County
Counties of England in 1851 with major rivers, the ridings of Yorkshire, and the remaining exclaves shown
CategoryCounty
LocationEngland
Found inKingdom
Created
  • 5th–11th century
Number39 (as of 1 April 1889)
Possible status
Populationsc. 21,000—3.4 million (1881)[1]
Areasc. 94,000–3.8 million acres (15,000 km2) (1881)[1]
Government
Subdivisions

The historic counties of England are areas that were established for administration by the Normans, in many cases based on earlier kingdoms and shires created by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Celts and others. They are alternatively known as ancient counties,[2][3] traditional counties,[4] former counties[5][6] or simply as counties.[7] In the centuries that followed their establishment, as well as their administrative function, the counties also helped define local culture and identity.[8][9] This role continued even after the counties ceased to be used for administration after the creation of administrative counties in 1889,[10] which were themselves amended by further local government reforms in the years following.[11][12]

Unlike the partly self-governing boroughs that covered urban areas, the counties of medieval England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power, enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives – originally sheriffs and later the lord-lieutenants – and their subordinate justices of the peace.[13] Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of taxes and organisation of the military, and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation.[14][15] They continue to form the basis of modern local government areas in many parts of the country away from the main urban areas, although the newly created areas sometimes have considerably altered boundaries from the historic counties on which they are based.[4][16][17] A 2016 article says one mainstream political party's "approach to the spatial recalibration of regional government in England has been defined by a myopic focus on economic growth, with little consideration for the established historical, cultural and political identities underpinning existing forms of sub-state citizenship."[18]

Nomenclature

The name of a county often gives a clue to how it was formed, either as a division that took its name from a centre of administration, an ancient kingdom, or an area occupied by an ethnic group.[14] The majority of English counties are in the first category, with the name formed by combining the central town with the suffix "-shire", for example Yorkshire. Former kingdoms which became earldoms in the united England did not feature this formulation; so for Kent, Surrey and the Isle of Wight, the former kingdoms of the Jutes, "...shire" was not used. Counties ending in the suffix "-sex", the former Saxon kingdoms, are also in this category. Some of these names include compass directions. The third category includes counties such as Cornwall and Devon where the name corresponds to the tribes who inhabited the area.[14] County Durham is anomalous in terms of naming and origin, not falling into any of the three categories. Instead, it was a diocese that was turned into the County Palatine of Durham, ruled by the Bishop of Durham.[14] The expected form would otherwise be "Durhamshire", but it was rarely used.

There are customary abbreviations for many of the counties. In most cases, these consist of simple truncation, usually with an "s" at the end signifying "shire", such as "Berks" for Berkshire or "Bucks" for Buckinghamshire. Some abbreviations are not obvious, such as "Salop" for Shropshire, from the Norman-derived word for its county town Shrewsbury; "Oxon" for Oxfordshire, from Latin Oxonium (referring to both the county and the city of Oxford); "Hants" for Hampshire; and "Northants" for Northamptonshire.[14] Counties can be prefixed with "County of" in official contexts with any "-shire" suffix dropped, such as "County of Kent" or "County of York". There is similar usage in the single case of Berkshire, a county with a "-shire" suffix which is not named after a town and whose correct formation is "County of Berks". The "-shire" suffix was also appended for some counties, such as "Devonshire", "Dorsetshire" and "Somersetshire", despite their origin.[19] For instance, there has been an Earl of Devonshire since 1603, and Duke of Devonshire since 1694.

History

The Counties of England as recorded in the Domesday Book

Origins

Great Britain was first divided into administrative areas by the Romans, most likely following major geographical features such as rivers.[14] Before their arrival there were distinct tribal areas, but they were in a constant state of flux as territory was gained and lost. After the demise of Roman Britain around 410 these first divisions of land were generally abandoned, although traditional divisions taking the form of petty kingdoms such as Powys, Dumnonia and Elmet remained in those areas which remained British, such as south west England. The areas that would later form the English counties started to take shape soon afterwards, with the Kingdom of Kent founded by settlers around 445. In southern England more widely, shires emerged from earlier sub-kingdoms as part of the administrative structure of Wessex, which then imposed its system of shires, boroughs (or burhs) and ealdormen on Mercia after it came under West Saxon control during the 10th century.[20] Once the Kingdom of England was united as a whole in 927 it became necessary to subdivide it for administrative convenience and to this end, earldoms were created out of the earlier kingdoms. The whole kingdom was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest. Robert of Gloucester accounts for thirty-five shires and William of Malmesbury thirty-two,[14] Henry of Huntingdon, thirty-seven.[21] In most cases the counties or shires in Anglo-Saxon times were administered by a earl on behalf of the monarch. After the Norman conquest the powers of the earl were superseded by the sheriff and the shires became counties.[14]

An 1824 map of the English and Welsh counties

Although all of England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest, some counties were formed later, such as Lancashire in the 12th century. Perhaps because of their differing origins the counties varied considerably in size. The county boundaries were fairly static until the Local Government Act 1888.[22] Each shire was responsible for gathering taxes for the central government; for local defence; and for justice, through assize courts.[23]

