Buckinghamshire
Ceremonial county
The Chiltern Hills, the Rotunda in Stowe Gardens (bottom left), and the Peace Pagoda in Milton Keynes (bottom right)
Coordinates: 51°50′N 0°50′W / 51.833°N 0.833°W / 51.833; -0.833
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionSouth East
EstablishedAncient
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (British Summer Time)
Members of Parliament7 MPs
PoliceThames Valley Police
Largest cityMilton Keynes
Ceremonial county
Lord LieutenantThe Countess Howe DL
from 26 June 2020
High SheriffDame Ann Geraldine Limb[1]
Area1,874 km2 (724 sq mi)
 • Ranked32nd of 48
Population (2021)840,138
 • Ranked30th of 48
Density432/km2 (1,120/sq mi)
Ethnicity77.2% White
12,4%. Asian
5.0% Black
Mixed 3.7%[2]
Unitary authorities
CouncilsBuckinghamshire Council
Milton Keynes City Council
Districts

Districts of Buckinghamshire
  Unitary
Districts
  1. Buckinghamshire
  2. Milton Keynes

Buckinghamshire (/ˈbʌkɪŋəmʃər, -ʃɪər/, abbreviated Bucks),[3] is a ceremonial county in South East England and one of the home counties. It is bordered by Northamptonshire to the north, Bedfordshire to the north-east, Hertfordshire to the east, Greater London to the south-east, Berkshire to the south, and Oxfordshire to the west. The largest settlement is the city of Milton Keynes, and the county town is Aylesbury.

The county has an area of 1,874 km2 (724 sq mi) and had a population of 840,138 at the 2021 census.[2] Besides Milton Keynes (264,349),[4] which is in the north-east, the largest settlements are in the southern half of the county and include Aylesbury (94,238), High Wycombe (75,814), and Chesham (21,483). For local government purposes Buckinghamshire comprises two unitary authority areas, Buckinghamshire and Milton Keynes. The historic county had slightly different borders, and included the town of Slough.

The Chiltern Hills, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, occupy the south of the county and contain its highest point, Haddington Hill (267 m (876 ft)). The Chilterns are the source of the River Ouzel, which flows across the lowland Vale of Aylesbury in the north of the county and through Milton Keynes before meeting the River Great Ouse at Newport Pagnell. The Thames forms part of the county's southern boundary.

Notable service amenities in the county are Pinewood Film Studios, Dorney rowing lake and part of Silverstone race track on the Northamptonshire border. Many national companies have head offices or major centres in Milton Keynes. Heavy industry and quarrying is limited, with agriculture predominating after service industries.

History

Map of Bucks (1904)

The name Buckinghamshire is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means The district (scire) of Bucca's home. Bucca's home refers to Buckingham in the north of the county, and is named after the Anglo-Saxon landowner, Bucca. The county has been so named since about the 12th century; however, the county has existed since it was a subdivision of the kingdom of Mercia (585–919).

The history of the area predates the Anglo-Saxon period and the county has a rich history starting from the Brittonic and Roman periods, though the Anglo-Saxons perhaps had the greatest impact on Buckinghamshire: the geography of the rural county is largely as it was in the Anglo-Saxon period. Later, Buckinghamshire became an important political arena, with King Henry VIII intervening in local politics in the 16th century, and just a century later the English Civil War was reputedly started by John Hampden in mid-Bucks.[5]

Historically, the biggest change to the county came in the 19th century, when a combination of cholera and famine hit the rural county, forcing many to migrate to larger towns to find work. Not only did this alter the local economic situation, it meant a lot of land was going cheap at a time when the rich were more mobile, and leafy Bucks became a popular rural idyll: an image it still has today. Buckinghamshire is a popular home for London commuters, leading to greater local affluence; however, some pockets of relative deprivation remain.[6]

The expansion of London and coming of the railways promoted the growth of towns in the south of the county such as Aylesbury, Amersham and High Wycombe, leaving the town Buckingham itself to the north in a relative backwater.[7] As a result, most county institutions are now based in the south of the county or Milton Keynes, rather than in Buckingham.

