The Right Honourable
The Baroness Foster of Aghadrumsee
DBE PC
Foster in 2013
First Minister of Northern Ireland
In office
11 January 2020 – 14 June 2021
Serving with Michelle O'Neill
Preceded byHerself (2017)
Succeeded byPaul Givan
In office
11 January 2016 – 9 January 2017[a]
Serving with Martin McGuinness
Preceded byPeter Robinson
Succeeded byHerself (2020)
Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party
In office
17 December 2015 – 28 May 2021
DeputyThe Lord Dodds of Duncairn
Preceded byPeter Robinson
Succeeded byEdwin Poots
Minister for Finance and Personnel
In office
11 May 2015 – 12 January 2016
Preceded bySimon Hamilton
Succeeded byMervyn Storey
Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Investment
In office
9 June 2008 – 11 May 2015
Preceded byNigel Dodds
Succeeded byJonathan Bell
Minister for the Environment
In office
8 May 2007 – 9 June 2008
Preceded byDermot Nesbitt
Succeeded bySammy Wilson
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
Assumed office
9 November 2022
Life Peerage
Member of the Legislative Assembly
for Fermanagh and South Tyrone
In office
26 November 2003 – 6 October 2021
Preceded byJoan Carson
Succeeded byDeborah Erskine
Personal details
Born
Arlene Isobel Kelly[1]

(1970-07-17) 17 July 1970[2]
Enniskillen, Northern Ireland
NationalityBritish
Political partyNone (non affiliated)
Other political
affiliations		Democratic Unionist Party (2004–2021)
Ulster Unionist Party(Before 2004)
SpouseBrian Foster
Children3
Alma materQueen's University Belfast
WebsiteOfficial website
^a Foster served as acting first minister from 11 January 2010 to 3 February 2010 and from 10 September 2015 to 20 October 2015 while Robinson was on leave.

Arlene Isobel Foster, Baroness Foster of Aghadrumsee, DBE, PC (née Kelly; born 17 July 1970),[2] is a British broadcaster and former politician from Northern Ireland who served as First Minister of Northern Ireland from 2016 to 2017 and from 2020 to 2021 and as Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) from 2015 to 2021. She was the first woman to hold either position. Foster is a Member of the House of Lords, having previously been a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Fermanagh and South Tyrone from 2003 to 2021.

Foster served in the Northern Ireland Executive as Minister of the Environment from 2007 to 2008, Minister for Enterprise and Investment from 2008 to 2015 and Minister for Finance and Personnel from 2015 to 2016. In December 2015, Foster was elected unopposed to succeed Peter Robinson as leader of the DUP. In January 2016, Foster became First Minister of Northern Ireland and shared power with Martin McGuinness.

McGuinness resigned as deputy First Minister in January 2017 amid the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal, which involved a green energy scheme that Foster set up during her time as Minister for Enterprise and Investment. The scheme was set to cost the taxpayer £490 million and there were allegations of corruption surrounding Foster's role in implementing the scheme. McGuinness asked Foster to step aside as First Minister while her involvement in the scheme was investigated, but she refused to step aside or resign and said that the voices calling for her resignation were those of "misogynists and male chauvinists".[3] Under the terms of the Northern Ireland power-sharing agreement, the First and deputy First Ministers are equal and, therefore, Foster could not remain in her post as First Minister and was subsequently removed from office. McGuinness's resignation caused a 2017 snap assembly election to be held, in which the DUP lost 10 seats. After no party received an outright majority in the 2017 general election, the DUP entered into an agreement with the Conservative Party to support Prime Minister Theresa May's government.[4] In January 2020, she became First Minister of Northern Ireland again after the Executive was reinstated under the terms of the New Decade, New Approach agreement.

On 28 April 2021, after more than 20 DUP MLAs and four DUP MPs signed a letter "...voicing no confidence in her leadership", Foster announced that she would resign as party leader and as First Minister. She was succeeded by Edwin Poots as DUP leader on 28 May 2021.[5] Foster left office as First Minister on 14 June 2021[6] and was succeeded by Paul Givan as First Minister on 17 June 2021.[7] She resigned from the Northern Ireland Assembly in October 2021 and became a presenter on GB News.