Southern England

In southern England the counties were mostly subdivisions of the Kingdom of Wessex, and in many areas represented annexed, previously independent, kingdoms or other tribal territories. Kent derives from the Kingdom of Kent, Surrey from the Anglian word for 'southern region',[24] and Essex, Sussex and Middlesex come from the East Saxons, South Saxons and Middle Saxons. Norfolk and Suffolk were subdivisions representing the "North Folk" and "South Folk" of the Kingdom of East Anglia. Only one county on the south coast of England now usually takes the suffix "-shire": Hampshire, named after the former town of "Hamwic" (sic), the site of which is now a part of the city of Southampton. A "lost" Saxon county was Winchcombeshire which lasted from 1007 to 1017 before being incorporated into Gloucestershire.[25] Dorset and Somerset derive their names from the saete or inhabitants of the areas around the towns of Dorchester and Somerton respectively; the names were first used by the Saxons in the 9th century.[26] Devon and Cornwall were based on the pre-Saxon Celtic tribes known in Latin as the Dumnonii and Cornovii, in the latter case with the suffix wealas, meaning foreigners, added by the Saxons.

Midlands

When Wessex annexed Mercia in the 10th century, it subdivided the area into various shires of roughly equal size and tax-raising potential or hidage. These generally took the name of the main town (the county town) of the county, along with "-shire". Examples are Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. In some cases the original names have been worn down: for example, Cheshire was originally "Chestershire".[27]

In the east Midlands, it is thought that county boundaries may represent a 9th-century division of the Danelaw between units of the Danish army.[23] Rutland was an anomalous territory or soke, associated with Nottinghamshire, but it eventually became considered the smallest county. Lincolnshire was the successor to the Kingdom of Lindsey, and took on the territories of Kesteven and Holland when Stamford became the only Danelaw borough to fail to become a county town.[28]

Northern England

Much of Northumbria was also shired, the best known of these counties being Hallamshire and Cravenshire. The Normans did not use these divisions, and so they are not generally regarded as ancient counties. The huge county of Yorkshire was a successor to the Viking kingdom of York and the Brittonic kingdom of Elmet; at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 it was considered to include what was to become northern Lancashire, as well as parts of Cumberland, and Westmorland. Most of the later Cumberland and Westmorland were under Scottish rule until 1092. After the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the harrying of the North, much of the North of England was left depopulated and was included in the returns for Cheshire and Yorkshire in the Domesday Book.[29] However, there is some disagreement about the status of some of this land. The area in between the River Ribble and the River Mersey, referred to as "Inter Ripam et Mersam" in the Domesday Book,[30] was included in the returns for Cheshire.[31] Whether this meant that this land was actually part of Cheshire is however not clear.[30][32][33][34][35] The Northeast land that later became County Durham and Northumberland, was left unrecorded.

Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire, County Durham and Northumberland were established as counties in the 12th century. Lancashire can be firmly dated to 1182.[36] Part of the domain of the Bishops of Durham, Hexhamshire was split off and was considered an independent county until 1572, when it became part of Northumberland.

Welsh border

At the time of the Domesday Book, some parts of what later became Wales were included in English counties: Monmouth, for example, was included in Herefordshire.[37] Additionally, the Domesday Book included, as part of Cheshire, areas that later became part of Wales, including the two hundreds of Atiscross and Exestan, and the southern part of Duddestan Hundred (as it was known as the time), which later became known as Maelor Saesneg (English Maelor), and (later still) "Flintshire Detached".[38] Parts of the March of Wales, which after the Norman conquest had been administered by Marcher Lords largely independently of the English monarch, were incorporated into the English counties of Shropshire, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire in 1535.

There was historic ambiguity as to the status of the county of Monmouthshire. As with other Marcher areas added to existing counties, it was created out of "the said Country or Dominion of Wales" by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. It was then added to the Oxford circuit of the English Assizes. For legal purposes it was regarded as part of England, but Laws since the late 19th century were often applied to "Wales and Monmouthshire".[39] It was listed among the English counties for parliamentary purposes until 1950 and for local government until 1974, but the Local Government Act 1972 unambiguously included the area as part of Wales.[40]

Counties corporate

A charter of Henry I in about 1130 gave the City of London its own Sheriff.[41] The Sheriff of London also had jurisdiction over the county of Middlesex, so that "London and Middlesex were from that time regarded as one from an administrative point of view",[42] although they retained their separate identities. This relationship continued until the Local Government Act 1888 created a new office of High Sheriff of Middlesex appointed in the same manner as other English and Welsh counties, created the County of London with its own high sheriff, and restricted the jurisdiction of the sheriffs of London to the City.[42]

During the Middle Ages a number of other large cities and towns were granted the status of self-governing counties separate from adjacent counties. Such a county became known as a county corporate or "county of itself". For most practical purposes this separate status was replaced in the late 19th century when county boroughs were introduced.

