Physical abuse
Boy violently slapping another boy's head
SpecialtyEmergency medicine
Differential diagnosisAccidental injury
Self-injury

Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury, trauma, bodily harm or other physical suffering to another person or animal by way of bodily contact.[1] Physical abuse is a type of abuse that involves physical violence, such as hitting, kicking, pushing, biting, choking, throwing objects, and using weapons.[2][3] Physical abuse also includes using restraints or confinement, such as tying someone up, locking them in a room, or restraining them with drugs or alcohol.[4][5] Physical abuse can also include withholding basic needs, such as food, clothing, or medical care. In addition to the physical injuries caused by physical abuse, it can also lead to psychological trauma, such as fear, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder.[6][7] Physical abuse can occur in any relationship, including those between family members, partners, and caregivers.[8][9][10] It can also occur in institutional settings, such as nursing homes, schools, and prisons. Physical abuse can have long-term physical, psychological, and social consequences, and can even be fatal.[11][12]

Physical abuse is also said to be a type of abuse that involves the use of physical force against a person or animal.[13][14] This is done in order to cause physical pain, injury, or other physical suffering. Physical abuse can involve hitting, kicking, punching, burning, or otherwise harming a person or animal. It can also include the use of weapons or other objects to cause harm. Physical abuse is a crime and should be reported to the authorities. It is important to remember that any kind of physical violence is unacceptable and should not be tolerated. In most cases, children are the victims of physical abuse, but adults can also be victims, as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence, and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser, and more than one victim.

Causes

Abusive acts toward children can often result from parents' attempts at child discipline through excessive corporal punishment.[15][16] A number of causes of physical abuse against children have been identified, the most common of which, according to Mash and Wolfe, being:

  • many abusive and neglectful parents have had little exposure to positive parental models and supports.
  • there is often a greater degree of stress in the family environment.
  • information-processing disturbances may cause maltreating parents to misperceive or mislabel their child's behavior, which leads to inappropriate responses.
  • there is often a lack of awareness or understanding of developmentally appropriate expectations.[17]

Abusive acts toward children can take many forms, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.[18][19] The causes of such abuse can vary widely, depending on the individual involved. 1. Poor Mental Health: Poor mental health can be a major factor in why some people abuse children. Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse can lead to a lack of impulse control, which can in turn lead to abusive behavior.[20][21] Additionally, people with mental health issues may have difficulty regulating their emotions, leading to outbursts of anger and frustration that can be directed toward children. 2. Trauma: Trauma can be another factor in abusive behavior. People who have experienced traumatic events, such as abuse themselves, may be more likely to engage in abusive behavior to others. Additionally, people who have experienced traumatic events may be more likely to have difficulty managing their emotions, which can lead to outbursts of anger and abuse. 3. Lack of Knowledge: People who lack knowledge of how to properly care for children may be more likely to engage in abusive behavior.[22][23][24][25] People who are unfamiliar with child development and child psychology may not understand the best ways to discipline and care for children, leading to abuse. 4. Stress: Stress can be a major factor in why some people abuse children. Stress from work, financial pressures, or relationship issues can lead to outbursts of frustration and anger that are directed at children. 5. Substance Abuse: Substance abuse can also be a factor in why some people abuse children. A person who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol may be more likely to engage in abusive behavior, as their judgment and impulse control may be impaired.[26][27] 6. Power and Control: Some people may engage in abusive behavior as a way to gain power and control over a child. Abusive behavior can be used to exert dominance and control over a child, which can be particularly damaging in the long-term.

Effects

Effects of abusive acts toward children: The effects of abusive acts toward children can be far-reaching and long-lasting. Abuse can cause both physical and psychological harm to a child, which can have effects that last long into adulthood.[28] Physical Effects: Physical effects of abuse can include physical injury, such as bruises, broken bones, and other physical trauma.[29] In extreme cases, physical abuse can even result in death. Psychological Effects: Psychological effects of abuse can include depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, difficulty with relationships, and low self-esteem.[30] Abused children may also develop eating disorders, substance abuse problems, and suicidal thoughts or behaviors.[31][32][33] Behavioral Effects: Abused children may exhibit behaviors such as aggression, hyperactivity, or withdrawal. They may have difficulty concentrating or have difficulty forming relationships with their peers or adults. Abused children may also exhibit delinquent behaviors, including running away from home, truancy, or other forms of acting out. Educational Effects: Abused children may have difficulty concentrating in school, may experience school refusal, or may struggle with their academic performance.[34][35] Long-Term Effects: Abused children may experience long-term effects such as difficulty forming relationships, difficulty managing emotions, and difficulty trusting other people.[36][37] They may also be more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse, unsafe sex, or criminal behavior. Overall, the effects of abuse can be devastating and long-lasting. It is important to recognize the signs of abuse and to take steps to ensure that children are protected from abuse.