Geography

The county can be split into two sections geographically. The south leads from the River Thames up the gentle slopes of the Chiltern Hills to the more abrupt slopes on the northern side leading to the Vale of Aylesbury and the City of Milton Keynes UA, a large and relatively level expanse of land that is the southern catchment of the River Great Ouse.

Waterways

Rivers

The county includes parts of two of the four longest rivers in England. The Thames forms the southern boundary with Berkshire, which has crept over the border at Eton and Slough so that the river is no longer the sole boundary between the two counties. The Great Ouse rises just outside the county in Northamptonshire and flows east through Buckingham, Milton Keynes and Olney.

Canals

The River Thames at Medmenham

The main branch of the Grand Union Canal passes through the county as do its arms to Slough and Aylesbury, as well as the disused arms to Wendover and Buckingham. The canal has been incorporated into the landscaping of Milton Keynes.

Landscape

The southern part of the county is dominated by the Chiltern Hills. The two highest points in Buckinghamshire are Haddington Hill in Wendover Woods (a stone marks its summit) at 267 m (876 ft) above sea level[8] and Coombe Hill near Wendover at 260 m (850 ft).

Mineral extraction

Quarrying has taken place for chalk, clay for brickmaking and gravel and sand in the river valleys. Flint, also extracted from quarries, was often used to build older local buildings. Several former quarries, now flooded, have become nature reserves.[9]

Demography

Buckinghamshire unitary authorities
Authority Main towns Population
(2011)[10]		 Area
(km2)		 Population
density
(2011)		 Projected
population
(2026)
Buckinghamshire Council Aylesbury, Buckingham, High Wycombe, Marlow, Amersham, Chesham, Beaconsfield, Burnham505,2831564.95323/km2530,800
Milton Keynes City Council Milton Keynes urban area (includes towns of Bletchley, Central Milton Keynes, Fenny Stratford, Newport Pagnell, Stony Stratford, Woburn Sands and Wolverton), Olney248,821308.63806/km2323,146[11]
Total for ceremonial county754,1041873.58402/km2853,946
Suburban housing, Chesham

The administration of Buckinghamshire is further sub-divided into civil parishes.

Today Buckinghamshire is ethnically diverse, particularly in the larger towns. At the end of the 19th century some Welsh drover families settled in north Bucks and, in the last quarter of the 20th century, a large number of Londoners in Milton Keynes. Between 6 and 7% of the population of Aylesbury are of Asian or Asian British origin.[12] Likewise Chesham has a similar-sized Asian community,[13] and High Wycombe is the most ethnically diverse town in the county,[6] with large Asian and Afro-Caribbean populations.[6] During the Second World War there were many Polish settlements in Bucks, Czechs in Aston Abbotts and Wingrave, and Albanians in Frieth. Remnants of these communities remain in the county.

Politics

Bucks County Council's County Hall
Wendover Dean

Ceremonial

The ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire consists of both unitary authority areas combined. The ceremonial county has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff. Since November 2020, the Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire is The Countess Elizabeth Howe[14] and the High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire is Dame Ann Geraldine Limb, DBE of Stony Stratford[1] The office of Custos rotulorum has been combined with that of Lord Lieutenant since 1702.

The ceremonial county has two top-level administrations – both are unitary authorities – Buckinghamshire Council, which administers about four-fifths of the county and two-thirds of its population, and Milton Keynes City Council, which administers the remainder.

Buckinghamshire County Council (1889–1997)

Buckinghamshire County Council was founded in 1889 with its base in new municipal buildings in Walton Street, Aylesbury (which are still there).

In 1966, the council moved into new premises: a 15-storey tower block in the centre of Aylesbury (pictured) designed by county architect Fred Pooley. It is now a Grade II listed building.

