"X as a service" (rendered as *aaS in acronyms) is a phrasal template for any business model in which a product use is offered as a subscription-based service rather than as an artifact owned and maintained by the customer. Originating from the software as a service concept that appeared in the 2010s with the advent of cloud computing,[1][2] the template has expanded to numerous offerings in the field of information technology and beyond it. The term XaaS can mean "anything as a service".[lower-alpha 1]

The following is an alphabetical list of business models named in this way, including certain forms of cybercrime (criminal business models).

B

Look up BaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Backend as a service (BaaS)

Backend as a service (BaaS), sometimes also referred to as mobile backend as a service (MBaaS),[4][5][6] is a service for providing web app and mobile app developers with a way to easily build a backend to their frontend applications. Features available include user management, push notifications, and integration with social networking services.[7] These services are provided via the use of custom software development kits (SDKs) and application programming interfaces (APIs). BaaS is a relatively recent development in cloud computing,[8] with most BaaS startups dating from 2011 or later.[9][10][11] Some of the most popular service providers are AWS Amplify and Firebase.

Banking as a service (BaaS)

Banking as a service (BaaS) is the provision of banking products (such as current accounts and credit cards) to non-bank third parties through APIs.[12]

Blockchain as a service (BaaS)

Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) allows businesses to use cloud-based solutions to build, host and use their own blockchain apps, smart contracts and functions on the blockchain infrastructure developed by a vendor. Just like the growing trend of using Software-as-a-service (SaaS)[13] where access to the software is provided on a subscription basis, BaaS provides a business with access to a blockchain network of its desired configuration without the business having to develop their own Blockchain and build in-house expertise on the subject.[14]

C

Look up CaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Content as a service (CaaS)

Content as a service (CaaS) or managed content as a service (MCaaS) is a service-oriented model, where the service provider delivers the content on demand to the service consumer via web services that are licensed under subscription. The content is hosted by the service provider centrally in the cloud and offered to a number of consumers that need the content delivered into any applications or system, hence content can be demanded by the consumers as and when required.

D

Look up DaaS, DBaaS, or DMaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Data as a service (DaaS)

Data as a service (DaaS) is a cloud-based software tool used for working with data, such as managing data in a data warehouse or analyzing data with business intelligence. It is enabled by software as a service (SaaS).[15] Like all "as a service" (aaS) technology, DaaS builds on the concept that its data product can be provided to the user on demand,[16] regardless of geographic or organizational separation between provider and consumer. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) and the widespread use of APIs have rendered the platform on which the data resides as irrelevant.[17]

Database as a service (DBaaS)

With a database as a service model (DBaaS), users pay fees to a cloud provider for services and computing resources, reducing the amount of money and effort needed to develop and manage databases.[18] Users are given tools to create and manage database instances, and control users. Some cloud providers also offer tools to manage database structures and data.[19] Many cloud providers offer both relational (Amazon RDS, SQL Server) and NoSQL (MongoDB, Amazon DynamoDB) databases.[19] This is a type of software as a service (SaaS).

Data management as a service (DMaaS)

Data management can also be done through the "as a service" business model, according to the book Data Management as a Service for Dummies.[20]

Desktop as a service (DaaS)

This section is an excerpt from Desktop virtualization § Desktop as a service.[edit]

Remote desktop virtualization can also be provided via cloud computing similar to that provided using a software as a service model. This approach is usually referred to as cloud-hosted virtual desktops. Cloud-hosted virtual desktops are divided into two technologies:

  1. Managed VDI, which is based on VDI technology provided as an outsourced managed service, and
  2. Desktop as a service (DaaS), which provides a higher level of automation and real multi-tenancy, reducing the cost of the technology. The DaaS provider typically takes full responsibility for hosting and maintaining the computer, storage, and access infrastructure, as well as applications and application software licenses needed to provide the desktop service in return for a fixed monthly fee.

E

Look up EaaS or ESaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Energy storage as a service (ESaaS)

Energy storage as a service (ESaaS) allows a facility to benefit from the advantages of an energy storage system by entering into a service agreement without purchasing the system. Energy storage systems provide a range of services to generate revenue, create savings, and improve electricity resiliency. The operation of the ESaaS system is a unique combination of an advanced battery storage system, an energy management system, and a service contract which can deliver value to a business by providing reliable power more economically.