Physically abused children are at risk for later interpersonal problems involving aggressive behavior, and adolescents are at a much greater risk for substance use disorders.[38] In addition, symptoms of depression, emotional distress, and suicidal ideation are also common features of people who have been physically abused. Studies have also shown that children with a history of physical abuse may meet DSM-IV-TR criteria for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[17] As many as one-third of children who experience physical abuse are also at risk to become abusive as adults.[39]

Researchers have pointed to other potential psycho-biological effects of child physical abuse on parenting, when abused children become adults. These recent findings may, at least in part, be carried forward by epigenetic changes that impact the regulation of stress physiology.[40][41] Many other potentially important consequences of childhood physical abuse on adolescent and adult physical and mental health and development have been documented via the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) studies.[42]

Treatment

Seeking treatment is unlikely for a majority of people that are physically abused, and the ones who are seeking treatment are usually under some form of legal constraint. The prevention and treatment options for physically abused children include: enhancing positive experiences early in the development of the parent-child relationship, as well as changing how parents teach, discipline, and attend to their children.

Evidence-based interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as well as video-feedback interventions and child-parent psychodynamic psychotherapy; all of which specifically target anger patterns and distorted beliefs, and offer training and/or reflection, support, and modelling that focuses on parenting skills and expectations, as well as increasing empathy for the child by supporting the parent's taking the child's perspective.[43][44][45]

These forms of treatment may include training in social competence and management of daily demands in an effort to decrease parental stress, which is a known risk factor for physical abuse. Although these treatment and prevention strategies are to help children and parents of children who have been abused, some of these methods can also be applied to adults who have physically abused.[17]

Other animals

Physical abuse has also been observed among Adélie penguins in Antarctica.[46]

