4] Between these rocks the depth was 25 to 30 metres.[4] The Pacific had increased her towing speed, but shortly after 22:00 pm the second tow broke.[4]

After the second grounding the waves had broken Amoco Cadiz in two parts held together by distorted metal on the port side.[6] By 24 March the two parts were completely torn apart and the rear section had been swung 90 degrees around from pointing southwest to southeast.[6] On 25 March she was ready to break apart again and by 28 March the wreckage was further moved around by the tides and waves.[6]

By 29 March she had broken in three separate pieces and it was decided to destroy her with depth charges dropped from three Super Frelon helicopters.[6] The Navy dropped twelve Mark 56 anti-submarine grenades, each containing 350 lb (158.757 kg) of high explosives set to go off 8 m (26 ft 2.96 in) under water, and she sank some 15 minutes later.[6] Detonation of the charges was visible as huge water fountains and shook the ground ashore more than a mile away.[6][7][8][9]

Amoco Cadiz contained 1,604,500 barrels (219,797 tons) of light crude oil from Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia and Kharg Island, Iran.[9] Severe weather resulted in the complete breakup of the ship before any oil could be pumped out of the wreck, resulting in her entire cargo of crude oil (belonging to Shell) and 4,000 tons of fuel oil being spilled into the sea.[10] The US NOAA estimates that the total oil spill amounted to 220,880 tonnes of oil.[11]

Aftermath

In 1988 a U.S. federal judge ordered Amoco Oil Corporation to pay $85.2 million in fines; $45 million for the costs of the spill and $39 million in interest.[9] In 1992, Amoco agreed to pay $230 million (equivalent to $480m in 2022).[12]

The site is visited by leisure divers.[13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Amoco Cadiz (IMO 7336422): Summary for Casualty ID 19780316_001". Casualty Database. Center for Tankship Excellence. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  2. 1 2 Visser, Auke (26 August 2010). "Amoco Cadiz". International Super Tankers. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  3. ↑ Fairhall, David; Jordan, Philip (1980). "A Fatal Complacency". Black Tide Rising. The Wreck of the Amoco Cadiz. London: André Deutsch. ISBN 0233971475.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chelminski, Rudolph (1987). "The Grounding". Superwreck. Amoco Cadiz: The Shipwreck That Had to Happen. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0688069541.
  5. ↑ Calder, Nigel (1986). The English Channel. Harrisonburg, Va.: Viking. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-670-80022-8.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fairhall, David; Jordan, Philip (1980). "Plan POLMAR". Black Tide Rising. The Wreck of the Amoco Cadiz. London: André Deutsch. ISBN 0233971475.
  7. ↑ "SYND 29 3 78 oil tanker Amoco Cadiz depth charges". YouTube. AP Archive. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
  8. ↑ Ness, Wilmot N. (1978). The Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill: A Preliminary Scientific Report. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 233, 279. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Alt URL
  9. 1 2 3 Boileau, David; Allen, Tony; Claes, Johnny (4 July 2009). "Amoco Cadiz (+1978)". The Wrecksite. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  10. ↑ Hartog, C. den; Jacobs, R.P.W.M. (March 1980). "Effects of the Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill on an Eelgrass Community at Roscoff (France) with special reference to the mobile benthic fauna". Helgoland Marine Research. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. 33 (1–4): 182–191. Bibcode:1980HM.....33..182D. doi:10.1007/BF02414745. S2CID 36637679.
  11. ↑ "Oil spill - Amoco Cadiz". incidentnews.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  12. ↑ "Amoco agrees to pay US$230m". www.insurance-times.net. 1 August 1992.
  13. ↑ "40 years on, Brittany tanker wreck is magnet for divers". phys.org. 9 October 2018.
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