Background

Arlene Kelly was born in Enniskillen[8] and was raised in the townland of Dernawilt, on the outskirts of Aghadrumsee. When she was aged nine, her family moved to live in the Castlebalfour Estate, a housing estate in nearby Lisnaskea, after an IRA attack on the family home at Dernawilt.[8][9] She is a member of the Church of Ireland.[10] Her experience with the Troubles began early in her life when a night-time attempt was made to kill her father, a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) reservist, who was shot and severely injured at their family farm; the family was forced to leave the Roslea area,[11] moving to Lisnaskea instead.

As a teenager, Foster was on a school bus that was bombed by the IRA, the vehicle targeted because its driver was a soldier in the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR). A girl sitting near her was seriously injured.[12] She was a pupil at Enniskillen Collegiate Grammar School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, from 1982 to 1989, and attended Queen's University Belfast (QUB), where she graduated with an LLB degree.[13] Her political career began at Queen's University Belfast when she joined the Queen's Unionist Association, part of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP).[14] She served as the association's chair from 1992 to 1993.[15] At the 1991 annual conference of the UUP's youth wing, the Ulster Young Unionist Council (UYUC), during abortive talks between the constitutional political parties in Northern Ireland initiated by Secretary of State Peter Brooke, she seconded a motion opposing devolved government in Northern Ireland, instead calling for the province to be more closely integrated with the rest of the United Kingdom. The motion carried.[16] Following the 1993 local elections in Northern Ireland, she wrote a letter to Ulster Review, the current affairs magazine of the UYUC, expressing opposition to power-sharing arrangements with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) on local councils where unionists had a majority, arguing that because the SDLP were a nationalist party who wanted to the see the "demise" of Northern Ireland who had "no desire to be full citizens of the United Kingdom" they "should therefore be denied the perks of this citizenship".[17]

After leaving Queen's University she remained active in the UUP, chairing its youth wing, the UYUC, in 1995. In 1996, she became an Honorary Secretary of the UUP's ruling body, the Ulster Unionist Council, a position which she held until her resignation from the UUP on 18 December 2003.[15] She was a councillor on Fermanagh District Council representing Enniskillen from 2005 to 2010.

Assembly career

She was elected as an Ulster Unionist in the 2003 Assembly elections. While a member of the UUP, she was part of a "rightwing cabal within the UUP known as the 'baby barristers'." They actively opposed party leader David Trimble, and were a "thorn in [his] side" after he supported the Belfast Agreement.[18]

In 2004, Foster resigned from the UUP and joined the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), together with fellow Assembly members Jeffrey Donaldson and Norah Beare.[19][20] She was selected as the DUP's candidate for Fermanagh and South Tyrone in the 2005 UK general election, where she gained 28.8% of the vote.[21]

Negotiations took place between the local branches of the DUP and UUP with the aim of finding an agreed unionist candidate. The negotiations broke down with neither party willing to accept the electoral dominance of the other; the UUP claiming Foster's defection to the DUP disguised the reality of the UUP's electoral strength, while the DUP pointed to the change in the unionist political landscape following the 2003 Assembly election and the 2004 European Parliament election. The UUP candidate was Tom Elliott. Foster finished second in the 2005 general election with 14,056 votes.

On 11 January 2010, she assumed the duties of the First Minister of Northern Ireland, as Peter Robinson stepped aside for a planned period of up to six weeks. Foster worked alongside the deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness.[22] Robinson returned earlier than planned, on 3 February 2010.[23] She again became acting First Minister on 10 September 2015, following the resignation of Robinson and a majority of DUP ministers in the wake of the killing of Kevin McGuigan.[24] Robinson resumed his position as First Minister on 20 October 2015, following a government review into paramilitary activities in Northern Ireland.[25]

