Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
A sandy beach at the Little Sand Bay Visitor Center
Map showing the location of Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Map showing the location of Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Map showing the location of Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Map showing the location of Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
LocationAshland County and Bayfield County, Wisconsin, United States
Nearest cityBayfield, Wisconsin
Coordinates46°57′55″N 90°39′51″W / 46.96528°N 90.66417°W / 46.96528; -90.66417
Area69,372 acres (280.74 km2)[1]
EstablishedSeptember 26, 1970 (1970-September-26)
Visitors176,040 (in 2011)[2]
Governing bodyNational Park Service
WebsiteApostle Islands National Lakeshore

The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore is a U.S. national lakeshore consisting of 21 islands (Apostle Islands) and shoreline encompassing 69,372 acres (28,074 ha)[1] on the northern tip of Wisconsin on the shore of Lake Superior. It is known for its collection of historic lighthouses, sandstone sea caves, a few old-growth remnant forests, and natural animal habitats. It is featured on the America the Beautiful Quarters series.

The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore is located in Bayfield, Wisconsin, on Lake Superior, the "largest, cleanest, and coldest of the Great Lakes."[3] The lakeshore comprises beaches, cliffs, water, and 21 islands.[4] Madeline Island, with commercial establishments of the town of La Pointe, is the only one of the Apostle Islands not included in the national lakeshore, although a portion of the island is protected as Big Bay State Park.

Ecologically, the islands contain some old growth, but primarily secondary Northern hardwood forest. There are elements of the oak, hickory, and hemlock hardwood forests of the eastern United States, but also features of the Boreal forest typical of Ontario. Larger wildlife on the islands and surrounding area include whitetail deer, black bear, red fox, and coyote. Smaller mammals such as squirrels, beaver, otter, snowshoe hare, and voles are also present. Avian species in the wilderness include waterfowl, ruffed grouse, and woodcock.

Islands

Beginning in the west, going north around the outer islands, then west, then east, ending with the southernmost island, the islands are:

Historical evidence suggests that another island formerly existed alongside Eagle Island. It was known as Steamboat Island, although this name was apparently also used for Eagle Island itself, in which case Steamboat Island was called "Little Steamboat Island." Multiple sources dating from August 1901 document the disappearance of the island around that time, due to unknown natural forces.[5]

History

The Apostle Islands are a result of the glaciers that once covered North America. "Geologically they are originally part of the main land at the edge of the great rift or fault which formed the depression to which the waters of Lake Superior collected."[6] When the glaciers melted, waves from the waters of Lake Superior caused erosion that formed the islands. The islands are composed of mostly red sandstone because of the glacial shift.[7]

It is widely assumed that Native Americans were the first to inhabit the island. "There is some evidence that they were seen and possibly visited sometime in the fourteenth century by Indians who were making their way to Isle Royale near the north shore of the land in search of copper."[6] In the 17th century, the islands were visited by Étienne Brûlé, a French explorer who, like many French Canadians, was trying to discover a new way to the East Indies. "Historians believe that the Jesuits named the islands the Apostle Islands according to their practice of giving holy names to new places."[8] It is said that fur traders were the first explorers to settle in the area, building a village from the money they brought in.

Previously used for logging, farming, and mining during the early 20th century, the islands are returning to a primitive state; evidence of human habitation is still present, albeit mostly obscured by the regenerating forests. The islands' coastlines possess varied geology, where precambrian sandstone has eroded into sea caves, and the resulting sand has formed sandspits, cuspate forelands, tombolos, barrier spits, and beaches.

United States Senator Gaylord Nelson sponsored the federal legislation that established the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.[9][10] Public Law 91-424 was signed by President Richard M. Nixon on September 26, 1970. It included 20 islands, a 12-mile (19 km) strip of the mainland, and approximately 1/4 mile of Lake Superior jurisdiction adjacent to each land unit.[11]

Public Law 99-497 in 1986 added Long Island to the National Lakeshore and transferred ownership of all the light stations from the U.S. Coast Guard to the National Park Service.

After the National Park Service completed a wilderness study in 2004 and received overwhelming support from the public, Congress designated 80 percent of the land area (35,000 acres (142 km2)) of the national lakeshore as the Gaylord Nelson Wilderness on December 8, 2004.[12] (Public Law 108-447, Division E, Section 140.) Of the twenty-two Apostle Islands, the wilderness area fully or partially covers eighteen and preserves the prohibition of motorized travel on the wilderness islands. It is the largest wilderness area in Wisconsin. It is named for Gaylord Nelson, a U.S. Senator and governor of Wisconsin, who was instrumental in establishing the National Trails System, the Wilderness Act, and Earth Day.[13]

The National Park Travelers Club held its 2012 convention at the Apostle Islands.[14]

Recreation

Many of the islands offer public docking; a small fee is charged for overnight use.[15] The shoreline contains some historical sites, such as the many lighthouses throughout the islands. Fishing on Lake Superior is a popular activity for both boaters and non-boaters. The lake holds several species of trout and some species of salmon. In seasons when the water is warmer visitors can catch fish from the shore in water as shallow as ten feet.