Forms

References

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  2. ↑ DeKeseredy, Walter S.; Saunders, Daniel G.; Schwartz, Martin D.; Alvi, Shahid (April 1997). "The meanings and motives for women's use of violence in Canadian college dating relationships: Results from a national survey". Sociological Spectrum. 17 (2): 199–222. doi:10.1080/02732173.1997.9982160. ISSN 0273-2173. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Oladimeji, Oladepo; Bidemi, Yusuf Oyindamola; Olufisayo, John-Akinola Yetunde; Sola, Arulogun Oyedunni (22 September 2010). "Prostate Cancer Awareness, Knowledge, and Screening Practices among Older Men in Oyo State, Nigeria". International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 30 (3): 271–286. doi:10.2190/iq.30.3.g. ISSN 0272-684X. PMID 20860984. S2CID 34022288.
  4. ↑ Acoca, Leslie (October 1998). "Outside/Inside: The Violation of American Girls at Home, on the Streets, and in the Juvenile Justice System". Crime & Delinquency. 44 (4): 561–589. doi:10.1177/0011128798044004006. ISSN 0011-1287. S2CID 145483583.
  5. ↑ DiIulio, John J.; Zimring, Franklin E.; Hawkins, Gordon (1995). "Incapacitation: Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime". Political Science Quarterly. 110 (3): 470. doi:10.2307/2152582. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2152582.
  6. ↑ Young, Bruce H.; Ruzek, Josef I.; Ford, Julian D. (25 March 2020), "Cognitive-Behavioral Group Treatment for Disaster-Related PTSD", Group Treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Routledge, pp. 149–200, doi:10.4324/9780203778166-9, ISBN 9780203778166, S2CID 216302855, retrieved 18 March 2023
  7. ↑ Araújo, Liubiana Arantes de; Veloso, Cássio Frederico; Souza, Matheus de Campos; Azevedo, João Marcos Coelho de; Tarro, Giulio (July 2021). "The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child growth and development: a systematic review". Jornal de Pediatria. 97 (4): 369–377. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2020.08.008. ISSN 0021-7557. PMC 7510529. PMID 32980318. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  8. ↑ Lee, Li-Ching; Kotch, Jonathan B.; Cox, Christine E. (October 2004). "Child Maltreatment in Families Experiencing Domestic Violence". Violence and Victims. 19 (5): 573–591. doi:10.1891/vivi.19.5.573.63682. ISSN 0886-6708. PMID 15844726. S2CID 26319138.
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  10. ↑ Salzinger, Suzanne; Feldman, Richard S.; Ng-Mak, Daisy S.; Mojica, Elena; Stockhammer, Tanya; Rosario, Margaret (2002). "Effects of Partner Violence and Physical Child Abuse on Child Behavior". Journal of Family Violence. 17 (1): 23–52. doi:10.1023/a:1013656906303. ISSN 0885-7482. S2CID 10204386.
  11. ↑ Kilpatrick, Dean G. (March 2004). "Interpersonal Violence and Public Policy: What about the Victims?". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 32 (1): 73–81. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00450.x. ISSN 1073-1105. PMID 15152428. S2CID 41643966.
  12. ↑ Dahlberg, Linda L.; Krug, Etienne G. (June 2006). "Violence a global public health problem". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. 11 (2): 277–292. doi:10.1590/s1413-81232006000200007. ISSN 1413-8123. S2CID 7173162.
  13. ↑ Xing, Kai; Jiao, Mingli; Ma, Hongkun; Qiao, Hong; Hao, Yanhua; Li, Ye; Gao, Lijun; Sun, Hong; Kang, Zheng; Liang, Libo; Wu, Qunhong (16 November 2015). "Physical Violence against General Practitioners and Nurses in Chinese Township Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey". PLOS ONE. 10 (11): e0142954. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1042954X. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142954. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4646672. PMID 26571388.
  14. ↑ Krnjacki, Lauren; Emerson, Eric; Llewellyn, Gwynnyth; Kavanagh, Anne M. (February 2016). "Prevalence and risk of violence against people with and without disabilities: findings from an Australian population‐based study". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 40 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12498. ISSN 1326-0200. PMID 26714039. S2CID 9522628.
  15. ↑ "Child physical abuse". American Humane Association.
  16. ↑ Giardino, A.P.; Giardino, E.R. (12 December 2008). "Child Abuse & Neglect: Physical Abuse". Archived 2011-12-02 at the Wayback Machine WebMD.
  17. 1 2 3 Mash, Eric (2010). Abnormal Child Psychology. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 427–463. ISBN 9780495506270.
  18. ↑ Carson, David K.; Foster, Jennifer M.; Tripathi, Nishi (1 September 2013). "Child Sexual Abuse in India: Current Issues and Research". Psychological Studies. 58 (3): 318–325. doi:10.1007/s12646-013-0198-6. ISSN 0974-9861. S2CID 255762875.
  19. ↑ Moeller, Tamerra P.; Bachmann, Gloria A.; Moeller, James R. (1 September 1993). "The combined effects of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse during childhood: Long-term health consequences for women". Child Abuse & Neglect. 17 (5): 623–640. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90084-I. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 8221217.
  20. ↑ Schnittker, Jason; Massoglia, Michael; Uggen, Christopher (December 2012). "Out and Down: Incarceration and Psychiatric Disorders". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 53 (4): 448–464. doi:10.1177/0022146512453928. ISSN 0022-1465. PMID 23197484. S2CID 18970611.
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  29. ↑ Mechanic, Mindy B.; Weaver, Terri L.; Resick, Patricia A. (October 2008). "Risk Factors for Physical Injury Among Help-Seeking Battered Women: An Exploration of Multiple Abuse Dimensions". Violence Against Women. 14 (10): 1148–1165. doi:10.1177/1077801208323792. ISSN 1077-8012. PMC 2977914. PMID 18757347.