Minister for the Environment

In September 2007, a privately financed proposal for a new Giant's Causeway centre was given preliminary approval by Foster in her role as Northern Ireland Environment Minister.[26] Immediately afterwards, the public money that had been allocated to the causeway development was frozen. The proposal resulted in a public row about the relationship between the private developer Seymour Sweeney and the DUP; Sweeney was a member of the DUP, although both he and the DUP denied that he had ever donated financially to the party.[27]

On 29 January 2008, Foster announced that she had decided against Sweeney's proposal for a £21 million visitors' centre on a protected greenfield site, reversing her earlier position of "being minded" to approve it.[28] Although the public funds for a causeway scheme remained frozen, it seemed highly likely that the publicly funded plan for the causeway would go ahead with the support of deputy DUP leader Nigel Dodds.[29]

Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Investment

Foster as Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Investment in 2012.

A major concession for Northern Ireland was the reduction to zero of Air Passenger Duty on long-haul flights from the province. In the devolution settlement such burdens were to be born by the Assembly government. But negotiations proved how DUP could sell their support to Whitehall.[30] In 2011, she had written to the Organised Crime Task Force about the need to bring fuel licensing within the remit of the Petrol licensing Consolidation (NI) Act 1929, demonstrating the relevance of cross-border law enforcement jurisdiction in helping to reduce frauds.[31]

As the minister responsible for energy policy in June 2012, Foster criticised the Co-operative Group over the showing of a documentary opposing fracking, saying: "I find your claim that you take 'ethics to the next level' hard to reconcile with your demonstrable support for a film which presents a wholly one-sided and partial approach to the debate about hydraulic fracturing."[32]

She successfully liaised with UK ministers, such as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Theresa Villiers MP, to restore HMS Caroline in Belfast.

In March 2014, Foster called for an apology for what she described as "deeply insulting" language" in a comment made by fellow MLA Anna Lo of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. Lo had described herself as "anti-colonial" and said the partition of Ireland was "artificial".[33] Foster herself was challenged in a blog by Irish writer Jude Collins over the fact that she had chosen to speak out so robustly on the matter after not commenting about remarks made the previous day by another Unionist politician, Progressive Unionist Party leader Billy Hutchinson. The former UVF member who was responsible for two sectarian murders during The Troubles stated that he had "no regrets in terms of my past because I believe that I contributed to preventing a united Ireland." Hutchinson also stated: "There is no room for violence in this society."[34][35]

First Minister of Northern Ireland

In January 2016, as she was poised to become First Minister, Foster stated that she would not be travelling to Dublin for the official centenary celebrations of the 1916 uprising against British rule, describing the rising as "an attack on democracy".[36]

Arlene Foster was First Minister of Northern Ireland from January 2016 to January 2017. She set the agenda during her maiden speech as First Minister as one of "hope for all the community".[37] In May 2018, she announced she would be leading an Orange Order march in Fife, Scotland. As a committed member of the Order, this was a reason behind the original defection from the UUP ten years ago. As First Minister, Foster was emphatic in support for Brexit with a soft border along the republic; yet leaving the EU on the same terms as the rest of the UK.

The assembly was suspended following disagreements between the parties, particularly over the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal. While the Government talked about restoring the Executive as a "top priority" the constitutional impasse has made it impossible.[38] In May 2018, the High Court ruled that the civil service could not grant planning permission for an incinerator in Mallusk.[39]

In 2018, Foster addressed a PinkNews reception in Belfast, becoming the first DUP leader to attend an LGBT event.[40] Foster stated that, despite her opposition to same-sex marriage, she valued the contribution of the LGBT community in Northern Ireland and requested that differing views be respected.[40]

Committed to a business case, Foster was responsible for a super-fast broadband connection designed to enhance communications with international offerings. Regional Aid proved a vital part of the budget within the devolved framework. The reduction of sales and purchase taxes, such as Air Passenger Duty was typically part of her wider experience of stimulating business at DETI.[41] Fighting the cause of private enterprise has been an important issue for Foster: mobile phone companies and saving Bombardier jobs brought investment of £500 million, while public sector employment has declined.[42]

Renewable Heat Incentive scandal

In December 2016, Foster faced criticism and controversy after a whistleblower revealed that the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme overspent by £400m, a failure which has been nicknamed the Cash for Ash scandal.[43] The scheme was originally set up by the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI, now Department for the Economy) when she was Minister of the department and the scheme offered incentives to businesses if they installed renewable heating systems, such as burning wooden pellets.

