Ragging is the term used for the so-called "initiation ritual" practiced in higher education institutions in India, Pakistan,[1] Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The practice is similar to hazing in North America, bizutage in France, praxe in Portugal, and other similar practices in educational institutions across the world. Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture.[2][3] In 2009, the University Grants Commission of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging and launched a toll-free 'anti-ragging helpline'.[4]

Ragging is a subset of bullying. Unlike various complex forms of bullying, ragging is easily recognisable.

According to University Grants Commission (India)’s anti-ragging cell data, 511 complaints of ragging were registered in India in 2021. Inaction and underreporting were cited as major causes of encouraging ragging. Medical colleges lead in ragging complaints, with most from the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[5]

In India

Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition.[6][7] It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injury to the victims and stringent laws pertaining to ragging. At the national level, ragging is currently defined as: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."[8]

Following Supreme Court orders, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was launched by the Indian government.[9][10]

A report from 2007 highlights 42 instances of physical injury, and reports on ten deaths purportedly the result of ragging.[11]

Ragging in India commonly involves serious abuses and clear violations of human rights. Often media reports and others unearth that it goes on, in many institutions, in the infamous Abu Ghraib style,[12] and on innocent victims.

However, the Anti-Ragging NGO Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) has supported that ragging is also widely and dangerously prevalent in engineering and other institutions, mainly in the hostels.

Anti-Ragging Helpline and anonymous complaints

Following a Supreme Court order, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was created to help the victims and take action in cases of ragging, by informing the head of the institution and the local police authorities of the ragging complaint from the college. The main feature of the helpline is that the complaints can be registered anonymously.[9][10]

India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment. Since many ragging deaths, like Aman Kachroo's,[13] occurred due to seniors taking a revenge of the complaint made, anonymous complaints were equally allowed at the helpline.

As per UGC regulations, it is mandatory for a college to register a first information report (F.I.R.) with police against the culprits if any violence, physical abuse, sexual harassment, confinement etc. takes place with any fresher.[14] After receiving any such complaint from the helpline, it becomes the duty of the head of the institution to register the F.I.R. with police within 24 hours. In 2013, a police case was registered against the director, dean and registrar of a reputed college in Delhi for, among other charges, not informing the police and registering F.I.R. within 24 hours of receiving the ragging complaint. (failing to inform a public authority, IPC 176).[15]

The database of the Anti-Ragging Helpline indicates that it has been to an extent successful in ensuring a safer environment in colleges from where it registered the complaints. In many cases, it forwarded the complaint to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for an action against those colleges which refused to take any action against the culprits.

Controversy

A major concern that was highlighted against the helpline was that it registered a minuscule percentage (0.1%) of the total phone calls it received. Specifically, the toll-free helpline (1800-180-5522) received 165,297 calls in the three months of November 2012 to January 2013, but only 190 complaints were registered in this period.[16] In its defence, the helpline said that most of the calls it received were of inquiry in nature, of the eager students to know whether the helpline number worked or not. Some students changed their minds midway not to register the complaint.[17] It also said that many of the calls were hoaxes as it was a toll-free number.

Legislation

In 1997, the state of Tamil Nadu first passed laws related to ragging. Subsequently, a major boost to anti-ragging efforts was given by a landmark judgement of the Supreme Court of India in May 2001,[18] in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission.

Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999

In 1999, the Government of Maharashtra enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging which it defines as the:

Display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do. "Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999". Maharashtra Act No. XXXIII of 1999 (PDF). p. 2.

The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states:

"Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees.""Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999". Maharashtra Act No. XXXIII of 1999 (PDF). p. 2.

Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution, and not be allowed to enroll in any other educational institution for five years. In addition, the act lays out a procedure by which education institutions should handle accusations of ragging, with suspension of the accused student(s) and investigation of the allegations, and holds those institutions accountable if they fail to act in the manner described. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations :"shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4", "Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999". Maharashtra Act No. XXXIII of 1999 (PDF). p. 3. In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.