Exploit as a service (EaaS)

Exploit as a service (EaaS) is a scheme of cybercriminals whereby zero-day vulnerabilities are leased to hackers.[21] EaaS is typically offered as a cloud service.[22] By the end of 2021, EaaS became more of a trend among ransomware groups.[23]

Other "EaaS" business models

Under the acronym EaaS, the following business models have been discussed in journals and conferences:

  • Edge as a service[24]
  • Encryption as a service[25]
  • Energy as a service[26]
  • Evaluation as a service[27]

F

Look up FaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Function as a service (FaaS)

Function as a service (FaaS) is a category of cloud computing services that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage application functionalities without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app.[28] Building an application following this model is one way of achieving a "serverless" architecture, and is typically used when building microservices applications.

G

Look up GaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Games as a service (GaaS)

In the video game industry, games as a service (GaaS) represents providing video games or game content on a continuing revenue model, similar to software as a service. Games as a service are ways to monetize video games either after their initial sale, or to support a free-to-play model. Games released under the GaaS model typically receive a long or indefinite stream of monetized new content over time to encourage players to continue paying to support the game. This often leads to games that work under a GaaS model to be called "living games", "live games", or "live service games" since they continually change with these updates.

I

Look up IaaS, IPaaS, or ITaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model by means of which computing resources are supplied by a cloud services provider. The IaaS vendor provides the storage, network, servers, and virtualization (which mostly refers, in this case, to emulating computer hardware). This service enables users to free themselves from maintaining an on-premises data center.[29] The IaaS provider is hosting these resources in either the public cloud (meaning users share the same hardware, storage, and network devices with other users), the private cloud (meaning users do not share these resources), or the hybrid cloud (combination of both).[30]

Integration platform as a service (IPaaS)

This paragraph is an excerpt from Cloud-based integration § Description.[edit]
Integration platform as a service (iPaaS) is a suite of cloud services enabling customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows between disparate applications.[31] Under the cloud-based iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware.[32] The iPaaS model allows businesses to achieve integration without big investment into skills or licensed middleware software. iPaaS used to be regarded primarily as an integration tool for cloud-based software applications, used mainly by small to mid-sized business. Over time, a hybrid type of iPaaS—Hybrid-IT iPaaS—that connects cloud to on-premises, is becoming increasingly popular. Additionally, large enterprises are exploring new ways of integrating iPaaS into their existing IT infrastructures.

IT as a service (ITaaS)

IT as a service (ITaaS) is an operational model where the information technology (IT) service provider delivers an information technology service to a business.[33][34] The IT service provider can be an internal IT organization or an external IT services company. The recipients of ITaaS can be a line of business (LOB) organization within an enterprise or a small and medium business (SMB). The information technology is typically delivered as a managed service with a clear IT services catalog and pricing associated with each of the catalog items. At its core, ITaaS is a competitive business model where businesses have many options for IT services and the internal IT organization has to compete against those other external options in order to be the selected IT service provider to the business. Options for providers other than the internal IT organization may include IT outsourcing companies and public cloud providers.

K

Look up KaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Knowledge as a service (KaaS)

Knowledge as a service (KaaS) is a computing service that delivers information to users, backed by a knowledge model, which might be drawn from a number of possible models based on decision trees, association rules, or neural networks.[35] A knowledge as a service provider responds to knowledge requests from users through a centralised knowledge server, and provides an interface between users and data owners.[36][37]

L

Look up LaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Logging as a service (LaaS)

Logging as a service (LaaS) is an IT architectural model for centrally ingesting and collecting any type of log files coming from any given source or location such as servers, applications, devices etc. The files are "normalized" or filtered for reformatting and forwarding to other dependent systems to be processed as “native” data, which can then be managed, displayed and ultimately disposed of according to a predesignated retention schedule based on any number of criteria.

Lighting as a service (LaaS)

Lighting as a service (LaaS), also known as light as a service, is a service-based business model in which light service is charged on a subscription basis rather than via a one-time payment. It is managed by third parties,[38] more precisely, by specialized service providers and may include light design, financing, installation, maintenance and other services.[39] The model enables customers to outsource lighting aspects of their business over a set time.[40]

M

Look up MaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Mobility as a service (MaaS)

Mobility as a service (MaaS) is a type of service that, through a joint digital channel, enables users to plan, book, and pay for multiple types of mobility services.[41][42] The concept describes a shift away from personally-owned modes of transportation and towards mobility provided as a service. This is enabled by combining transportation services from public and private transportation providers through a unified gateway that creates and manages the trip, which users can pay for with a single account. Users can pay per trip or a monthly fee for a limited distance. The key concept behind MaaS is to offer travelers mobility solutions based on their travel needs.