She faced strong criticism after it was claimed that she personally campaigned to keep the scheme open, even when senior civil servants warned of the overspend and the Minister responsible, Jonathan Bell, planned on closing it. It remained open for an extra two weeks before it was finally closed. It was also revealed that the Northern Ireland budget would lose £400m over the next 20 years as a result of the failure of the scheme. An independent audit investigated 300 sites and found there were issues at half of them, including 14 cases where there were suspicions of 'serious fraud'.

When senior civil servants suggested the closure of the scheme in September 2015, the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (now the Executive Office) pressured the department to keep the scheme open, which is when there was a spike in applications.[44] There were calls for Foster to resign as First Minister after the scandal broke.[45][46]

Northern Ireland political deadlock, 2017–2020

Foster and British Prime Minister Theresa May visit the headquarters of Belleek Pottery in 2018.

On 9 January 2017, McGuinness resigned as deputy First Minister due to the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal. Under the terms of the power-sharing agreement that created what is now the Executive Office, his resignation also resulted in Foster being removed from office, until Sinn Féin nominates a new deputy First Minister; the party stated that it would not replace McGuinness. No nomination was made before 16 January, resulting in the collapse of the Executive. James Brokenshire, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, assumed the powers of the Executive and called for a snap election scheduled for 2 March.[47]

In a statement posted to Facebook, Foster said that she was "disappointed" with McGuinness' decision and condemned it as "not principled": "At a time when we are dealing with Brexit, needing to create more jobs and investing in our health and education system, Northern Ireland needs stability. But because of Sinn Féin's selfish reactions, we now have instability, and I very much regret that." She expressed concern over the possibility of another election less than a year after the previous one, and said "this is not an election of our making", but that "the DUP will always defend unionism and stand up for what is best for Northern Ireland."[48]

In this Northern Ireland Assembly election, held in March 2017, the DUP lost 10 seats, leaving them only one seat and 1,200 votes ahead of Sinn Féin, a result described by the Belfast Telegraph as "catastrophic".[49] The withdrawal of the party whip from Jim Wells in May 2018 left the DUP on 27 seats, the same number as Sinn Féin.[50]

Since McGuinness' resignation, Northern Ireland was in a continuous state of political deadlock until January 2020. One of the key issues was the Irish Language Act, which Sinn Féin insist on and Foster has said that her party will never agree to. With regard to the proposed act, she said "If you feed a crocodile, it will keep coming back for more." This remark was widely cited during the 2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election even though Foster later apologised for it.[51][52]

On 11 January 2020, after the New Decade, New Approach agreement received bipartisan support, the Executive was re-formed with Arlene Foster as First Minister and Sinn Féin's Michelle O'Neill as deputy First Minister.[53]

2017 general election and Conservative-DUP agreement

British Prime Minister Theresa May meets with Foster and deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness in 2016.

In the 2017 UK general election, the DUP had 10 seats overall, 3 seats ahead of Sinn Féin.[54] With no party having received an outright majority in the UK Parliament, the DUP entered into a confidence and supply agreement to support the government led by the Conservative Prime Minister Theresa May.[4] A DUP source said: "The alternative is intolerable. For as long as Corbyn leads Labour, we will ensure there’s a Tory PM."[4] The DUP would later withdraw their support over new Prime Minister Boris Johnson's revised proposal for a deal with the EU.[55]

Brexit and its aftermath

Following a Brexit breakthrough on 8 December 2017, Foster broadly welcomed the deal to progress talks, stating that she was "pleased" to see changes which meant there is "no red line down the Irish Sea".[56]