It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from Rajiv Gandhi Medical College in Mumbai.[19] The most notable case in which it has been applied is the Suicide of Payal Tadvi, in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, and the Information Technology Act, 2000.[20][21] The charge-sheet filed by the Mumbai Police alleges that the ragging in this case consisted of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination, which directly led to her suicide.[22] Since 2018, at the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, the university which supervises the Topiwala National Medical College where Payal Tadvi studied, six of seven accusations of ragging could not proven.[21] In 2010, 18 students at the Seth GS Medical College were arrested and charged with ragging under the Act.[23]

In 2015, L.K. Kshirsagar, principle of the Maharashtra Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering, was arrested and charged under Section 7 of the Act, for failing to investigate and neglecting his duties under the law, in a case involving three students who had been accused of ragging the previous year.[24]

In June 2019, after the suicide of Payal Tadvi, there were calls to strengthen the anti-ragging laws to check anti-caste bias. The law itself does not mention caste-based discrimination or other specific forms of bias.[25]

Central Government and Supreme Court Legislation

The Indian Supreme Court has taken a strong stand to prevent ragging. In 2006, the court directed the H.R.D. Ministry of the Govt. of India to form a panel which will suggest guidelines to control ragging.[26]

The Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), following a directive by the Supreme Court, appointed a seven-member panel headed by former CBI director Dr. R. K. Raghavan to recommend anti-ragging measures. The Raghavan Committee report,[27] submitted to the court in May 2007, includes a proposal to include ragging as a special section under the Indian Penal Code. The Supreme Court of India interim order[28] (based on the recommendations) dated 16 May 2007 makes it obligatory for academic institutions to file official First Information Reports with the police in any instance of a complaint of ragging. This would ensure that all cases would be formally investigated under the criminal justice system, and not by the academic institutions' own ad-hoc bodies.

Welcoming the Supreme Court's judgment on ragging, Dr. Raghavan said, "there are finally signs that the recommendations to prevent ragging in colleges will be taken seriously".[29]

In 2007, the Supreme Court directed that all the higher educational institutions should include information about all the ragging incidents in their brochures/prospectus of admission.[30]

2009 UGC Regulation

In 2009, in the wake of Aman Kachroo's death, the University Grants Commission (UGC) passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions.[31] These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging.

Subsequently, UGC has made few amendments to the Regulation.[32] As per these,

  1. It is no longer required to get the verification of the affidavit done by an oath commissioner.
  2. The definition of ragging is updated to read: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."[33]

Anti-ragging movement in India

With the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is emerging a spontaneous anti-ragging movement in India. Several voluntary organisations have emerged, who conduct drives for public awareness and arrange for support to victims.

Online groups like Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education (CURE), Stopragging, No Ragging Foundation became the major anti-ragging groups on the Internet. Among them, the No Ragging Foundation has transformed into a complete NGO and got registered as Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) which is India's first registered anti-ragging nonprofit organisation (NGO).[34][35][36][37]

The Indian media ha Ins exposed ragging incidents and the indifference of many concerned institutions towards curbing the act. The Supreme Court of India has directed, in its interim judgement, that action may be taken against negligent institutions.

[28]

In Sri Lanka

Ragging is widely prevalent in Sri Lanka.[38][39]

There is no record to suggest that ragging is an indigenous phenomenon or was present in the ancient Sri Lankan educational institutions such as Mahavihara or Abhayagiri Vihara. It is widely considered to have been introduced during the post-World War II era. Sri Lankan soldiers returning from war re-entered the college educational system and brought with them the tradition and techniques of military style ragging. These techniques were used in the military as a mechanism of breaking down an individual so that success was achieved through team effort rather than personal goals or motivation. As fewer military persons entered the universities, ragging devolved into a violent and hazardous exercise that has been largely utilized for political purposes and thuggery.[38]

Ragging continues in most government universities and several private institutions with some efforts being made to contain the problem although there is hesitation from administrations to get involved. These efforts have been largely hindered by students themselves who consider ragging as a rite of passage.[40] The creation of 'safe spaces' and travelling in larger groups are just some techniques employed by a growing movement of students trying to combat ragging.