Monitoring as a service (MaaS)

Monitoring as a service (MaaS) is a cloud-based framework for the deployment of monitoring functionalities for various other services and applications within the cloud. The most common application for MaaS is online state monitoring, which continuously tracks certain states of applications, networks, systems, instances or any element that may be deployable within the cloud.

N

Look up NaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Network as a service (NaaS)

Network as a service (NaaS) brings software-defined networking (SDN), programmable networking and API-based operation to WAN services, and transport, hybrid cloud, multicloud, Private Network Interconnect, and internet exchange points.[43]

P

Look up PaaS or PHaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Payments as a service (PaaS)

Payments as a service (PaaS) is a marketing phrase used to describe a software as a service to connect a group of international payment systems. The architecture is represented by a layer – or overlay – that resides on top of these disparate systems and provides for two-way communications between the payment system and the PaaS. Communication is governed by standard APIs created by the PaaS provider.

Philanthropy as a service (PHaaS)

Philanthropy as a service (PHaaS) is a type of philanthropy in which charitable giving is managed through technology and donor-advised funds.[44]

Platform as a service (PaaS)

Platform as a service (PaaS) or application platform as a service (aPaaS) or platform-based service is a category of cloud computing services that allows customers to provision, instantiate, run, and manage a modular bundle comprising a computing platform and one or more applications, without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching the application(s), and to allow developers to create, develop, and package such software bundles.[45][46]

R

Look up RaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ransomware as a service (RaaS)

Ransomware as a service (RaaS) is a cybercrime business model where ransomware operators write software and affiliates pay to launch attacks using said software.[47] Affiliates do not need to have technical skills of their own but rely on the technical skills of the operators.[48]

Recovery as a service (RaaS)

Recovery as a service (RaaS),[49] sometimes referred to as disaster recovery as a service (DRaaS), is a category of cloud computing used for protecting an application or data from a natural or human disaster or service disruption at one location by enabling a full recovery in the cloud. RaaS differs from cloud-based backup services by protecting data and providing standby computing capacity on demand to facilitate more rapid application recovery. RaaS capacity is delivered in a cloud-computing model so recovery resources are only paid for when they are used, making it more efficient than a traditional disaster recovery warm site or hot site where the recovery resources must be running at all times.

Robot as a service (RaaS)

Robot as a service or robotics as a service (RaaS) is a cloud computing unit that facilitates the seamless integration of robot and embedded devices into Web and cloud computing environment. In terms of service-oriented architecture (SOA), a RaaS unit includes services for performing functionality, a service directory for discovery and publishing, and service clients for user's direct access.[50][51] The current RaaS implementation facilitates SOAP and RESTful communications between RaaS units and the other cloud computing units. Hardware support and standards are available to support RaaS implementation. Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) defines implementation constraints to enable secure Web Service messaging, discovery, description, and eventing on resource-constrained devices between Web services and devices.

S

Look up SaaS or SECaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Search as a service (SaaS)

Search as a service is a branch of software as a service (SaaS), focused on enterprise search or site-specific web search.

Security as a service (SECaaS)

Security as a service (SECaaS) is a business model in which a service provider integrates their security services into a corporate infrastructure on a subscription basis more cost-effectively than most individuals or corporations can provide on their own when the total cost of ownership is considered.[52] SECaaS is inspired by the "software as a service" model as applied to information security type services and does not require on-premises hardware, avoiding substantial capital outlays.[53][54] These security services often include authentication, anti-virus, anti-malware/spyware, intrusion detection, Penetration testing,[55] and security event management, among others.[56]

Software as a service (SaaS)

Software as a service (SaaS /sæs/[57]) is a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted.[58][59] SaaS is also known as on-demand software, web-based software, or web-hosted software.[60]

See also

Look up TaaS, UCaaS, or WaaS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Notes

  1. ↑ sometimes called EaaS or "Everything as a Service"[3]