From 1974 (following the Local Government Act 1972[15]) local administration was run on a two-tier system where public services were split between the county council and five district councils (Aylesbury Vale, Chiltern, Milton Keynes, South Bucks and Wycombe).

Buckinghamshire County Council (1997–2020)

In 1997, the northernmost part of Buckinghamshire, until then Milton Keynes District, was separated to form a unitary authority, the Borough of Milton Keynes; for ceremonial purposes Milton Keynes remains part of Buckinghamshire.[16] The administration of the remainder of the county continued to be called Buckinghamshire County Council.

Buckinghamshire County Council was a large employer in the county and provided a variety of services, including education (schools, adult education and youth services), social services, highways, libraries, County Archives and Record Office, the County Museum and the Roald Dahl Children's Gallery in Aylesbury, consumer services and some aspects of waste disposal and planning.

Buckinghamshire Council (2020 onwards)

Buckinghamshire Council is a unitary authority covering most of the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire.[17] It was created in April 2020 from the areas that were previously administered by Buckinghamshire County Council and the district councils of South Bucks, Chiltern, Wycombe, and Aylesbury Vale.

Milton Keynes City Council

City Council building in Central Milton Keynes

Milton Keynes City Council was formed by the Local Government Act 1972 as the "Milton Keynes District Council", subordinate to Buckinghamshire County Council. The (district) council was first elected in 1973, a year before formally coming into its powers and prior to the creation of the District of Milton Keynes on 1 April 1974. The council gained borough status, entitling it to be known as "Milton Keynes Borough Council" and to annually appoint a (ceremonial) Mayor of Milton Keynes.[18][19] On 1 April 1997, it became a self-governing unitary authority, and renaimed itself to "Milton Keynes Council". In 2022, the Borough of Milton Keynes became the City of Milton Keynes, following award of Letters Patent, finally renaming itself to the current "Milton Keynes City Council." The remit of the City Council extends beyond the 1967 designated area of the new town of Milton Keynes and the Milton Keynes urban area, encompassing a significant rural area of many villages and hamlets, and the market town of Olney.

Flag

The flag of the historic county of Buckinghamshire

The traditional flag of Buckinghamshire comprises a chained swan on a bicolour of red and black. The flag was registered with the Flag Institute on 20 May 2011.

Coat of arms

Neolithic Barrow, Whiteleaf Hill

The coat of arms of the former Buckinghamshire County Council features a white swan in chains. This dates back to the Anglo-Saxon period, when swans were bred in Buckinghamshire for the king's pleasure. That the swan is in chains illustrates that the swan is bound to the monarch, an ancient law that still applies to wild swans in the UK today. The arms were first borne at the Battle of Agincourt by the Duke of Buckingham.

Above the swan is a gold band, in the centre of which is Whiteleaf Cross, representing the many ancient landmarks of the county. The shield is surmounted by a beech tree, representing the Chiltern Forest that once covered almost half the county. Either side of the shield are a buck, for Buckingham, and a swan, the county symbol.

The motto of the shield is Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum. This is Latin and means 'no stepping back' (or 'no steps backwards').[20]

Economy

Offices, Milton Keynes
Ercol furniture factory, Princes Risborough

Buckinghamshire has a modern service-based economy and is part of the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire NUTS-2 region, which was the seventh richest subregion in the European Union in 2002.[21] As well as the highest GDP per capita outside Inner London, Buckinghamshire has the highest quality of life, the highest life expectancy and the best education results in the country.[22] The southern part of the county is a prosperous section of the London commuter belt. The county has fertile agricultural lands, with many landed estates, especially those of the Rothschild banking family of England in the 19th century (see Rothschild properties in England). The county has several annual agricultural shows, with the Bucks County Show established in 1859. Manufacturing industries include furniture-making (traditionally centred at High Wycombe), pharmaceuticals and agricultural processing. Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath is a principal centre of operations for film and TV production in the UK.