Traditionally, ragging would entail seniors mocking or jeering at freshers within a dedicated period of time – usually the first few months of an undergraduate's university life. This period is known as the 'ragging period'. In Sri Lanka, several variations of ragging can be observed.[41]

Adverse consequences

Ragging has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of physical, behavioral, emotional and social problems among victims and is attributed to the increased risk of suicide and drop-outs among students attending Sri Lankan universities. Ragging at private universities and higher education institutes are at a minimum as compared to government universities which has prompted many students with financial means to enroll in private establishments.[42] Ragging is not merely a sociolegal problem and has a certain psychological basis too. Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture".[43]

Major incidents

  • In 1974, ragging of trainee mathematics teachers at the then Vidyalankara University (now University of Kelaniya) prompted Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike's Government to appoint V. W. Kularatne Commission to probe the incident. As a result, 12 undergraduates were expelled and four officials were penalized for their failure to take appropriate action. This was the first major step taken against university ragging by a Sri Lankan government.[44][45]
  • In 1975, the University of Peradeniya reported the first ragging-related death when a 22-year-old female student of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rupa Rathnaseeli became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel Ramanathan Hall to escape the physical ragging carried out by her seniors. It was reported that she was about to be sexually penetrated by a foreign object as part of the ragging initiation – she jumped out of the hostel building to escape the abuse.[46] Rupa Rathnaseeli committed suicide in 2002.[47]
  • Prasanga Niroshana, a student from Hakmana, died as a result of undisclosed injuries he sustained from ragging at the School of Agriculture, Angunakolapallassa.[a]
  • In 1997, 21-year-old S. Varapragash, an engineering student of University of Peradeniya, died from kidney failure following severe ragging by senior students.[48] The main accused Balendran Prasad Sadeeskaran fled and was sentenced to death in absentia.[49]
  • In 1997, Kelum Thushara Wijetunge, a first-year student at the Hardy Technical institute in Ampara, died from kidney failure after he was forced to do tough exercises and drink excessive quantities of liquor.[50]
  • In 2002, Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign, was killed at a meeting while in a discussion on ragging after being surrounded by a mob of 200, being struck with shards of glass, & then having a computer monitor dropped on his head— resulting in his death 2 days later.[51][52]
  • In 2006, Prof. Chandima Wijebandara, the vice-chancellor of University of Sri Jayewardenepura, resigned from his post as a result of students failing to comply with his orders to eliminate ragging from the university.[53]
  • In 2014, the body of a student, D. K. Nishantha, was found hanging from a tree within the premises of the University of Peradeniya, in a shrubbery area located not far from the Marcus Fernando Boys' Hostel. According to police reports, the young man had been a witness to the sexual assault of his friend which took place in 2010, perpetrated by several other students residing in the dorm. Police stated that D. K. Nishantha had not attended the university since the time of the alleged sex abuse case. The death was later ruled a suicide.[54][55]
  • In 2015, a 23-year-old student of the Sabaragamuwa University, Amali Chathurika committed suicide due to ragging [56]
  • In 2019, Dilhan Wijesinghe a 23-year-old student of the University of Moratuwa committed suicide due to ragging. He was previously studying in the University of Jaffna where he was subjected to physical ragging and then received a transfer to the University of Moratuwa. Unfortunately the ragging at the University of Moratuwa was more severe and he could no longer tolerate the ragging and committed suicide.[57]
  • In 2022, Nuwan Lakshitha Devasurendra a 24-year-old student of the University of Peradeniya committed suicide. According to the police, the student committed suicide by jumping off the Peradeniya Bridge into Mahaweli River, was found near Hakkinda Islands (2km from the bridge). A postmortem has yet to be performed. [58][59]