Both the border issue and opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion are 'red lines' for the eight Unionist MPs.[57] In May 2018, Theresa May stated that abortion is a matter for the devolved Northern Ireland government.[58] However, in 2019, Westminster MPs passed the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019. This legislation would legalise same-sex marriage and opposite-sex civil partnership in Northern Ireland (in line with the rest of the UK) and the liberalisation of abortion laws (in line with abortion rights in England and Wales) if no executive was formed by midnight on 21 October 2019.[59][60] After the Executive was not restored by the deadline, abortion was decriminalised automatically; in December 2019 the British Government passed regulations legalising same-sex marriage and opposite-sex civil partnerships on 13 January 2020.[61] On 25 March 2020, Northern Ireland published the changes to the abortion law.[62] This law permits elective abortions for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, since 31 March 2020.[63]

In February 2021, after Brexit had been formally consummated on 31 December 2020, Foster objected to its implicit Irish Sea border.[64][65] In a Daily Telegraph op-ed she maintained that the Northern Ireland Protocol (NIP) had "fundamental flaws" and suggested, in light of the COVID vaccine dispute, that in order to "protect the UK internal market by all legislative means necessary including triggering Article 16, Boris Johnson must now back up those words with tangible actions that protect the integrity of the whole of the United Kingdom."[66]

On 21 February 2021, Foster announced the launch of a judicial review of the NIP as she said it had driven "a coach and horses" through the Act of Union and the Northern Ireland Act 1998, which gives legislative effect to the Belfast Agreement. She takes the position that "Fundamental to the Act of Union is unfettered trade throughout the UK," and that the "new regulatory and customs processes required to bring goods into Northern Ireland from the rest of the UK" are inimical to the Act of Union. She is joined by various members of the DUP along with Kate Hoey, Jim Allister and Ben Habib. The threat of the EU to reinstitute a hard border if not for the customs barrier in the Irish Sea is a problem.[67] The group was joined by Nobel Peace Prize winner David Trimble on 24 February, as he wrote a scathing open letter to Boris Johnson prior to the commencement of proceedings. The group have instructed John Larkin QC, the former attorney general of Northern Ireland. Foster was part of discussions involving deputy First Minister Michelle O'Neill, CDL Michael Gove and Vice-President of the European Commission Maroš Šefčovič.[68]

On 29 March 2021, the Johnson government decided not to force a preliminary hearing. A full court case for the Judicial Review was scheduled to be heard the week of 13 May 2021 in the High Court in Belfast.[69] The High Court ruled the Northern Ireland Protocol to be lawful. [70]

Resignation as First Minister and DUP leader

Vice President of the United States Kamala Harris meets with First Minister Arlene Foster in March 2021.

On 27 April 2021, there was an internal revolt when 80% of DUP MPs and MLAs signed a vote of no confidence against Foster. Sources close to the party have said that the move was due to Foster becoming "too moderate", party supporters having "grown tired of leadership which is out of step", the most prominent point of discontent for unionist voters being "the emergence of an Irish Sea border" with the rest of the United Kingdom due to the Northern Ireland Protocol.[71] The next day, she announced her resignation as leader of the party, as well as planning to stand down as First Minister of Northern Ireland at the end of June.[72] The following day, Foster announced her resignation in a statement on social media. In the statement she said that she had informed Maurice Morrow, the party Chairman, and Michelle O'Neill of her decision.[73]

Jeffrey Donaldson MP and Edwin Poots MLA stood in an election to replace Foster as Leader of the DUP. On 14 May 2021, Poots was elected as her successor as DUP leader. Poots succeeded Foster as DUP leader on 28 May 2021. Foster resigned as First Minister at 1pm on 14 June 2021[6] and Paul Givan succeeded Foster as First Minister on 17 June 2021.[7] In addition to quitting as First Minister, it was initially rumoured that Foster would quit the DUP as a result of her ousting; however, she remained a party member.[74][75]

On 7 September 2021, it was announced that Foster was to stand down as an MLA, which she did the following month.[76]

Life after leaving as First Minister

Since leaving political office she has embarked on a media career in both broadcast and print media.