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Buckinghamshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of Pounds sterling (except GVA index).[23]

Figures in £ millions
YearRegional Gross
Value Added[lower-alpha 1]		Agriculture[lower-alpha 2]Industry[lower-alpha 3]Services[lower-alpha 4]GVA index
per person[lower-alpha 5]
19956,008601,7464,201118
20008,389451,8636,481125
20039,171501,7937,328118

Places of interest

Stowe Landscape Garden
The Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre, Great Missenden

Buckinghamshire is notable for its open countryside and natural features, including the Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Stowe Landscaped Gardens near Buckingham, and the River Thames.[24] The Ridgeway Path, a long-distance footpath, passes through the county. The county also has many historic houses. Some of these are opened to the public by the National Trust, such as Waddesdon Manor, West Wycombe Park and Cliveden.[25] Other historic houses are still in use as private homes, such as the Prime Minister's country retreat Chequers.[26]

Claydon House (near Steeple Claydon), Hughendon Manor (near High Wycombe), Stowe Landscaped Gardens, and Waddesdon Manor (near Aylesbury) are in the care of the National Trust.

Mentmore Towers, a 19th-century English country house built by the Rothschilds is located the village of Mentmore. It is the largest of the English Rothschild houses and is known for its Jacobean-styled architecture designed by Joseph Paxton.[27]

Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes is the site of World War II British codebreaking and Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic digital computer. Together with the co-located National Museum of Computing, it is a nationally important visitor attraction.

Examples of historical architecture in the Chiltern region are preserved at the Chiltern Open Air Museum, an open-air folk museum near Chalfont St Giles. The 45-acre (180,000 m2) site contains reconstructed buildings which might otherwise have been destroyed or demolished as a result of redevelopment or road construction.[28][29]

The market town of Olney, in the Milton Keynes UA, is home to Cowper and Newton Museum which celebrates the work and lives of two famous figures: William Cowper (1731–1800) a celebrated 18th-century poet; and John Newton, a prominent slave trade abolitionist who was curate in the local church. Together, Cowper and Newton wrote the Olney Hymns, including one of the world's most popular hymns, Amazing Grace.

Buckinghamshire is the home of various notable people in connection with whom tourist attractions have been established: for example the author Roald Dahl who included many local features and characters in his works.[30] Artists William Callow and Harriet Anne Smart Callow produced many paintings of the area in the late 19th century.[31]

Sports facilities in Buckinghamshire include half of the international Silverstone Circuit which straddles the Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire border, the Adams Park Stadium in the south and Stadium MK in the north, and Dorney Lake (named 'Eton Dorney' for the event) was used as the rowing venue for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Television

The county is covered by three overlapping TV regions

Transport

Roads

The M40 in the Chilterns
Local bus, Amersham

Buckinghamshire is served by four motorways, although two are on its borders:

  • M1 motorway: serves Milton Keynes in the north via junctions 13 and 14 (although the former is just outside the county boundary in Bedfordshire).
  • M4 motorway: passes through the very south of the county with only J7 in Bucks.
  • M25 motorway: passes into Bucks but has only one junction (J16-interchange for the M40).
  • M40 motorway: cuts through the south of the county serving towns such as High Wycombe and Beaconsfield.

Six important A roads also enter the county (from north to south):

  • A428: has a very small section through the county, serving the northern villages of Lavendon and Cold Brayfield.
  • A5: serves Milton Keynes.
  • A421: serves Milton Keynes and Buckingham; links the M1 to the M40.
  • A40: parallels M40 through south Bucks and continues to Central London.
  • A41: cuts through the centre of the county from Watford to Bicester, serving Aylesbury.
  • A4: serves Taplow in the very south.