Bristol developed as a major port in the medieval period, straddling both sides of the River Avon which formed the ancient boundary between Gloucestershire and Somerset. In 1373 Edward III decreed

…that the said town of Bristol with its suburbs and their precinct, as the boundaries now exist, henceforward shall be separated and exempt in every way from the said counties of Gloucester and Somerset, on land and by water; that it shall be a county in itself and be called the county of Bristol for ever…[43]

Similar arrangements were later applied to Norwich (1404), Southampton (1447), Canterbury (1471), Gloucester (1483), Exeter (1537), and Poole (1571).[44]

Charters were granted constituting the boroughs or cities of Lincoln (1409), Nottingham (1448), Lichfield (1556) and Worcester (1622) as counties. The County of the City of Coventry was separated from Warwickshire in 1451, and included an extensive area of countryside surrounding the city.[45]

Charters granting separate county status to the cities and boroughs of Chester (1238/9), York (1396), Newcastle upon Tyne (1400) and Kingston-upon-Hull (with the surrounding area of Hullshire) (1440). In 1551 Berwick upon Tweed, on the border with Scotland, was created a county corporate.

Exclaves

This 1814 map shows Dudley in a detached part of Worcestershire surrounded by Staffordshire, an exclave of Shropshire (the parish of Halesowen) to the south-east, and part of Staffordshire (Broome and Clent) to the south-west

The ancient counties have many anomalies, and many small exclaves, where a parcel of land was politically part of one county despite not being physically connected to the rest of the county. The Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 was passed, the effect of which was to treat many of these exclaves as part of the county which surrounded them. This had already been done for Parliamentary purposes under the Great Reform Act 1832.

Large exclaves affected by the 1844 Act included the County Durham exclaves of Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire, which were subsequently treated as hundreds of Northumberland; and those parts of Halesowen forming part of Shropshire, which was subsequently treated as part of Worcestershire, as the remainder already was.

Exclaves that the 1844 Act did not touch included the part of Derbyshire around Donisthorpe, locally in Leicestershire; a part of Huntingdonshire near Woodbury Park, separated by Cambridgeshire; and most of the larger exclaves of Worcestershire, including the town of Dudley, which remained surrounded by Staffordshire. Additionally, the Furness portion of Lancashire remained separated from the rest of Lancashire by a narrow strip of Westmorland — though it was accessible by way of the Morecambe Bay tidal flats.

1889

When the first county councils were set up in 1889, they covered newly created entities known as administrative counties. Several historic subdivisions with separate county administrations were also created administrative counties, particularly the separate ridings of Yorkshire, the separate parts of Lincolnshire, and the East and West divisions of Sussex.[46] The Local Government Act 1888 also contained wording to create both a new "administrative county" and a "county" of London,[47] and to ensure that the county boroughs which were created at the same time continued for non-administrative purposes to be part of the county which they geographically lay.[48] These counties were to be used "for all purposes, whether sheriff, lieutenant, custos rotulorum, justices, militia, coroner, or other". The effect was that new county boroughs which were counties corporate retained their status as separate counties. In retrospect, these "statutory" counties can be identified as the predecessors of the ceremonial counties of England. The censuses of 1891, 1901 and 1911 provided figures for the "ancient counties".

Notice on the Corn Exchange, Royal Tunbridge Wells, mentioning the historic county boundary

Several towns are historically divided between counties, including Banbury, Burton upon Trent, Newmarket, Peterborough, Royal Tunbridge Wells, Royston, Stamford, Tamworth, Todmorden, Warrington and Wisbech. In Newmarket and Tamworth the historic county boundary runs right up the middle of the high street; in Royal Tunbridge Wells the historic county boundary had a theatre (now the Corn Exchange) built right on it, with the actors playing in Sussex to an audience in Kent; and in Todmorden, the historically fractious border between Lancashire and Yorkshire (the river known as Walsden Water) had Todmorden Town Hall built right on top of it on a culvert tunnel, dividing the hall down the middle between the two counties – a division reflected in its architecture. The 1888 Act ensured that every urban sanitary district would be considered to be part of a single county. This principle was maintained in the 20th century: when county boroughs such as Birmingham, Manchester, Reading and Sheffield expanded into neighbouring counties, the area added became associated with the county borough's geographic county. However, this principle was not applied to Stockport[49] or Cardiff, which remained divided, the latter even divided between Wales and England[50][51] (until 1972, when the territory of historic county of Monmouthshire, previously legally regarded as part of England, was instead assigned to Wales).

1965 and 1974

The ancient county boundaries of Warwickshire cover a larger area than the administrative area in 1974 (in green).

On 1 April 1965 a number of changes came into effect. The new administrative area of Greater London was created, resulting in the abolition of the administrative counties of London and Middlesex, at the same time taking in areas from surrounding counties. On the same date the new counties of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely and of Huntingdon and Peterborough were formed by the merger of pairs of administrative counties. The new areas were also adopted for lieutenancy and shrievalty purposes.