The human rights of citizens of Sri Lanka are protected in terms of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka which is the supreme law in the country. According to this Constitution, any citizen can produce a petition to the Supreme Court in terms of the article 126 of the Constitution in case of a human right violation or a case closer to the infringement. The Constitution further highlights ruthless, brutal or contemptuous treatment to any party by another as a violation of human rights.[60] University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constrains specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them are liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial. After the series of ragging-related incidents happened in 1997, Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998[61] was passed in the Sri Lankan parliament. As specified in the detailed note of the Act, it is identified as an Act to eliminate ragging and other forms of violent and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment from educational institutions. The Act specifies the relevant Higher Educational Institutions coming under the Act and that includes all the Higher Educational Institutions established under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978.

Anti-ragging movement

Unlike in India, there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the universities that ragging exists. In the case of University of Peradeniya, the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals managed escape from the ragging. In the meantime, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students. Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign that was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The higher education minister at the time, S. B. Dissanayake, stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university.[62] In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone down drastically in the recent times and "only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this 'malaise'".[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Omer, Shahab (2023-02-01). "Stripped of dignity: PU freshmen forced to bear brunt of shameful ragging rituals". Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  2. ↑ "Newsletter" (PDF). Society Against Violence in Education. February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2012.
  3. ↑ "Faculty Council of Engineering & Technology Application Form" (PDF). Kolkata: Jadavpur University, School of Education Technology. 22 Jul 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 26 May 2018. Approach of jadavpur university towards ragging
  4. ↑ "Annual Report 2010-2011" (PDF). University Grants Commission (India). p. 29. Retrieved 2 July 2016. Section 1.3(j) Anti-Ragging Cell
  5. ↑ Tiwari, Anil Kumar (2022-09-14). "Sleep Deprivation, Slapping, Miming Sexual Acts: Inside The Murky World Of Ragging In Indian Colleges". Article 14. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  6. ↑ "Ragging can demolish a student - both mentally and physically". Firstpost. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  7. ↑ Sen, Amit; Rao, Mohan; Seshadri, Shekhar; Sonpar, Shobna (2 August 2017). "Understanding ragging: Ahead of the academic season, a look at the problem, its impact". The Indian Express. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  8. ↑ "Part III-Section 4: University Grants Commission Notification" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 29 June 2016. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2021.
  9. 1 2 "Infopack" (PDF). antiragging.in. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  10. 1 2 "Anti Ragging | Ragging in college | Anti Ragging Affidavit". antiragging.in.
  11. ↑ Harsh Agarwal; et al. (16 May 2007). "Ragging in India: Incidents, Social Perceptions and Psychological Perspectives" (PDF). Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007.
  12. ↑ "The Terror Called Ragging". Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE).
  13. ↑ "All four accused held guilty of ragging Aman Kachroo to death". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2013-07-08.
  14. ↑ "UGC Anti-Ragging Regulation" (PDF). UGC. 12 October 2009. See Point 7. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  15. ↑ "Naveen Kujur ragging: Case against SPA for negligence and tampering with evidence". Indian Express.
  16. ↑ "UGC cell ignores complaints on ragging, registers just 1%". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2013-02-21.