Also less important primary A roads enter the country:

  • A404: serves Marlow and High Wycombe.
  • A509: serves the north of the county, starting at the A5 near Central Milton Keynes, heading north-east towards Olney via M1 J14, eventually leaving the county at Warrington for Wellingborough and Kettering.
  • A4010: runs from M40 J4 (High Wycombe) to Stoke Mandeville.
  • A4146: runs from Leighton Buzzard (Bedfordshire) to Milton Keynes.

The county is poorly served with internal routes, with the A413 and A418 linking the south and north of the county.

Rail

Little Kimble railway station, a typical rural village halt on the Aylesbury–Princes Risborough line
Milton Keynes Central railway station provides intercity and commuter services on the West Coast Main Line

As part of the London commuter belt, Buckinghamshire is well connected to the national rail network, with both local commuter and inter-city services serving some destinations.

Chiltern Railways is a principal train operating company in Buckinghamshire, providing the majority of local commuter services from the centre and south of the county, with trains running into London Marylebone. Great Western operates commuter services from Taplow and Iver into London Paddington. West Midlands Trains provides these services from Milton Keynes Central into Euston or Birmingham New Street, and Southern operates commuter services via the West London Line from Milton Keynes Central to East Croydon.

Avanti West Coast operates inter-city services from Milton Keynes Central to Euston, North West England, the West Midlands, the Scottish Central Belt, and North Wales. Great Western operates non-stop services through the south of the county from Paddington to South West England and South Wales.

There are four main lines running through the county:

There are the following additional lines:

As of 2021, contractors are working on behalf of the East West Rail Company to reinstate the route between Oxford and Bletchley via Winslow, enabling services to Milton Keynes Central from 2025.[32] The line between Aylesbury and Claydon Junction may also be reinstated in the same programme, enabling services between Aylesbury and Milton Keynes, but this option is not programmed. Construction of High Speed 2 is also underway and is planned to run non-stop through the county at some future date.

Settlements

Largest built-up areas in ceremonial Buckinghamshire (2011 census)
Built-up areaPopulation (2011)[33]Local AuthorityNotes
Milton Keynes 229,941City of Milton KeynesIncludes the 1967 'designated development area' of Milton Keynes in addition to the towns of Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands (which were outside the 1967 boundary), as well as Bletchley, Fenny Stratford, Wolverton and Stony Stratford (which were within it). Central Milton Keynes, the city centre, is a civil parish with a town council. The built-up area extends into Bedfordshire via the contiguous civil parishes of Aspley Guise and Aspley Heath.[34]
High Wycombe 133,204 Buckinghamshire Includes suburbs of Downley and Hazlemere.[6]
Aylesbury 74,748 Buckinghamshire County town of Buckinghamshire. Population of Aylesbury built-up area includes Stoke Mandeville and Bierton
Amersham/Chesham 46,122 Buckinghamshire The Amersham/Chesham built-up area includes both Amersham and Chesham.[35]
Gerrards Cross 20,633 Buckinghamshire Includes Chalfont St Peter. The area lacks town status but is the 5th largest conurbation in the county.
Marlow 18,261 Buckinghamshire
Beaconsfield 13,797 Buckinghamshire
Buckingham 12,890 Buckinghamshire Historically the county town of Buckinghamshire
Princes Risborough 8,231 Buckinghamshire
Wendover 7,702 Buckinghamshire
Olney 6,477 City of Milton Keynes
Chalfont St Giles 7,957 Buckinghamshire Built-up area includes Seer Green and Jordans
Prestwood 7,501 Buckinghamshire Built-up area includes Great Missenden
Winslow 4,407 Buckinghamshire

For the full list of towns, villages and hamlets in Buckinghamshire, see List of places in Buckinghamshire. Throughout history, there have been changes to the Buckinghamshire boundary.

Education

The Gateway Building, Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe.