In 1974 a major local government reform took place under the Local Government Act 1972. The Act abolished administrative counties and county boroughs, and divided England (except Greater London and the Isles of Scilly) into counties. These were of two types: "metropolitan" and "non-metropolitan" counties.[4][52] Apart from local government, the new counties were "substituted for counties of any other description" for judicial, shrievalty, lieutenancy and other purposes.[53] Several counties, such as Cumberland, Herefordshire, Rutland, Westmorland and Worcestershire, vanished from the administrative map, while new entities such as Avon, Cleveland, Cumbria and Humberside appeared, in addition to the six new metropolitan counties.[4][54]

The built-up areas of conurbations tend to cross historic county boundaries freely.[55] Examples are Bournemouth–Poole–Christchurch (Dorset and Hampshire) Greater Manchester (Cheshire, Derbyshire and Lancashire), Merseyside (Cheshire and Lancashire), Teesside (Yorkshire and County Durham), South Yorkshire (Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire), Tyneside (County Durham and Northumberland) and West Midlands (Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire). Greater London itself straddles five ancient counties — Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey — and the London urban area sprawls into Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. The Local Government Act 1972 sought generally to unite conurbations within a single county, while retaining the historic county boundaries as far as was practicable.[4][17]

Postal counties

Former postal counties of England from 1974 to 1996

In a period of financial crisis,[56] the Post Office was able to alter many of its postal counties in accordance with the 1965 and 1974 reforms, but not all. The two major exceptions were Greater London and Greater Manchester. Greater London was not adopted in 1965, since, according to the Post Office at the time, it would have been too expensive to do so, while it gave as its reason for not adopting Greater Manchester the ambiguity of the name with the Manchester post town. Perhaps as a result of this, the ancient counties appear not to have fallen completely out of use for locating places in Greater Manchester, along with areas of Greater London that are not part of the London post town. It is common for people to speak of "Uxbridge, Middlesex", "Dagenham, Essex" or "Bromley, Kent" (which are outside the London postal district), but much less so to speak of "Brixton, Surrey", "Greenwich, Kent", or "West Ham, Essex" (which are inside it).

In 1996, following further local government reform and the modernisation of its sorting equipment, the Royal Mail ceased to use counties at all in the direction of mail.[57] Instead it now uses the outward code (first half) of the postcode. The former postal counties were removed in 2000 from its Postcode Address File database and included in an "alias file",[58] which is used to cross-reference details that may be added by users but are no longer required, such as former street names or historic, administrative and former postal counties.

During a public consultation in 2009 Postcomm found that many respondents objected to the use of counties in the alias file. In May 2010 Postcomm announced that it was encouraging Royal Mail to discontinue the use of counties in its alias file at the earliest opportunity. However because some existing software included the use of counties, Royal Mail was advised not to implement the change before 2013.[59]

County cricket

The historic counties of England continue to be used as the basis for county cricket teams[60] and the governance of cricket in England through the ECB County Boards.[61] There are exceptions in that Rutland is integrated with Leicestershire; the Isle of Wight has its own board outside the Hampshire one; there is a board for the ceremonial county of Cumbria which is representative of both Cumberland and Westmorland. In addition, the ECB County Boards include one for the country of Wales.

Recognition of historic county boundaries

A review of the structure of local government in England by the Local Government Commission for England led to the restoration of the East Riding of Yorkshire, Herefordshire, Rutland and Worcestershire as administrative areas in the 1990s; the abolition of Avon, Cleveland and Humberside within 25 years of their creation; and the restoration of the traditional borders between Somerset and Gloucestershire (except at Bristol), County Durham and Yorkshire (towards the mouth of the River Tees; not in Teesdale), and Yorkshire and Lincolnshire for ceremonial purposes in these areas. The case of Huntingdonshire was considered twice, but the Commission found that "there was no exceptional county allegiance to Huntingdonshire, as had been perceived in Rutland and Herefordshire".[62]

The flag of historic County Durham, adopted in 2013 through a competition organised by the Flag Institute

The Association of British Counties (ABC), with its regional affiliates, such as the Friends of Real Lancashire and the Yorkshire Ridings Society,[63][64] promotes the historic counties. It states that the "...ABC contends that Britain needs a fixed popular geography, one divorced from the ever changing names and areas of local government...The ABC, therefore, seeks to fully re-establish the use of the historic counties as the standard popular geographical reference frame of Britain and to further encourage their use as a basis for social, sporting and cultural activities.[65]

The Campaign for Historic Counties is dedicated to campaigning, both in the public arena and among parliamentarians, for the restoration of historic counties. Their objectives are:[66]

  1. Maps, roads and addresses to included historic counties as standard
  2. Removal of the word 'county' from all local council names
  3. Historic Counties to be used for ceremonial purposes

In 2013, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles formally recognised and acknowledged the continued existence of England's 39 historic counties.[67][68][69] On 23 April 2014 a new initiative was announced to support the 'tapestry' of traditional English counties, including the removal of a restriction preventing the names of traditional counties being displayed on street and road signs.[70] In August 2014, the first road sign was erected to mark the boundary of the historic county of Yorkshire.[71] The Government is also publishing a new online interactive map of England's county boundaries.[70] The Government has previously changed rules to allow local and county flags to be flown without planning permission, and supported the Flag Institute in encouraging a new wave of county and community flags to be designed and flown by local communities. The flags of England's historic counties have been flown from Government offices in support of these identities. All 39 counties have registered flags, with the flag of Leicestershire the last to be adopted. In July 2019 the UK Government published official guidance on Celebrating the Historic Counties of England, stating that "the tapestry of England's historic counties is one of the bonds which draws our nation together".[72]

Sussex[73] and Yorkshire,[74] both historic counties and long abandoned as units for administrative purposes, have continued to be widely recognised as cultural regions, significant in sport and used by many organisations as regional units. These counties, and several others, have a county day in which the culture and history of the historic county is celebrated; many of these county days were created in the 21st century.

