Armistice Day
Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918
Observed byBelgium, France, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and many other countries
SignificanceCommemoration of the signing of the Armistice between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers effectively ending all military operations and hostilities in all theatres and fronts of World War I at Compiègne, France
Date11 November
Next time11 November 2024 (2024-11-11)
FrequencyAnnual
First timeWorld's first official observance at Buckingham Palace, London, on 11 November 1919
Related toCoincides with Remembrance Day and Veterans Day; and related to Remembrance Sunday
Armistice Day celebrations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 11 November 1918

Armistice Day, later known as Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth and Veterans Day in the United States, is commemorated every year on 11 November to mark the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France, at 5:45 am[1] for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at 11:00 am—the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month" of 1918 although, according to Thomas R. Gowenlock, an intelligence officer with the U.S. First Division, shelling from both sides continued for the rest of the day, ending only at nightfall.[2][3] The armistice initially expired after a period of 36 days and had to be extended several times. A formal peace agreement was reached only when the Treaty of Versailles was signed the following year.[4]

The date is a national holiday in France, and was declared a national holiday in many Allied nations. However, many Western countries and associated nations have since changed the name of the holiday from Armistice Day, with member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopting Remembrance Day, and the United States government opting for Veterans Day.[5] In some countries Armistice Day coincides with other public holidays.

History in Allied countries

The first Armistice Day celebration was held at Buckingham Palace, commencing with King George V hosting a "Banquet in Honour of the President of the French Republic" (Raymond Poincare)[6] during the evening hours of 10 November 1919. The first official Armistice Day events were subsequently held in the grounds of Buckingham Palace on the morning of 11 November 1919,[7] which included a two-minute silence as a mark of respect for those who died in the war and those left behind.[8]

Similar ceremonies developed in other countries during the inter-war period. In South Africa, for example, the Memorable Order of Tin Hats had by the late 1920s developed a ceremony whereby the toast of "Fallen Comrades" was observed not only in silence but darkness, all except for the "Light of Remembrance", with the ceremony ending with the Order's anthem "Old Soldiers Never Die".[9][Note 1]

In Britain, beginning in 1939, the two-minute silence was moved to the Sunday nearest to 11 November in order not to interfere with wartime production should 11 November fall on a weekday.[11] This became Remembrance Sunday.

Commemorations of November 11 were initially focused on honoring the military dead of the First World War and the return to peace. Just prior to or after World War II, many countries changed the name of the holiday, several changed the focus to include all veterans of their armed services, and a few honor their war dead both uniformed and civilian. Most member states of the Commonwealth of Nations followed the earlier example of Canada and adopted the name Remembrance Day.[12] The United States in 1954 changed the name to All Veterans Day, later shortened to 'Veterans Day'.[13]

21st century

In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, Armistice Day is observed with a two minute silence on the eleventh hour, with the main service taking place on Remembrance Sunday (also known as Remembrance Day).[14] Both days are commemorated formally but are not public holidays.[15] The National Service of Remembrance is held in London on Remembrance Sunday.[16]

In the United States, Veterans Day honors American veterans, both living and deceased. The official day of national remembrance of those killed in action is Memorial Day, which predates World War I. Some, including American novelist Kurt Vonnegut and American Veteran For Peace Rory Fanning, have urged Americans to resume observation of 11 November as Armistice Day, a day to reflect on how we can achieve peace as it was originally observed.[17]

Presidential couple of France and Prime Ministerial couple of Spain in the centenary commemoration of the Armistice, 2018

In France, the holiday is known as Remembrance Day (Jour du Souvenir). In Belgium, it remains Armistice Day (Jour de l'Armistice).[18]

The day has been a public holiday in Serbia since 2012. The Serbian forces suffered the largest casualty rate in World War I. To commemorate their victims, people in Serbia wear Natalie's ramonda as a symbol of remembrance.[19]

In Poland, 11 November is observed as National Independence Day, a public holiday to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918, after 123 years of partition by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Empire.[20]

In Romania, Armistice Day is observed as Veterans' Day or Combat Theater Veterans Day, the day also signifies the death of the first Romanian soldier in the Afghanistan war on 11 November 2003.[21] Since 2015, the Romanian peony is used to pay tribute to the Romanian soldiers who died on the battlefield.[22]

Ceremonies are held in Kenya over the weekend two weeks after Armistice Day. This is because news of the armistice only reached today's Zambia (the then Northern Rhodesia) about a fortnight later, where the German and British commanders then had to agree on the protocols for their own armistice ceremony.[23]

On 11 November 2018, the centenary of the Armistice, commemorations were held globally. In France, more than 60 heads of state and government gathered at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.[24]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Some sources report (all in identical words) that the South Australian State Branch of the Returned Sailors & Soldiers' Imperial League of Australia developed a simple ceremony of silence for departed comrades at 9 p.m., but there is no reliable source confirming that this happened on Armistice Day. The Club Palm Beach (formerly Palm Beach RSL) reports that a silence was observed in Adelaide in 1916 to mark the landing at Gallipoli.[10]

References

  1. ↑ "Armistice: The End of World War I, 1918". EyeWitness to History. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  2. ↑ "How World War I Soldiers Celebrated the Armistice". 10 November 2016.
  3. ↑ Gowenlock, Thomas (1937). Soldiers of Darkness. Doubleday, Doran & Co. OCLC 1827765.
  4. ↑ Shushkewich, Val (2005). The real Winnie : a one-of-a-kind bear. Natural Heritage Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1554883509.
  5. ↑ Osborne, Samuel (11 November 2015). "Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  6. ↑ "Banquet in honour of The President of the French Republic, Monday 10 November 1919". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 1000799.
  7. ↑ Osborne, Samuel (11 November 2015). "Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  8. ↑ Street, Peter (7 November 2014). "The great silence begins". Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  9. ↑ "Reveille Shellhole". pp. 1–4. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  10. ↑ "ANZAC Day history". Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  11. ↑ Cecil, Hugh (1998). At the Eleventh Hour. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 357–358. ISBN 978-0850526448.
  12. ↑ Osborne, Samuel (11 November 2015). "Armistice Day, Remembrance Day and Veterans Day – what's the difference?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  13. ↑ "History of Veterans Day". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  14. ↑ "REMEMBRANCE DAY definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  15. ↑ "Remembrance Sunday | Remembrance Events | Royal British Legion". The Royal British Legion. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  16. ↑ "Remembrance Sunday | Remembrance Events | Royal British Legion". The Royal British Legion. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  17. ↑ Fanning, Rory (11 November 2014). "Why doesn't the US observe Armistice Day? We're more comfortable with war than peace". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  18. ↑ "Public holidays global: Armistice Day". Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  19. ↑ "Serbia to mark Armistice Day as state holiday". 9 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  20. ↑ Dziennik Ustaw 1937 No. 33 position 255, 1989 No. 6 position 34 Archived 27 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ "11 noiembrie - Ziua Veteranilor din Teatrele de Operații". defense.ro (in Romanian). 11 November 2023.
  22. ↑ Ana-Maria Cononovici (9 August 2022). "The Romanian peony". Radio Romania International.
  23. ↑ "Where World War One finally ended". 25 November 2018. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  24. ↑ Addley, Esther (12 November 2018). "People gather around world to mark armistice centenary". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
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