Camping options range from more civilized sites that offer many amenities, such as well water, vault toilets, and food lockers, to sites that are more remote, further from other campers and offer nothing more than a tent pad or fire ring. Camping is offered on 18 of the 21 islands in the national lakeshore. Permits are required from the National Park Service in advance; reservations for group sites begin most years in January and for individual sites 30 days in advance.[16]

Hunting is permitted on some islands for certain periods of the year. Game include white-tail deer, black bear, grouse, and other small game. As white-tailed deer have become abundant in recent years, deer hunting opportunities have been plentiful, although the logistics of hunting on the islands can be difficult. Hunting black bears is limited to two islands, and there are rules and regulations that apply only to specific areas.

To get from island to island many visitors choose to kayak, either bringing their own kayaks and equipment or renting from a local shop. The islands also offer opportunities to scuba divers to view interesting rock formations and shipwrecks. Scuba diving within a quarter-mile of any island shore requires obtaining a free permit from the park's visitor center.

Lighthouses

Apostle Islands National Lakeshore has more lighthouses than any other National Park Service area (eight historic towers on six islands).[17] For most of the century, the six Apostle Islands Lighthouses have guided ships and boats through the rough waters of Lake Superior and through the Apostle Islands.

The Sand Island lighthouse is one of the most popular lighthouses to visit on the islands. This lighthouse is approximately 44 feet (13 m) tall and was one of the first lighthouses to be automated in 1921. Boats tour this island June through late August every year on trips provided by volunteers of the National Park Service. The lighthouse on Raspberry Island has been completely renovated and is one of the most scenic in the Apostle Islands. Other lighthouses in the Apostle islands include both Old and New Michigan Island Lights, New La Pointe Light and Chequamegon Point Light on Long Island, Devils Island Light, and Outer Island Light. The ruins of Old LaPointe Light can still be seen on Long Island, approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) away from the wreckage of the schooner Lucerne.

Local communities

Bayfield, Wisconsin, home of the national lakeshore's headquarters and visitor center, becomes more popular during the summer, when visitors travel to and from the islands.[18] Other nearby communities are Red Cliff, three miles north of Bayfield, which offers a campground, marina, and the Legendary Waters Resort and Casino, and Washburn, located 10 miles (16 km) from Bayfield.

Climate data for Bayfield, Wisconsin
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F 20.7 25.5 36.7 50.1 63.2 72.4 78.4 75.5 65.8 55.2 39.2 25.2 50.7
Mean daily minimum °F 1.7 3.8 16.3 29.1 39 47.8 55.5 54.1 46 36.1 23.7 9.5 30.2
Average rainfall inches 1.6 0.9 2.2 2.1 3.3 3.5 3.5 4.2 4.1 2.9 2.3 1.8 32.3
Average snowfall inches 23.5 10.4 13.1 4.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 11.4 25.5 83.9
Mean daily maximum °C −6.3 −3.6 2.6 10.1 17.3 22.4 25.8 24.2 18.8 12.9 4.0 −3.8 10.4
Mean daily minimum °C −16.8 −15.7 −8.7 −1.6 4 8.8 13.1 12.3 8 2.3 −4.6 −12.5 −1.0
Average rainfall mm 41 23 56 53 84 89 89 110 100 74 58 46 820
Average snowfall cm 60 26 33 11 0.76 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 29 65 213
Source: [19]

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-19. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
  2. ↑ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  3. ↑ "Making a Great Lake Superior!" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. Spring 2005. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  4. ↑ "Apostle Islands National Lakeshore". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  5. ↑ "Steamboat Island". www.jlindquist.com. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  6. 1 2 Ross, Hamilton N. (1951). The Apostle Islands (2nd ed.). Batavia, NY: Batavia Herald. OCLC 17866610.
  7. ↑ Hough, Jack L (1958). Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. OCLC 545144.
  8. ↑ Busch, Jane C., Ph.D. (2008). "People and Places: A Human History of the Apostle Islands" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ "Gaylord Nelson". The Wilderness Society. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  10. ↑ "Gaylord Nelson Wilderness". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  11. ↑ "U.S. Code Title 16 Chapter 1, Subchapter LXXXI—Apostle Islands National Lakeshore". Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  12. ↑ Gaylord Nelson Wilderness - Wilderness.net. Retrieved 11 Nov 2011
  13. ↑ Gaylord Nelson Archived 2012-03-16 at the Wayback Machine - The Wilderness Society. Retrieved 11 Nov 2011
  14. ↑ National Park Travelers Club 2012 Convention Preview. NPTC. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  15. ↑ "Apostle Islands – Fees & Reservations". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  16. ↑ "Apostle Islands – Camping Permits, Fees, and Reservations". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  17. ↑ "Newswave" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. Summer 2012.
  18. ↑ Brazer, Marjorie C (1985). Cruising guide to the Great Lakes and their connecting waterways. Chicago: Contemporary Books, Inc. ISBN 9780809254156.
  19. ↑ "Historical Weather for Bayfield, Wisconsin". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2012-03-19.

References

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