A direct action group, CountyWatch, was formed in 2004 to remove what its members consider to be wrongly placed county boundary signs that do not mark the historic or traditional county boundaries of England and Wales. They have removed, resorted or erected a number of what they claim to be "wrongly sited" county boundary signs in various parts of England. For instance, in Lancashire 30 signs were removed.[75] CountyWatch has been criticised for such actions by the councils that erected the signs:[76] Lancashire County Council pointed out that the taxpayers would have to pay for the signs to be re-erected.[77]

The only political party with a manifesto commitment to restore the boundaries and political functions of all ancient counties, including Middlesex and Monmouthshire, is the English Democrats Party.[78]

Functions

By the late Middle Ages the county was being used as the basis of a number of functions.[15]

Administration of justice and law enforcement

The Assize Courts used counties, or their major divisions, as a basis for their organisation.[16] Justices of the peace originating in Norman times as Knights of the Peace,[79] were appointed in each county. At the head of the legal hierarchy were the High Sheriff and the Custos rotulorum (keeper of the rolls) for each county.

The justices had responsibility for maintaining county gaols and houses of correction. During the 19th century penal reformers campaigned against the often primitive conditions in gaols, and under the Prison Act 1877 they came under Home Office control.[80]

Until the 19th century law enforcement was mostly carried out at the parish level. With an increasingly mobile population, however, the system became outdated. Following the successful establishment of the Metropolitan Police in London, the County Police Act 1839 empowered justices of the peace to form county constabularies outside boroughs. The formation of county police forces was made compulsory by the County and Borough Police Act 1856.

Defence

In the 1540s the office of Lord Lieutenant was instituted. The lieutenants had a military role, previously exercised by the sheriffs, and were made responsible for raising and organising the militia in each county. The lieutenancies were subsequently given responsibility for the Volunteer Force. In 1871 the lieutenants lost their positions as heads of the militia, and their office became largely ceremonial.[81] The Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the British Army linked the recruiting areas of infantry regiments to the counties.

Parliamentary representation

Each English county sent two Knights of the Shire to the House of Commons (in addition to the burgesses sent by boroughs). Yorkshire gained two members in 1821 when Grampound was disenfranchised. The Great Reform Act of 1832 reapportioned members throughout the counties, many of which were also split into parliamentary divisions. Constituencies based on the ancient county boundaries remained in use until 1918.

Local government

From the 16th century onwards the county was increasingly used as a unit of local government as the justices of the peace took on various administrative functions known as "county business". This was transacted at the quarter sessions, summoned four times a year by the lord lieutenant. By the 19th century the county magistrates were exercising powers over the licensing of alehouses, the construction of bridges, prisons and asylums, the superintendence of main roads, public buildings and charitable institutions, and the regulation of weights and measures.[82] The justices were empowered to levy local taxes to support these activities, and in 1739 these were unified as a single "county rate", under the control of a county treasurer.[83] In order to build and maintain roads and bridges, a salaried county surveyor was to be appointed.[84]

By the 1880s it was being suggested that it would be more efficient if a wider variety of functions were provided on a county-wide basis.[85]

Subdivisions

Yorkshire has three major subdivisions known as the ridings of Yorkshire:

Some of the counties have major subdivisions. Of these, the most significant are the divisions of Yorkshire: the East Riding, West Riding, North Riding and the ainsty of York. Since Yorkshire is so big, its ridings became established as geographical terms quite apart from their original role as administrative divisions. The second largest county, Lincolnshire, was divided into three historic "parts": Parts of Lindsey, Holland and Kesteven, and the Parts of Lindsey was itself divided into three ridings (North Riding, South Riding and West Riding). Other divisions include the special status of Tower Hamlets within Middlesex, those of Sussex into East Sussex and West Sussex and Suffolk into East Suffolk and West Suffolk, and, more informally and hence more vaguely, of Kent into East Kent and West Kent.

Several counties had liberties or sokes within them that were administered separately. Cambridgeshire had the Isle of Ely, and Northamptonshire had the Soke of Peterborough. Such divisions were used by such entities as the Quarter Sessions courts and were inherited by the later administrative county areas under the control of county councils.

Most English counties were subdivided into smaller subdivisions called hundreds. Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire were divided into wapentakes (a unit of Danish origin), while Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland were divided into wards, areas originally organised for military purposes, each centred on a castle.[86] Kent and Sussex had an intermediate level between the county and hundreds, known as lathes in Kent and rapes in Sussex. Hundreds or their equivalents were divided into tithings and parishes (the only class of these divisions still used administratively), which in turn were divided into townships and manors. In the 17th century the Ossulstone hundred of Middlesex was further divided into four divisions, which replaced the functions of the hundred. The borough and parish were the principal providers of local services throughout England until the creation of ad-hoc boards and, later, local government districts.