Artist and composer Harriet Anne Smart started a school in Buckinghamshire in the 1850s to teach local labourers how to read.[36] Today, education in Buckinghamshire is governed by two Local Education Authorities, Buckinghamshire Council and Milton Keynes City Council. Buckinghamshire Council is one of the few remaining LEAs still using the tripartite system, albeit with some revisions such as the abolition of secondary technical schools. It has a completely selective education system: pupils transfer either to a grammar school or to a secondary modern school or free school depending on how they perform in the Eleven-Plus exam and on their preferences. Pupils who do not take the test can only be allocated places at secondary modern schools or free school. There are 9 independent schools and 34 maintained (state) secondary schools, not including sixth form colleges, in the county council area. There is also the Buckinghamshire University Technical College which offers secondary education from age 14. The unitary authority of Milton Keynes operates a comprehensive education system: there are 8 maintained (state) secondary schools in the City Council area.

Buckinghamshire is also home to the University of Buckingham, Buckinghamshire New University, the National Film and Television School, and the Open University. The University of Bedfordshire has a campus in Milton Keynes.

Notable people

John Milton's cottage, Chalfont
Cliveden
Buckingham church seen from across the Ouse

Buckinghamshire is the birthplace and/or final resting place of several notable individuals. St Osyth was born in Quarrendon and was buried in Aylesbury in the 7th century[37] while at about the same time Saint Rumbold (or Rumwald) was buried in Buckingham.[38] In the medieval period, Roger of Wendover and Anne Boleyn also owned property in the same town.[39][40] It is said that King Henry VIII made Aylesbury the county town in preference to Buckingham because Boleyn's father owned property there and was a regular visitor himself.[41] Other medieval residents included Edward the Confessor, who had a palace at Brill,[42] and John Wycliffe who lived in Ludgershall.[43]

Buckinghamshire later became home to some notable literary characters. Edmund Waller was brought up in Beaconsfield and served as Member of Parliament (MP) for both Amersham and Wycombe. Mary Shelley and her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley lived for some time in Marlow, attracted to the town by their friend Thomas Love Peacock who also lived there.[44] John Milton lived in Chalfont St Giles and his cottage can still be visited there[45] and John Wilkes was MP for Aylesbury.[46] Later authors include Jerome K. Jerome who lived at Marlow,[47] T. S. Eliot who also lived at Marlow,[48] Roald Dahl who lived at Great Missenden,[49] Enid Blyton who lived in Beaconsfield[50] and Edgar Wallace who lived at Bourne End[51] and is buried in Little Marlow.[52] Modern-day writers from Bucks include Terry Pratchett who was born in Beaconsfield,[53] Tim Rice who is from Amersham[54] and Andy Riley who is from Aylesbury.

During the Second World War a number of European politicians and statesmen were exiled in England. Many of these settled in Bucks as it is close to London. President Edvard Beneš of Czechoslovakia lived at Aston Abbotts with his family while some of his officials were stationed at nearby Addington and Wingrave.[55] Meanwhile, Władysław Sikorski, military leader of Poland, lived at Iver[56] and King Zog of Albania lived at Frieth.[57] Much earlier, King Louis XVIII of France lived in exile at Hartwell House from 1809 to 1814.

Also on the local political stage Buckinghamshire has been home to Nancy Astor who lived in Cliveden,[58] Frederick, Prince of Wales who also lived in Cliveden,[59] Baron Carrington who lives in Bledlow,[60] Benjamin Disraeli who lived at Hughenden Manor and was made Earl of Beaconsfield,[61] John Hampden who was from Great Hampden and is revered in Aylesbury to this day[5] and Prime Minister Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery who lived at Mentmore.[62] Also worthy of note are William Penn who believed he was descended from the Penn family of Penn and so is buried nearby[63] and the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who has an official residence at Chequers. John Archdale, the colonial governor of North Carolina and South Carolina, was born in Buckinghamshire.[64]

Other notable natives of Buckinghamshire include:

Notable celebrities living in Buckinghamshire include:

See also

Hand-drawn map of Oxford, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire by Christopher Saxton from 1576.

