Apodiformes
Temporal range: Late Paleocene to present
Bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae), the smallest bird in the World
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Clade: Daedalornithes
Order: Apodiformes
Peters, 1940
Families
Range of the swifts and hummingbirds.
Synonyms
  • Trochiliformes Wagler, 1830

Traditionally, the bird order Apodiformes /ˈæpədɪfɔːrmiːz/ contained three living families: the swifts (Apodidae), the treeswifts (Hemiprocnidae), and the hummingbirds (Trochilidae). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this order is raised to a superorder Apodimorphae in which hummingbirds are separated as a new order, Trochiliformes. With nearly 450 species identified to date, they are the most diverse order of birds after the passerines.

Description

As their name ("footless" in Greek) suggests, their legs are small and have limited function aside from perching. The feet are covered with bare skin rather than the scales (scutes) that other birds have. Another shared characteristic is long wings with short, stout humerus bones.[1] The evolution of these wing characteristics has provided the hummingbird with ideal wings for hovering.[2]

The hummingbirds, swifts, and treeswifts (also known as crested swifts) share other anatomical similarities with one another, as well as similarities (notably as to the skull) with their probable closest living relatives, the owlet-nightjars.[3] The owlet-nightjars are apparently convergent with the closely related Caprimulgiformes, which form a clade Cypselomorphae with the Apodiformes.[2]

Evolution

The Apodiformes evolved in the Northern Hemisphere. Eocypselus, a primitive genus known from the Late Paleocene or Early Eocene of north-central Europe, is somewhat difficult to assign; it is considered a primitive hemiprocnid.[4] This would suggest that the major apodiform lineages diverged shortly after the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. However, the perching adaptation of the foot of Eocypselus on which this theory rests may just as well be a symplesiomorphy. Most researchers believe that presently this genus cannot be unequivocally assigned to either the Apodiformes or the Caprimulgiformes.

The Early Eocene Primapus, found in England, is similar to both a primitive swift and the aegialornithids, which are in some aspects intermediate between swifts and owlet-nightjars. Fossil evidence demonstrates the existence of swifts during that period in Europe. At that time, most of Europe had a humid, subtropical climate, possibly comparable to modern-day southern China. For a map of Early–Middle Eocene Earth, see the Paleomap project;[5] here note that both the Caucasus mountains and the Alps did not exist yet and aegialornithids were possibly present in North America.[6] By the late Eocene (around 35 MYA), primitive hummingbirds started to diverge from the related jungornithids; the Middle Eocene Parargornis (Messel, Germany) and the Late Eocene Argornis, found in today's southernmost Russia, belong to this lineage. Cypselavus (Late Eocene – Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) was either a primitive hemiprocnid or an aegialornithid.

The placement of the Aegialornithidae is not quite clear. Various analyses place them sufficiently close to the Apodiformes to be included here, or into the unique owlet-nightjar lineage in the Cypselomorphae.

Taxonomy

Phylogeny of Apodiformes[7]

†Aegialornithidae

Apodi

†Laputavis

Hemiprocnidae

†Scaniacypselus

Apodidae

Trochili

†Cypselavidae

†Jungornithidae

Trochilidae

ORDER APODIFORMES

  • Family †Aegialornithidae Lydekker, 1891 [Primapinae Harrison, 1984c]
  • Suborder Apodi
    • Genus †Procypseloides Harrison, 1984c
    • Genus †Laputavis Dyke, 2001b
    • Genus †Scaniacypselus Harrison, 1984
    • Family †Eocypselidae Harrison 1984
      • Genus †Eocypselus Harrison, 1984
        Parargornis messelensis fossil
    • Family Hemiprocnidae Oberholser, 1906 (treeswifts)
    • Family Apodidae Olphe-Galliard, 1887 (swifts)
  • Suborder Trochili
    • Genus †Palescyvus Karchu, 1988
    • Family †Cypselavidae Mourer-Chauviré, 2006
      • Genus †Argornis Karchu, 1999
      • Genus †Cypselavus Gaillard, 1908
      • Genus †Parargornis Mayr, 2003
    • Family †Jungornithidae Karchu, 1988
      • Genus †Jungornis Karchu, 1988
    • Family Trochilidae Vigors, 1825 (hummingbirds)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hyman, Libbie Henrietta (1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, page 39. ISBN 0-226-87013-8
  2. 1 2 Mayr, Gerald (2003): Phylogeny of early tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes). Auk 120(1): 145–151. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0145:POETSA2.0.CO;2] PDF fulltext
  3. ↑ Mayr, Gerald (2002): Osteological evidence for paraphyly of the avian order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies). Journal für Ornithologie 143: 82–97. PDF fulltext
  4. ↑ Dyke, Gareth J.; Waterhouse, David M. & Kristoffersen, Anette M. (October 2004). "Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark" (PDF). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 51 (1): 77–85. doi:10.37570/bgsd-2004-51-06.
  5. ↑ Christopher R. Scotese. "During the Early Cenozoic India began to Collide with Asia". Paleomap project. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  6. ↑ Somewhat doubtful, as this is difficult to reconcile with the other aegialornithid fossils and Primapus.
  7. ↑ Haaramo, Mikko. "Apodiformes – housemartins, hummingbirds, and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
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