List of counties

The historic counties are as follows:

County Other names Contraction Additional status 1891 area rank a Origins
 Bedfordshire County of Bedford Beds[87][88][89] 36 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire.
 Berkshire County of Berks Berks[87][88][89] Royal county 34 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire.
 Buckinghamshire County of Buckingham Bucks[87][88][89] 33 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire of the Kingdom of Mercia.
 Cambridgeshire County of Cambridge Cambs[87][88][89] 25 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire. First mentioned early in the 11th century.
 Cheshire County of Chester Ches[87][89] County palatine 20 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire, probably dating from early in the 10th century.
 Cornwall Kernow Corn[87][89] Duchy + partial palatine powers 15 The western part of Dumnonia and then the Kingdom of Cornwall.
 Cumberland Cumb[87][89] 11 After Henry II regained territory from the Scots in the far north-west in 1157, the County of Carliol was established. By 1177, Carliol had become known as Cumberland.
 Derbyshire County of Derby Derbys[89] 19 Formed in the late Anglo-Saxon period from part of the Mercian Kingdom's province of the Peak District.
 Devon Devonshire 3 An Anglo-Saxon shire who name was derived from the Celtic kingdom of Dumnonia, with the shire of Devon forming the central-west part of the former kingdom.
 Dorset Dorsetshire Dor[89] 23 Ninth century Anglo-Saxon origins as a region of the people around Dorchester. First named as a shire in the 10th century.
 County Durham County of Durham (informally, County Durham) Co Dur[89] County palatine 21 The Anglo-Saxon Liberty of Durham. Recognized as a county palatine in 1293.
 Essex 10 Established in the late Anglo-Saxon period, some time after the larger former Kingdom of the East Saxons had lost its independence.
 Gloucestershire County of Gloucester Glos[87][88][89] 17 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire.
 Hampshire County of Southampton,[90] Southamptonshire Hants[87][88][89] 8 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire.
 Herefordshire County of Hereford Here[89] 27 Recorded as an Anglo-Saxon shire from the time of Athelstan (895–939).
 Hertfordshire County of Hertford Herts[87][88][89] 35 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire.
 Huntingdonshire County of Huntingdon Hunts[87][89] 37 Of Danish origin, the shire of Huntingdon was first delimited in Anglo-Saxon times.
 Kent 9 The Jutish Kingdom of Kent. Designated as county palatine in 1067.
 Lancashire County of Lancaster Lancs[87][88][89] County palatine 6 The hundreds in-between the Mersey and the Ribble in the Domesday Book. Established as a county in 1182.
 Leicestershire County of Leicester Leics[87][88][89] 28 Oldest surviving record of the country name is in the Domesday Book of 1087.
 Lincolnshire County of Lincoln Lincs[87][88][89] 2 The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Lindsey was established in the 5th or 6th century and later it was merged with the Danelaw borough of Stamford to form Lincolnshire.
 Middlesex Mx,[87] Middx,[88] Mddx[89] 38 The county has its roots in the Middle Saxon Province of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Essex.
 Norfolk Norf[89] 4 Originally the northern half of the Kingdom of East Anglia, it was first mentioned in Anglo-Saxon wills dating from the middle of the 11th century.
 Northamptonshire County of Northampton Northants[87][88][89] 22 Of Anglo-Saxon origins, the county's name was first recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011.
 Northumberland Northumb,[87][89] Northd[88][89] 5 The Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia, which became the northern part of Anglo-Saxon Northumbria. Incorporated into England in AD 927 and subsequently absorbed into the Earldom of Northumbria before the northern part became the Earldom of Northumberland in 1377.
 Nottinghamshire County of Nottingham Notts[87][88][89] 26 Although established as an organised territory by 6th century, its first mention in historical records occurs in 1016 when it was harried by Canute.
 Oxfordshire County of Oxford Oxon[87][88][89] 31 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire.
 Rutland Rutlandshire Rut[89] 39 An Anglo-Saxon soke that was first mentioned as a separate county in 1159.
 Shropshire County of Salop Shrops, Salop[87] 16 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire of the Kingdom of Mercia.
 Somerset Somersetshire Som[87][89] 7 Anglo-Saxon origins as a shire of Wessex with a documented history dating back to the reign of King Ine.
 Staffordshire County of Stafford Staffs,[87][88] Staf[89] 18 Although probably established early in the 10th century, its first mention in historical records occurs in 1016 when it was harried by Canute.
 Suffolk Suff[89] 12 Formed from the southern part of the Kingdom of East Anglia. While it was recorded as a distinct from Norfolk in the Domesday Book of 1086, it may have been established as a shire in its own right in the years preceding the Conquest.
 Surrey Sy[89] 30
 Sussex Sx,[91] Ssx[89] 13
 Warwickshire County of Warwick Warks,[88] War,[87] Warw[89] 24
 Westmorland Westm[89] 29 The Barony of Kendal and the Barony of Westmorland were formed into the single county of Westmorland in 1226-7.
 Wiltshire County of Wilts Wilts[87][88][89] 14
 Worcestershire County of Worcester Worcs[87][88][89] 32 First constituted as an Anglo-Saxon shire in 927 but associated with the older kingdom of the Hwicce.
 Yorkshire County of York Yorks[87][89] 1 Anglian Deira then Scandinavian York

The historic counties of England are included in the Index of Place Names (IPN) published by the Office for National Statistics. Each "place" included in the IPN is related to the historic county it lies within, as well as to a set of administrative areas.