On 25 July 2021, Foster was announced as a contributor to the British news channel, GB News.[77] On 15 October 2021, she began to anchor her own show called The Briefing with Arlene Foster on Fridays. She also regularly appears on GB News' Sunday political magazine show The Political Correction.

On 7 October 2021, it was announced that Foster has joined the monthly Local Women magazine as a columnist.[78]

In August 2022, Foster endorsed Liz Truss in the Conservative Party leadership election as the best potential Prime Minister to counter “threats to the Union”.[79]

She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for political and public service.[80]

On 14 October 2022, it was announced that Foster would be appointed to the House of Lords, sitting as a non-affiliated peer.[81] On 9 November 2022, she was created Baroness Foster of Aghadrumsee, of Aghadrumsee in the County of Fermanagh.[82]

Personal life

Arlene Foster has three children with her husband Brian.[83] In 2008, she was recognised as Assembly member of the year at the Women in Public Life Awards.[84] She and her family live on the outskirts of Brookeborough, a village in the east of County Fermanagh.[9][85]

In 2020, Foster sued TV doctor Christian Jessen for defamation over his claim of a relationship with a protection officer.[86] The High Court in Belfast heard that Jessen, a presenter on the Channel 4 show Embarrassing Bodies, who had more than 300,000 Twitter followers, sent an initial tweet on 23 December 2019. It was then retweeted more than 500 times and Jessen had followed up the tweet with other "aggravating" tweets. Mr Justice McAlinden said he would reserve his decision and make a written judgment.[87][88] On 27 May 2021, Mr Justice McAlinden ordered Dr Jessen to pay damages of £125,000 and Foster's legal costs.[89]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Booth, Robert; McDonald, Henry (8 December 2017). "Arlene Foster: Brexit brinkmanship rooted in a border childhood". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  2. 1 2 "The Northern Ireland Assembly". Northern Ireland Assembly. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  3. ↑ Cunliffe, Rachel (5 January 2017). "By crying wolf over sexism, Arlene Foster undermines other women's achievements". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 McDonald, Henry; Syal, Rajeecv (9 June 2017). "May reaches deal with DUP to form government after shock election result". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "Arlene Foster announces resignation as DUP leader and NI first minister". BBC News. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  6. 1 2 "Edwin Poots will not guarantee Irish language law this term". BBC News. 14 June 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  7. 1 2 "Edwin Poots will not guarantee Irish language law this term". BBC News. 14 June 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  8. 1 2 Kane, Alex (15 May 2015). "Fostering ambition: We profile politician Arlene Foster". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  9. 1 2 McKay, Susan (23 November 2015). "Arlene Foster: Effective politician, but with a fierce temper". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  10. ↑ Manley, John (5 April 2017). "Arlene Foster: where did it all go wrong?". The Irish News. Belfast. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017. For many observers, the new DUP leader's former associations with the Ulster Unionist Party and her membership of the Church of Ireland represented a break with her party's fundamentalist past.
  11. ↑ "Arlene Foster – Profile". BBC News. 11 January 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017.
  12. ↑ Staff (17 December 2015). "From bombs to the ballot box: New DUP leader Arlene Foster symbolises the Province's newfound hopes". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  13. ↑ "Biography – Arlene Foster". Archived from the original on 13 March 2010.
  14. ↑ "Arlene Foster's unlikely path to Northern Ireland's top job". The Daily Telegraph. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010.
  15. 1 2 "Political Biography – Arlene Foster". Democratic Unionist Party. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010.
  16. ↑ Ulster Review, Issue 6, Young Unionist Council, 1991.
  17. ↑ Ulster Review, Issue 11, Young Unionist Council, 1993.
  18. ↑ McDonald, Henry (11 January 2010). "Robinson saga: Profile of Arlene Foster". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  19. ↑ "Donaldson resigns from UUP". BBC News. 18 December 2003. Archived from the original on 7 June 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  20. ↑ Jones, George (6 January 2004). "Ulster Unionist MP defects to Paisley". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  21. ↑ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  22. ↑ "Peter Robinson steps aside as NI first minister". BBC News. 11 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010.
