Winston Churchill with Joseph Stalin and his interpreter at the 1945 Yalta Conference

The Anglo-Soviet Agreement was a declaration signed by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union on 12 July 1941 to cooperate in the war against Nazi Germany. Shortly after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, both powers pledged to assist each other and not to make a separate peace with Germany.[1]

The agreement was to be valid until the end of war against Nazi Germany. The two principles of the agreement, a commitment to mutual assistance and renunciation of a separate peace, were similar to those in the earlier Declaration of St James's Palace and the later Declaration by United Nations.

Background

The Soviet Union and the Third Reich signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression pact between the two nations, on 23 August 1939. A secret part of the agreement defined the areas of Eastern Europe that fell into their respective spheres of influence. In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and the USSR invaded Poland from the east and the new border remained static.

On 22 June 1941 Germany began an attack along the whole length of its border with the USSR from the Baltic states to Ukraine.[2] The Soviet forces were unprepared and the attacks paralysed the Soviet command system and German forces advanced rapidly into Soviet territories.

Negotiations

Initial discussions about an alliance were characterised by mutual suspicion between the UK and the Soviet Union.[3] Three weeks of difficult negotiations followed before the two countries reached an agreement to cooperate against Germany. The UK consulted with the US, Canada, Australia and South Africa before concluding the agreement.[4] The military alliance was to be valid until the end of the war against Germany.[5][6]

The agreement was signed on 12 July 1941 by Sir Stafford Cripps, British Ambassador to the Soviet Union[lower-alpha 1] and Vyacheslav Molotov, the Soviet People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs[lower-alpha 2], and it did not require ratification.[7]

Text

The agreement contained two clauses:

(1) The two Governments mutually undertake to render each other assistance and support of all kinds in the present war against Hitlerite Germany.
(2) They further undertake that during this war they will neither negotiate nor conclude an armistice or treaty of peace except by mutual agreement.

Effect

With the signing of the agreement, the UK and Soviet Union formally became allies against Germany. Winston Churchill stated, "It is of course an alliance and the Russian people are now our allies."[8]

The Arctic convoys from Britain to the Soviet Union began the following month as did the joint Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran which opened up a supply route to the USSR. In Iran, Rezā Shāh was removed from power and the new Shah, Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, signed a Tripartite Treaty Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union in January 1942 to aid the allied war effort in a non-military way.

The two principles of the agreement, a commitment to mutual assistance and renunciation of a separate peace, mirrored the first two resolutions of the Declaration of St James's Palace with other Allies, which formed the basis of the Declaration by United Nations signed in January 1942.[9][10]

The agreement was broadened by the Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 to include a political alliance lasting 20 years.[11]

Reactions

According to Lynn Davis, the United States perceived the agreement to mean that the Soviet Union intended to support the postwar re-establishment of independence of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.[12]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ As "His Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics."
  2. ↑ as "The Deputy President of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics"

References

  1. ↑ Chubarov, Alexander. Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras, pg. 119
  2. ↑ Martin Kitchen, "Winston Churchill and the Soviet Union during the Second World War," The Historical Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1987), pp. 415-436
  3. ↑ Gabriel, Gorodetsky (1988). "The Origins of the Cold War. Stalin, Churchill and the Formation of the Grand Alliance". The Russian Review. 47 (2): 155. Churchill's famous speech of 22 June was directed to varying quarters and brilliantly concealed his determination to avoid a genuine association. Churchill had readily bowed to a request by both the Chiefs of Staff and the Foreign Office not to refer to the Russians as allies.
  4. ↑ Miner, Steven Merritt (1988). Between Churchill and Stalin, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the origins of the Grand Alliance, by Miner, Steven Merritt, 1988. . Chapel Hill. Capel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 147–9. ISBN 0807817961.
  5. ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A World at Arms, a global history of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–5. ISBN 9780521853163. On the political front, the Soviet Union and Great Britain had signed an agreement in Moscow on July 12, 1941. Requested by Stalin as a sign of cooperation, it provided for mutual assistance and an understanding not to negotiate or conclude an armistice or peace except by mutual consent. Soviet insistence on such an agreement presumably reflected their suspicion of Great Britain, though there is no evidence that either party to it ever ceased to have its doubt about the loyalty of the other if attractive alternatives were thought to be available.
  6. ↑ Woodward, Llewellyn (1962). British Foreign Policy in the Second World War. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 162–3. He [Cripps] replied on July 10 that Stalin had accepted 'an agreement for joint action between His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and the government of the U.S.S.R. in the war against Germany.' ...The agreement was signed on July 12.
  7. ↑ Anglo-Soviet Agreement BBC radio broadcast 13 July 1941
  8. ↑ Knight, Claire (2013). "The Making Of The Soviet Ally In British Wartime Popular Press Journalism Studies 2013. Volume 14 Issue 4 483". Journalism Studies. 14 (4): 483 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  9. ↑ "1942: Declaration of The United Nations". United Nations. 2015-08-25. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  10. ↑ United Nations, Dept of Public Information (1986). Everyone's United Nations. UN. p. 5. ISBN 978-92-1-100273-7.
  11. ↑ Slusser, Robert M.; Triska, Jan F. (1959). A Calendar of Soviet Treaties 1917-1957. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 144.
  12. ↑ Davis, Lynn Etheridge (1974). The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict Over East Europe. Princeton University Press. pp. 11–37. JSTOR j.ctt13x0xjw.
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