Administrative and ceremonial uses

At the time of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England, the ancient counties continue to form, with considerably altered boundaries, many of the ceremonial and non-metropolitan counties in England. Some ancient counties have their names preserved in multiple contemporary units, such as Yorkshire in North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire or now correspond to another type of subdivision, such as the Huntingdonshire district. In some areas ancient counties have been abandoned for local government use and then later revived.

Other uses

The vice counties, used for biological recording since 1852, are largely based on historic county boundaries. They ignore all exclaves and are modified by subdividing large counties and merging smaller areas into neighbouring counties; such as Rutland with Leicestershire and Furness with Westmorland. The static boundaries make longitudinal study of biodiversity easier. They also cover the rest of Great Britain and Ireland.

See also

Footnotes

  • Note ^a : 1889 areas recorded in 1891 census. Accurate measurements were not available until the 19th century, as a by-product of the Ordnance Survey's boundary survey. The officially recorded areas were adjusted to match the new data at the time of the 1861 Census, replacing the less reliable figures previously used by the Registrar General.[92]

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 "Population. England and Wales. Vol. I. [Ancient] counties, 1881". Census of England and Wales 1881. Online Historical Population Reports. p. vi. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  2. ↑ "Preliminary Report, England and Wales, 1891". Census of England and Wales 1891. Online Historical Population Reports. p. vii. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  3. ↑ Youngs, Frederic A Jr. (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. pp. xii–xiii. ISBN 0-901050-67-9. Ancient County: Counties are geographic entities whose origins reach back into the pre-Conquest period. They were derived either from Jutish, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon kingdoms whose size made them suitable administrative units when England was unified in the tenth century, or as artificial creations formed from larger kingdoms. The number of 'shires' (the Anglo-Saxon term) or 'counties' (Norman term) varied in the medieval period, particularly in the north of England.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Local Government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System. London: HMSO. 1974. p. 1. ISBN 0-11-750847-0. ...the pattern of areas outside the conurbations has been based on the traditional counties. Some of the smallest counties have been amalgamated (e.g. Rutland and Leicestershire, Hereford and Worcester) and there have been boundary adjustments (e.g. between Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire) where the pattern of county boundaries no longer conforms to the pattern of life and administrative needs. But, otherwise, the geographical counties have remained substantially as before.
  5. ↑ "Definition of Sussex in English". Advance Dictionary. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  6. ↑ "Suffolk". Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 1997. p. 1135. ISBN 0877795460. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  7. ↑ "Specsavers County Championship". ECB. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  8. ↑ Bell, Bethan (20 April 2014). "Flying the county flag: The preservation of an identity". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  9. ↑ Worrall, Simon (22 November 2014). "Britons Feeling Rootless After Changes to England's Historic Counties". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  10. ↑ Vision of Britain Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine — Type details for ancient county. Retrieved 19 October 2006,
  11. ↑ Chisholm, Michael (2000). Structural Reform of British Local Government: Rhetoric and Reality. Manchester University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780719057717. Retrieved 15 April 2018. local government 1974 reform england.
  12. ↑ "UK Local Government – Key Dates" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  13. ↑ Chandler, J. A. (2007). "Local government before 1832". Explaining Local Government: Local Government in Britain Since 1800. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0719067068.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hackwood, Frederick William (1920). The Story of the Shire, being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions (PDF). London: Heath Cranton Limited.
  15. 1 2 Byrne, Tony (1994). Local Government in Britain. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017663-2.
  16. 1 2 Central Office of Information (1996). Local Government. Aspects of Britain. London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-702037-0.
  17. 1 2 Hampton, William (1991). Local Government and Urban Politics. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-06204-7.
  18. ↑ Mycock, Andrew (December 2016). "The Politics of England". The Political Quarterly. 87 (4): 542. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12283.
  19. ↑ The 1870s Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales used "Devonshire Archived 17 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine", "Dorsetshire Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine" and Somerset Archived 26 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine" as headwords, also mentioning the Somersetshire usage. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  20. ↑ Yorke, Barbara (1 January 1995). Wessex. A&C Black. ISBN 9780718518561 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ Henry of Huntingdon (29 December 1853). "The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon: Comprising the History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Accession of Henry II. Also, The Acts of Stephen, King of England and Duke of Normandy". H. G. Bohn – via Google Books.
  22. ↑ Vision of Britain Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine — Census Geographies. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  23. 1 2 Winchester, Angus J L (1990). Discovering Parish Boundaries. Oxford: Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0060-X.
  24. ↑ Cannon, John, ed. (2009). "Surrey". A Dictionary of British History (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
  25. ↑ "The Independent: Winchcombeshire, England's lost county, to ring in its 1,000th year". Independent.co.uk.
  26. ↑ Blair, Peter Hunter (17 July 2003). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521537773 – via Google Books.
