Ankawa
عنكاوا
عەنکاوە
ܥܲܢܟܵܒ̣ܵܐ
Views around the entrance to Ankawa at Ankawa Road and Hundred Meter Road.
Views around the entrance to Ankawa at Ankawa Road and Hundred Meter Road.
Ankawa is located in Iraqi Kurdistan
Ankawa
Ankawa
Ankawa is located in Iraq
Ankawa
Ankawa
Coordinates: 36°13′45″N 43°59′37″E / 36.22917°N 43.99361°E / 36.22917; 43.99361
Country Iraq
Autonomous region Kurdistan Region
ProvinceErbil Governorate
MunicipalityAnkawa
Population
 (2011)
 • Total30,000 (refugees included−100,000)[1]
 The town received thousands of primarily Christian Refugees from Nineveh Plains in 2014, many of whom have returned since 2017.
Websitehttps://english.ankawa.com/

Ankawa (Arabic: عنكاوا, romanized: Ankāwā;[2] Kurdish: عەنکاوە, romanized: Ankawa,[3][4] Syriac: ܥܲܢܟܵܒ̣ܵܐ) is a suburb of Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.[5] It is located 8 kilometres (5 mi) northwest of downtown Erbil. The suburb is predominantly populated by Assyrians, most of whom adhere to the Chaldean Catholic Church.[6]

History

Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Ankawa: The Patriarchal see of the Assyrian Church of the East
Chaldean Catholic Church of Saint Joseph in Ankawa
St. George's Church, Ankawa
The Syriac Catholic Church of Mart Shmony in Ankawa
Tell Qasra Archaeological

Ankawa originally called Beth Amka, which later morphed to Amku-Bad, Ankava, and finally Ankawa. The name of the town is mentioned in Bar Hebraeus's book entitled "A Brief History of the Countries," where he states: "Mongolian troops attacked the area of Erbil on Sunday July 1285 and reached some villages.....including Ankawa." The shrine of Mary also known as Mariamana was built after the ancient Roman designs.[7] Tell Qasra, or Qasra Knoll, is an ancient archaeological site, a 6 meter high mound that was used as a palace in the center of Ankawa. The hill dates back to the Neo-Assyrian period. The city was formerly known as Arbela which was the capital city of Adiabene and the seat of Ishtar.[8]

Ankawa has many archaeological sites, including "The Hill," which was recorded as an archaeological site in Iraq in 1945. It is also home to Cathedral of Saint Joseph (Umra d'Mar Yosip), the seat of the Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Arbil.[9] Ankawa used to be a small village located northwest of Erbil, but has grown into a city in its own right.[10] The city has recently become a principal settlement for Christians in Iraq. One of the main reasons for the town's population rise is due to the ISIS takeover of the Nineveh Plains in 2014 after KRG security forces forcibly disarmed local populations in the Nineveh Plains,[11][12][13][14][15][16] asserting a full monopoly of arms and control over security,[17][18] while pledging to protect all, and then preemptively retreated from their posts as ISIS approached,[19] abandoning the local populations and exposing them to genocide,[20] all without informing locals that they were withdrawing at the last minute and without firing a single bullet.[21][22][15] This caused a fair amount of those who fled to come to Ankawa and other areas in the Kurdistan Region.[23] The Assyrian Church of the East, which after several decades of being located in the United States, has decided to move their Patriarchal see to Ankawa.[9]

Allegations of tax discrimination

The Assyrian Policy Institute (API) has accused the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) of business and tax discrimination on the Assyrian residents of Ankawa on numerous occasions. One 2018 API report claimed that the KRG required all business owners from the city to renew their business licenses with the Erbil Center District for a fee. The alleged regulation applied exclusively to Ankawa, despite the fact that nine other districts were under the Erbil Center District's jurisdiction. There were also allegations that the renewal process was deliberately lengthy and expensive, and that KRG officials expected bribes in exchange for processing the renewals.[6] Many Assyrians viewed this as an attempt by the KRG to hurt their businesses and secure a monopoly on industries in their areas of control.[24]

The KRG released an official statement in which they denied these allegations and referred to them as “baseless.”[25][26][27]

The API responded to the KRG's denial of these claims in a later report. The API claimed that this latest denial of human rights abuses by the KRG is consistent with previous denial of accusations of wrongdoing. Examples of this that the API provided was the KRG's denial of accusations made by Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the US Department of State Human Rights Report.[28] The report goes on to say that the reason that the API had originally made the claim about the KRG tax policy was due to an Ankawa-based activist group called Hand in Hand approaching them and explaining the situation to them.[28] The report also provided documentation of the ordinance in question that proved that a new tax policy specifically in Ankawa had been created by the KRG.[29]

The report then says that Assyrian business-owners affected by the new tax policy as well as Assyrian parliamentarians in the Iraqi Parliament and the Kurdistan Region Parliament who corroborated these claims. Some business-owners attempted to legally appeal the policy, but the government upheld its decision.[30]

Furthermore, the report claimed that the Assyrian parliamentarians who were interviewed about the new tax policy claimed that they had inquired to the KRG Shura Council about the policy, and received a response saying:

"Not collecting this tax in some towns as a result of negligence or incompetence of the relevant KRG departments is no reason to refrain from collecting such a tax in said towns [Ankawa]."[31]

The API stated that this was essentially a public admission by the KRG that the tax collection policy was arbitrary.