  30. ↑ Baldry, Anna C. (1 April 2003). ""Stick and Stones Hurt my Bones but His Glance and Words Hurt More": The Impact of Psychological Abuse and Physical Violence by Current and Former Partners on Battered Women in Italy". International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. 2 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1080/14999013.2003.10471178. ISSN 1499-9013. S2CID 145531659.
  31. ↑ Burgić Radmanović, Marija; Burgić, Sanela-Sanja (24 November 2021), "Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents with ADHD", ADHD - From Etiology to Comorbidity, IntechOpen, doi:10.5772/intechopen.94527, ISBN 978-1-83962-475-9, S2CID 229413203
  32. ↑ Wonderlich, Stephen; Crosby, Ross; Mitchell, James; Thompson, Kevin; Redlin, Jennifer; Demuth, Gail; Smyth, Joshua (2001). "Pathways mediating sexual abuse and eating disturbance in children". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 29 (3): 270–279. doi:10.1002/eat.1018. ISSN 0276-3478. PMID 11262505.
  33. ↑ Krahn, Dean D. (January 1991). "The relationship of eating disorders and substance abuse". Journal of Substance Abuse. 3 (2): 239–253. doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(05)80039-2. ISSN 0899-3289. PMID 1821283.
  34. ↑ Tishelman, Amy C.; Haney, Penny; Greenwald O’Brien, Jessica; Blaustein, Margaret E. (1 December 2010). "A Framework for School-Based Psychological Evaluations: Utilizing a 'Trauma Lens'". Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 3 (4): 279–302. doi:10.1080/19361521.2010.523062. ISSN 1936-153X. S2CID 45539114.
  35. ↑ Chu, Brian C.; Rizvi, Shireen L.; Zendegui, Elaina A.; Bonavitacola, Lauren (1 August 2015). "Dialectical Behavior Therapy for School Refusal: Treatment Development and Incorporation of Web-Based Coaching". Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 22 (3): 317–330. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.08.002. ISSN 1077-7229.
  36. ↑ Dimock, Peter T. (June 1988). "Adult Males Sexually Abused as Children: Characteristics and Implications for Treatment". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 3 (2): 203–221. doi:10.1177/088626088003002007. ISSN 0886-2605. S2CID 146528949.
  37. ↑ Sigurdardottir, Sigrun; Halldorsdottir, Sigridur; Bender, Soley S. (May 2014). "Consequences of childhood sexual abuse for health and well-being: Gender similarities and differences". Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 42 (3): 278–286. doi:10.1177/1403494813514645. ISSN 1403-4948. PMID 24345814. S2CID 22629543.
  38. ↑ Brent, David A. (December 1995). "Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide and Suicidal Behavior: Mental and Substance Abuse Disorders, Family Environmental Factors, and Life Stress". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 25: 52–63. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00490.x. PMID 8553429.
  39. ↑ Oliver, JE (1993). "Intergenerational transmission of child abuse: rates, research, and clinical implications". Am J Psychiatry. 150 (99): 1314–24. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.9.1315. PMID 8352342.
  40. ↑ Schechter DS, Moser DA, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Stenz A, Gex-Fabry M, Aue T, Adouan W, Cordero MI, Suardi F, Manini A, Sancho Rossignol A, Merminod G, Ansermet F, Dayer AG, Rusconi Serpa S (epub May 29, 2015). Methylation of NR3C1 is related to maternal PTSD, parenting stress and maternal medial prefrontal cortical activity in response to child separation among mothers with histories of violence exposure. Frontiers in Psychology. To view the online publication, please click here: http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/Abstract.aspx?s=944&name=psychology_for_clinical_settings&ART_DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00690&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Psychology&id=139466%5B%5D
  41. ↑ Weder, N; Zhang, H; Jensen, K; Yang, BZ; Simen, A; Jackowski, A; Lipschitz, D; Douglas-Palumberi, H; Ge, M; Perepletchikova, F; O'Loughlin, K; Hudziak, JJ; Gelernter, J; Kaufman, J (2014). "Child abuse, depression, and methylation in genes involved with stress, neural plasticity, and brain circuitry". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 53 (4): 417–424.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.025. PMC 4126411. PMID 24655651.
  42. ↑ Hillis, SD; Anda, RF; Dube, SR; Felitti, VJ; Marchbanks, PA; Marks, JS (February 2004). "The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death". Pediatrics. 113 (2): 320–7. doi:10.1542/peds.113.2.320. PMID 14754944.
  43. ↑ Kolko, D. J. (1996). "Individual cognitive-behavioral treatment and family therapy for physically abused children and their offending parents: A comparison of clinical outcomes". Child Maltreatment. 1 (4): 322–342. doi:10.1177/1077559596001004004. S2CID 144341829.
  44. ↑ Schechter, DS; Myers, MM; Brunelli, SA; Coates, SW; Zeanah, CH; Davies, M; Grienenberger, JF; Marshall, RD; McCaw, JE; Trabka, KA; Liebowitz, MR (2006). "Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: Understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions". Infant Mental Health Journal. 27 (5): 429–448. doi:10.1002/imhj.20101. PMC 2078524. PMID 18007960.
  45. ↑ Lieberman, A.F. (2007). "Ghosts and angels: Intergenerational patterns in the transmission and treatment of the traumatic sequelae of domestic violence". Infant Mental Health Journal. 28 (4): 422–439. doi:10.1002/imhj.20145. PMID 28640404.
  46. ↑ McKie, Robin (9 June 2012). "'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal". Guardian.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
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