Arctocephalus

Arctocephalus
	New Zealand fur seal
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Clade:	Pinnipedia
Family:	Otariidae
Subfamily:	Arctocephalinae
Genus:	Arctocephalus; É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier in F. Cuvier, 1826
Type species
	"Phoca ursina"; Schreber, 1775
Species
	Arctocephalus gazella; Arctocephalus townsendi; Arctocephalus philippii; Arctocephalus galapagoensis; Arctocephalus pusillus; Arctocephalus forsteri; Arctocephalus tropicalis; Arctocephalus australis
A. townsendi A. galapagoensis A. philippii A. australis	A. gazella A. tropicalis A. pusillus A. forsteri
Synonyms
	Arctophoca; Cynophoca;

The genus Arctocephalus consists of the southern fur seals. Arctocephalus translates to "bear head."

Taxonomy

The number of species within the genus has been questioned, primarily based on limited molecular data. The issue is complicated because some of the species are able to produce fertile hybrids. A recent review recommended the retention of seven species, deprecating the New Zealand fur seals to a subspecies of the South American fur seal, while also questioning the status of the Guadalupe fur seal.^[2] Other recent studies have indicated the genus may be paraphyletic, and some taxonomic reshuffling was previously done to account for this; however, more recent studies support it being monophyletic, with the alleged paraphyly being a consequence of incomplete lineage sorting.^[3]^[4]

Extant Species

Genus **Arctocephalus** – É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier, 1826 – eight species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Antarctic fur seal	Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Guadalupe fur seal	Arctocephalus townsendi (Merriam, 1897)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Juan Fernández fur seal	Arctocephalus philippii (Peters, 1866)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Galápagos fur seal	Arctocephalus galapagoensis (Heller, 1904)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	EN
Brown fur seal or Cape fur seal	Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber, 1775) Three subspecies A. p. pusillus (Cape/South African fur seal) A. p. doriferus (Australian fur seal)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
New Zealand fur seal	Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson, 1828)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Subantarctic fur seal	Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
South American fur seal	Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783)	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

References

↑ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
↑ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
↑ Yonezawa, T.; et al. (2009). "The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora; Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere". Gene. 441 (1–2): 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.022. PMID 19254754.
↑ Lopes, Fernando; Oliveira, Larissa R; Kessler, Amanda; Beux, Yago; Crespo, Enrique; Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana; Majluf, Patricia; Sepúlveda, Maritza; Brownell, Robert L; Franco-Trecu, Valentina; Páez-Rosas, Diego (2020-12-26). "Phylogenomic Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern Hemisphere". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 786–802. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa099. hdl:10923/20564. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 33367817.

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[1] Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Berta2012-2] Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.

[Yonezawa2009-3] Yonezawa, T.; et al. (2009). "The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora; Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere". Gene. 441 (1–2): 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.022. PMID 19254754.

[4] Lopes, Fernando; Oliveira, Larissa R; Kessler, Amanda; Beux, Yago; Crespo, Enrique; Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana; Majluf, Patricia; Sepúlveda, Maritza; Brownell, Robert L; Franco-Trecu, Valentina; Páez-Rosas, Diego (2020-12-26). "Phylogenomic Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern Hemisphere". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 786–802. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa099. hdl:10923/20564. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 33367817.

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