The report concluded that the tax rate was imposed on the city of Ankawa as an act of business discrimination against one of the only Assyrian-majority areas in KRG jurisdiction. They encouraged the KRG to formally accept their role in this policy, and claimed that they, “[stand] ready to meet with KRG officials both in Iraq and in the United States to address the many long-standing grievances of Ankawa residents, including the improper confiscation of lands belonging to Assyrians and KRG policies advancing demographic change in the area, as well as interference in local, regional, and federal elections for Assyrian representatives.”[28]

Today

Within the last decade, Ankawa has developed rapidly educationally and technologically. Today, many tourists visit Ankawa from the capital Baghdad, and from other cities across Iraq. The suburb has been through a long construction period, and there are international schools as well as restaurants available today inside. After the fall of Mosul, many Christians who had been displaced came to Ankawa and have been provided with personal needs by the church and international organizations.[32]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Pictures Show Aftermath of ISIS Looting, Plundering Assyrian Town". Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  2. ↑ "المدن العراقية بين الاسماء والمعاني!؟" (in Arabic). 15 June 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  3. ↑ "Serperiştê Teqandina Hewlêr û Enkawa hat kuştin" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  4. ↑ "توركیا كردە تیرۆریستییەكەی ھەولێری سەرکۆنە كرد". www.kdp.info. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  5. ↑ Lucente, Adam (18 April 2019). "Donald Trump to help Iraq Christians punish Islamic State". www.apnews.com.
  6. 1 2 "KRG Imposes Discriminatory New Regulation on Assyrians in Ankawa". July 14, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2020. Ankawa, also known as Ainkawa, is a predominantly Chaldean-populated suburb of Erbil. Its population is now estimated to be approximately 60,000. Roughly 80% of the town's population is Christian; the majority of its Christian residents are adherents to the Chaldean Catholic Church. Located just outside Erbil, the town is considered to be the last Christian Assyrian stronghold in the Kurdistan Region.
  7. ↑ Zebari, Aziz Emmanuel. "Ankawa". www.ishtartv.com.
  8. ↑ "Mar Gewargis Church in Ankawa".
  9. 1 2 Richard Spencer, Iraq crisis: The streets of Erbil’s newly Christian suburb are now full of helpless people, The Daily Telegraph, August 08, 2014
  10. ↑ "عنكاوا". Ankawa.com (in Arabic).
  11. ↑ "PeakD". PeakD. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  12. ↑ "Testimony for the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom Religious Minorities' Fight to Remain in Iraq – September 26, 2019" (PDF).
  13. ↑ "What Comes After the Defeat of ISIS in Mosul?". Institute for Global Change. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  14. ↑ "United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Wilting in the Kurdish sun the hopes and fears of religious minorities in northern Iraq". Archived from the original on 2022-04-15. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  15. 1 2 "Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain". Assyrian Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  16. ↑ "KRG Disarmament Order Distributed to Villages in the Nineveh Plain in July 2014 (Arabic with translation)" (PDF).
  17. ↑ Hanna, Reine; Barber, Matthew Travis (2017-01-01). "Erasing Assyrians: How the KRG Abuses Human Rights, Undermines Democracy, and Conquers Minority Homelands". Assyrian Confederation of Europe.
  18. ↑ "Christian Minorities and the Struggle for Nineveh" (PDF). VTechWorks. December 13, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  19. ↑ Griswold, Eliza (2015-07-22). "Is This the End of Christianity in the Middle East?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  20. ↑ "The Nineveh Plains and the Future of Minorities in Iraq". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  21. ↑ Rossomando, John. "Advocates: Kurds Keeping Christians and Yazidis From Going Home". The Investigative Project on Terrorism. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  22. ↑ Institute, Assyrian Policy (2018-08-13). "Iraqi Prime Minister Orders Changes to Security in the Nineveh Plain". Assyrian Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-15. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  23. ↑ "Iraq's Assyrian Christians form militias amid sectarian tensions". America Magazine. 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  24. ↑ "Erbil's Christians decry 'discriminatory and exploitative' Kurdish business regulation". The New Arab. August 2, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  25. ↑ Goran, Baxtiyar (July 4, 2018). "KRG responds to 'baseless allegations' of discrimination by Assyrian Policy Institute". Kurdistan 24. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  26. ↑ "KRG Statement on baseless allegations of discrimination against Christian citizens". Kurdistan Regional Government Cabinet. July 2, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  27. ↑ "KRG Statement in response to an article by Assyrian Policy Institute". 4 July 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  28. 1 2 3 "API Response to KRG Statement Denying Unjust Tax Rates, Ordinances in Ankawa". July 9, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Jan. 2018 Ordinance Issued by the KRG's Erbil Center District" (PDF). January 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Dec. 2012 KRG Response" (PDF). December 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Feb. 2018 KRG Shura Council Response to Official Inquiry into Unjust Ankawa Tax Rates by Two Assyrian Parliamentarians" (PDF). February 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  32. ↑ Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice. "Distinguished Lecture Series - Archbishop Bashar Matti Warda, CSsR". www.sandiego.edu.
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