  17. ↑ "Anti-ragging helpline: 1.6 lakh dialled, but only 1,400 complained". Mid-Day. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  18. ↑ "CURE: Laws -- The Supreme Court of India Judgement". 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  19. ↑ Karlikar, Nishikant (30 September 2013). "College suspends medical students for 'ragging'". The Times of India. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  20. ↑ "Payal Tadvi suicide case: Accused doctors granted bail by Bombay HC on strict conditions". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  21. 1 2 Shelar, Jyoti (2019-05-31). "What does State's anti-ragging Act say?". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  22. ↑ "Payal Tadvi Case: Chargesheet Reveals Months of Humiliation, Discrimination". The Wire. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  23. ↑ "18 ragging accused face expulsion from hostel". Hindustan Times. 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  24. ↑ Chavan, Vijay (7 September 2015). "MIT principal charged for neglecting ragging". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  25. ↑ "Maharashtra govt to strengthen anti-ragging laws, check caste bias". DNA India. 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  26. ↑ "Court: form panel to look into ragging". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 November 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007.
  27. ↑ "Raghavan Committee Recommendation Report" (PDF). Human Resource Development Ministry, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27.
  28. 1 2 "Honbl. Supreme Court interim order on Ragging". Supreme Court of India.
  29. ↑ "R. K. Raghavan hails verdict". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 May 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  30. ↑ "Untitled Page" (PDF). www.ugc.ac.in.
  31. ↑ "UGC Regulations on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009" (PDF). www.iitr.ac.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  32. ↑ "University Grants commission ::Ragging Related Circulars". www.ugc.ac.in.
  33. ↑ "Anti-ragging 3rd amendment" (PDF). www.ugc.ac.in. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  34. ↑ "SAVE Homepage". www.no2ragging.org. 1 January 1980. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  35. ↑ "Independent Media Center". Indymedia.org. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  36. ↑ "Taut rein on ragging- Campaign at Counselling Session". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008.
  37. ↑ "Business student alleges ragging, 'blinded'". New Delhi, India: CNN-IBN. 12 April 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
  38. 1 2 "Ragging: History and Evolution". Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009.
  39. ↑ "Stop murder by ragging!". Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka). Archived from the original on 14 November 2009.
  40. ↑ Indiscipline in Sri Lanka universities
  41. ↑ "Ragging and 'teaching sessions'". Daily News. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009.
  42. ↑ "Anti- Ragging Bill will be strengthen - Wishwa Warnapala".
  43. ↑ Jayasena, P.H.A.N.S. (30 October 2002). "Ragging in the University: A Problem in the Higher Education Institutions" (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Research Sessions, University of Peradeniya. 7: 54.
  44. ↑ "Death of V. W. Kularatne". The Island. Archived from the original on 20 November 2002.
  45. ↑ "V. W. Kularatne - J.P. U.M." The Island (Opinion). Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  46. ↑ Ragging – My Experience Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ "Campus hall stormed: academics held hostage". The Island. Archived from the original on 17 April 2003.
  48. ↑ Death of S. Varapragash Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ "Engineering faculty student's murder in 1997 following severe ragging: Appeal Court upholds death sentence for convict". www.dailymirror.lk. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  50. ↑ "A total ban on ragging". The Sunday Times. Sri Lanka.
  51. ↑ "Ragging in our universities: A symptom or a disease? – Groundviews". 30 November 2009.
  52. ↑ Wickramasinghe, Nanda. "JVP-inspired violence leads to crackdown on Sri Lanka campuses". www.wsws.org.
  53. ↑ "A discussion with Prof.Chandima Wijebandara".
  54. ↑ "Video : UPDATE: Death of Peradeniya student a suicide". Hiru News. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  55. ↑ "Peradiniya student suicide: Shocking new information revealed". Sri Lanka News. 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  56. ↑ "Update : Sabaragamuwa Uni. student writes before committing suicide not to allow any fellow students to participate in her funeral". Hiru News.
  57. ↑ "Hounded to death by campus tormentors". The Sunday Times. Sri Lanka.
  58. ↑ "Undergrad's body found". Daily News. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  59. ↑ "Sri Lanka Peradeniya University student suicide puts spotlight back on ragging". EconomyNext. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  60. ↑ "Legal framework on university ragging". Sunday Observer. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009.
  61. ↑ "Prohibition Of Ragging And Other Forms Of Violence In Educational Institutions Act (No. 20 of 1998)". www.commonlii.org.
  62. ↑ Ragging To Be Whipped
  63. ↑ Abeyratne, Dharma Sri (16 December 2011). "Ragging in its death throes - SB". Daily News. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
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