Notes

  1. ↑ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
  2. ↑ includes hunting and forestry
  3. ↑ includes energy and construction
  4. ↑ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
  5. ↑ UK average index base = 100

References

  1. 1 2 "No. 63990". The London Gazette. 10 March 2023. p. 4634.
  2. 1 2 UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Buckingham UA (E06000060)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 December 2023. plus UK Census (2021). "2021 Census Area Profile – Milton Keynes UA (E06000042)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  3. ↑ EB (1878).
  4. ↑ "United Kingdom: Countries and Major Urban Areas". citypopulation.de. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  5. 1 2 "Biography of John Hampden". Johnhampden.org. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "High Wycombe Local Community Area Profile" (PDF). Buckinghamshire County Council. October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2012.
  7. ↑ "About Buckingham". University of Buckingham. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  8. ↑ Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 105–110. ISBN 978-1-84-953239-6.
  9. ↑ "College Lake". BBOWT. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  10. ↑ "2011 Census: KS101EW Usual resident population, local authorities in England and Wales". 2 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  11. ↑ "Milton Keynes intelligence Observatory". Archived from the original on 1 July 2012.
  12. ↑ "Aylesbury Local Community Area Profile" (PDF). Buckinghamshire County Council. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2012.
  13. ↑ "Profile of Chesham". Chesham Town Council. January 2009. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  14. ↑ "The Lord-Lieutenant | Buckinghamshire Lieutenancy". Buckinghamshire Lieutenancy.
  15. ↑ "The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1972/2039, retrieved 25 April 2023
  16. ↑ "Lieutenancies Act 1997", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1997 c. 23
  17. ↑ Dean, Sam (16 March 2020). "Bucks County Council takes final curtain call after 131 years". Bucks Herald. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  18. ↑ "District Councils and Boroughs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 March 1974. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  19. ↑ "Table III(a)". Local Government in England and wales. a Guide to the New System. London: HMSO. 1974. pp. 15–109. ISBN 0117508470.
  20. ↑ Pine, L.G. (1983). A dictionary of mottoes (1 ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 249. ISBN 0-7100-9339-X.
  21. ↑ "Regional GDP per capita in the EU25 GDP per capita in 2002 ranged from 32% of the EU25 average in Lubelskie to 315% in Inner London". Europa (web portal). 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  22. ↑ Burridge, Nicky (29 March 2008). "Buckinghamshire is best county". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 20 August 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
  23. ↑ Office for National Statistics Archived 25 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine (pp.240–253)
  24. ↑ "Welcome to Buckinghamshire!". Visit Buckinghamshire. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  25. ↑ "The National Trust". Visit Buckinghamshire. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  26. ↑ Savage, Mike (12 March 2010). "View from the new 250mph rail route". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  27. ↑ "Mentmore Towers, Buckinghamshire, England | Rothschild Family". family.rothschildarchive.org. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  28. ↑ "Historic Buildings". coam.org.uk. Chiltern Open Air Museum. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  29. ↑ Matthews, Helen; Matthews, Neil (15 February 2019). Slow Travel: The Chilterns & the Thames Valley. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1-78477-613-8. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  30. ↑ "Roald Dahl Trail". Visit Buckinghamshire. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  31. ↑ Callow, William. "Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust – Member of The Gardens Trust" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  32. ↑ "Oxford to Bedford: the Western Section of East West Rail is already being delivered". East West Rail Ltd. 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  33. ↑ "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  34. ↑ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Milton Keynes Built-up area (E34005056)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 29 March 2019. (see map)
  35. ↑ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Amersham/Chesham Built-up area (E34004892)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 February 2022. (see map)
  36. ↑ Callow, William (1908). An Autobiography. A. and C.Black.
  37. ↑ Tendring District Council Conservation Area Review Archived 3 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine (pdf)
  38. ↑ "Biography of St Rumwold, University of Buckingham". University of Buckingham. 19 August 2008.
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