  23. ↑ "Robinson back as Northern Ireland first minister". BBC News. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  24. ↑ Williamson, Claire (10 September 2015). "Stormont crisis: Peter Robinson steps aside as First Minister". belfasttelegraph. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  25. ↑ "Stormont: Peter Robinson returns as First Minister". ITV News. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  26. ↑ "Developer set to get Causeway nod". BBC News. 10 September 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2008.
  27. ↑ "Developer's DUP link 'no bearing'". BBC News. 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009.
  28. ↑ Gordon, David (29 January 2008). "Foster ditches Sweeney centre". Belfast Telegraph. pp. 1–2.
  29. ↑ Peterkin, Tom (14 September 2017). "Giants Causeway Development Plan Anger". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  30. ↑ An Air Transport Policy for Northern Ireland, 28 May 2012, House of Commons Northern Ireland Committee hearings, p.81.
  31. ↑ Fuel Laundering and Smuggling in Northern Ireland: 3rd Report, House of Commons, Northern Ireland Affairs Committee, December 2011.
  32. ↑ Magee, Kevin (14 June 2012). "Arlene Foster criticises Co-operative Group over fracking film". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  33. ↑ "Anna Lo: 'United Ireland' remarks 'insulting', say unionists". BBC News. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014.
  34. ↑ McBride, Sam (19 March 2014). "My murder of two Catholics helped prevent united Ireland – PUP leader Billy Hutchinson". News Letter. Belfast. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  35. ↑ "What Anna said". Jude Collins. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  36. ↑ McDonald, Henry. "Arlene Foster: Easter Rising was attack on democracy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  37. ↑ Foster, Arlene. "Maiden speech as Leader". Arlene Foster. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  38. ↑ vol.791, Hansard, Lord Duncan of Springbank, House of Lords, 23 May 2018.
  39. ↑ "Mallusk incinerator plan blocked by court". BBC News. 14 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  40. 1 2 Salisbury, Josh (29 June 2018). "Arlene Foster addresses PinkNews summer reception in Belfast: Her speech in full". PinkNews. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  41. ↑ vol.554, Inward Investment debate, House of Commons, 5 December 2012.
  42. ↑ vol.675, 26 February 2014, Public Sector Jobs debate, House of Commons
  43. ↑ "RHI scandal: RHI 'cash for ash' scandal to cost NI taxpayers £490m". BBC News. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.
  44. ↑ "Foster 'intervened to keep heat scheme subsidy open'". BBC News. 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016.
  45. ↑ Simpson, Claire (13 December 2016). "People Before Profit to hold rallies calling for Arlene Foster's resignation". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  46. ↑ "Arlene Foster rejects call to resign over botched renewable energy scheme". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  47. ↑ "Elections to be held in NI on 2 March". BBC News. 16 January 2017. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017.
  48. ↑ "Martin McGuinness resigns as NI deputy first minister". BBC News. 9 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  49. ↑ McAdam, Noel (7 March 2017). "I want one party for unionism, says DUP's Arlene Foster". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  50. ↑ Cross, Gareth (10 May 2018). "It's a tie: DUP's Wells says removal of whip gives Sinn Fein equal voting power in Northern Ireland". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  51. ↑ Devenport, Mark (9 May 2017). "Language issue still has (crocodile) teeth". Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  52. ↑ Gordon, Gareth (7 February 2017). "Crocodiles, alligators and Irish language". Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  53. ↑ "DUP and Sinn Féin back in top jobs at Stormont". BBC News. 11 January 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  54. ↑ "Election results 2017: DUP and Sinn Féin celebrate election gains". BBC News. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  55. ↑ "DUP says it cannot support Boris Johnson's Brexit deal". The Guardian. 17 October 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  56. ↑ "Brexit: Broad welcome in NI and Republic for UK-EU deal". BBC News. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
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