  27. ↑ Domesday Explorer Archived 10 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine — Early administrative units. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  28. ↑ Stamford Visitor Information Archived 27 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine — Timeline. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  29. ↑ Domesday Explorer Archived 16 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine — County definition. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  30. 1 2 Sylvester (1980). p. 14.
  31. ↑ Morgan (1978). pp.269c–301c,d.
  32. ↑ Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252:
    Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Ælfhelm, and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.
  33. ↑ Phillips and Phillips (2002). pp. 26–31.
  34. ↑ Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: "The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary."
  35. ↑ This means that the map given in this article which depicts the counties at the time of the Domesday Book is misleading in this respect.
  36. ↑ George, David (1991). Lancashire. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2862-4.
  37. ↑ Domesday Book Online Archived 27 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Herefordshire. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  38. ↑ Harris & Thacker (1987, pp. 340–341)
  39. ↑ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
  40. ↑ Representation of the People Act 1918, c.64; Representation of the People Act 1948, c.65; Local Government Act 1933, c.51; Local Government Act 1972, c.70
  41. ↑ "Charter granted by Henry I to London". Florilegium Urbanum. 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  42. 1 2 Victoria County History. A history of the County of Middlesex. Vol. 2. pp. 15–60. Paragraph 12. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  43. ↑ "Text of Bristol Royal Charter of 1373". Archived from the original on 28 July 2011.
  44. ↑ Clark, Peter; Palliser, David Michael; Daunton, Martin J. (20 July 2000). The Cambridge Urban History of Britain. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521431415 – via Google Books.
  45. ↑ "Creation of the County of the City". A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8: The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick. British History Online. 1969. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  46. ↑ Wood, Bruce; Redcliffe-Maud, John (1974). English Local Government Reformed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-885091-3.
  47. ↑ Barlow, Max (1991). Metropolitan Government. Routledge Geography and Environment Series. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02099-9.
  48. ↑ Local Government Act 1888, S.31
  49. ↑ Ordnance Survey Six inches to the mile, Lancashire CXII.SW (Map). National Library of Scotland. 1946. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  50. ↑ "House of Lords: Cardiff Extension Bill third reading". Hansard. 27 July 1937. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  51. ↑ Ordnance Survey One-inch to the mile, 7th Series, Sheet 154 - Cardiff (Map). National Library of Scotland. 1961. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  52. ↑ Arnold-Baker, Charles (1973). Local Government Act 1972. London: Butterworth & Company. ISBN 0-406-11280-0.
  53. ↑ Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c.70), s. 216
  54. ↑ Jones, Bill (2004). Politics UK. London: Longmans. ISBN 0-13-099407-3.
  55. ↑ Dearlove, John (1979). The Reorganisation of British Local Government: Old Orthodoxies and a Political Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29456-8.
  56. ↑ Corby, Michael (1979). Postal Business, 1969-79: Study in Public Sector Management. London: Kogan Page. ISBN 0-85038-227-0.
  57. ↑ Royal Mail, Address Management Guide, (2004)
  58. ↑ Royal Mail, PAF Digest, (2003)
  59. ↑ Postcomm Decision Document, May 2010 Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ↑ BBC Sport - Cricket: Counties Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  61. ↑ ECB Archived 25 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine County Cricket Boards, List of
  62. ↑ Local Government Commission for England. Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of: Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin. December 1995.
  63. ↑ Lancastrians' pride in heritage Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News Online 27 November 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  64. ↑ White rose county has its day Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News Online 21 July 2003. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
  65. ↑ "The Association of British Counties". Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  66. ↑ "Campaign for Historic Counties". realcounties.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  67. ↑ "Eric Pickles: celebrate St George and England's traditional counties". Department for Communities and Local Government. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  68. ↑ Kelner, Simon (23 April 2013). "Eric Pickles's championing of traditional English counties is something we can all get behind". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  69. ↑ Garber, Michael (23 April 2013). "Government 'formally acknowledges' the Historic Counties to Celebrate St George's Day". Association of British Counties. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  70. 1 2 "Planning rules have been changed to allow councils to put up boundary signs marking traditional English counties". Department for Communities and Local Government. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
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  72. ↑ Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government Celebrating the Historic Counties of England Archived 1 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 1st Sept 2019
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  81. ↑ Regulation of Forces Act 1871
  82. ↑ Carl H. E. Zangerl (November 1971), "The Social Composition of the County Magistracy in England and Wales, 1831–1887", The Journal of British Studies 11(1):113–25.
  83. ↑ An Act for the more easy assessing, collecting and levying of County Rates, (12 Geo. 2. c. 29)
  84. ↑ Bridges Act 1803 (43 Geo. 3. c. 59) and Grand Jury (Ireland) Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 78)
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  86. ↑ W. L. Warren, The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency: The Prothero Lecture in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser., Vol. 34. (1984), p. 125
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Appendix I. General Abbreviations". Concise Oxford Dictionary (5 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1967. pp. 1524–1540.
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    Vision of Britain Archived 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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Bibliography
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