References

  1. ↑ "What is XaaS (Anything as a Service)?". SearchCloudComputing. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  2. ↑ Robin Hastings, Making the Most of the Cloud: How to Choose and Implement the Best Services (2013), p. 3.
  3. ↑ Duan, Yucong; Fu, Guohua; Zhou, Nianjun (2015). Everything as a Service(XaaS) on the Cloud: Origins, Current and Future Trends. IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 621–628. doi:10.1109/CLOUD.2015.88.
  4. ↑ Monroe, Martin. "The Gospel of MBaaS (Part 1 of 2)". InfoQ. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  5. ↑ Monroe, Martin. "The Gospel of MBaaS (Part 2)". InfoQ. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  6. ↑ Lane, Kin (3 June 2012). "Rise of Mobile Backend as a Service (MBaaS) API Stacks". API Evangelist. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  7. ↑ Carney, Michael. "AnyPresence partners with Heroku to beef up its enterprise mBaaS offering". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  8. ↑ Williams, Alex (11 October 2012). "Kii Cloud Opens Doors For Mobile Developer Platform With 25 Million End Users". TechCrunch. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  9. ↑ Tan, Aaron (30 September 2012). "FatFractal ups the ante in backend-as-a-service market". Techgoondu.com. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  10. ↑ Rowinski, Dan (9 November 2011). "Mobile Backend As A Service Parse Raises $5.5 Million in Series A Funding". ReadWrite. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  11. ↑ Mishra, Pankaj (7 January 2014). "MobStac Raises $2 Million In Series B To Help Brands Leverage Mobile Commerce". TechCrunch. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  12. ↑ Scholten, Ulrich. "Banking-as-a-Service - what you need to know". VentureSkies. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  13. ↑ Grant, Mitchell; Kenton, Will. "Understanding Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)". Investopedia. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  14. ↑ Frankenfield, Jake. "Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS)". Investopedia. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
  15. ↑ Machan, Dyan (August 19, 2009). "DaaS:The New Information Goldmine". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-06-09. Unfortunately, the business world has given this baby a jargony name: data as a service, or its diminutive, DaaS.
  16. ↑ Olson, John A. (January 2010). "Data as a Service: Are We in the Clouds?". Journal of Map & Geography Libraries. 6 (1): 76–78. doi:10.1080/15420350903432739.
  17. ↑ Dyche, Jill. "Data-as-a-service, explained and defined". SearchDataManagement.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
  18. ↑ Chao, Lee (2014). Cloud database development and management. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-4665-6506-7. OCLC 857081580.
  19. 1 2 McHaney, Roger (2021). Cloud technologies: an overview of cloud computing technologies for managers. Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 978-1-119-76951-4. OCLC 1196822611.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ↑ Linkin, Peter (2022). Data Management as a Service for Dummies (PDF). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-119-87093-7.
  21. ↑ "Exploit-as-a-service: Cybercriminals exploring potential of leasing out zero-day vulnerabilities". 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-11-23.
  22. ↑ "New type of cloud: Exploits as a Service (EaaS)". 2021-01-19. Archived from the original on 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  23. ↑ "Zero-day Flaws and Exploit-as-a-Service Trending Among Ransomware Groups | Cyware Alerts - Hacker News". 2021-12-01. Archived from the original on 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  24. ↑ Varghese, Blesson; Wang, Nan; Li, Jianyu; Nikolopoulos, Dimitrios S. (October 27, 2017). Edge-as-a-Service: Towards Distributed Cloud Architectures. EdgeComp Symposium 2017. Proceedings of the International Conference on Parallel Computing. arXiv:1710.10090.
  25. ↑ Rahmani, Hossein; Sundararajan, Elankovan; Ali, Zulkarnain Md.; Zin, Abdullah Mohd. Encryption as a Service (EaaS) as a Solution for Cryptography in Cloud. 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI 2013.
  26. ↑ Mawani, Vinod; Kalshetty, Kalleshwar; Kadam, Aniket; Chavan, Sagar. "Energy-as-a-Service (EaaS): Interfacing Android Application with Cloud to Save Smartphone Energy" (PDF). Spvryan's International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Technology. 2 (5). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  27. ↑ Hopfgartner, Frank; Hanbury, Allan; Müller, Henning; Eggel, Ivan (December 2018). "Evaluation-as-a-Service for the Computational Sciences: Overview and Outlook". Journal of Data and Information Quality. 10 (4): 1–32. arXiv:1512.07454. doi:10.1145/3239570. S2CID 53115327.
  28. ↑ Fowler, Martin (4 August 2016). "Serverless Architectures". Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  29. ↑ "What is IaaS?". www.redhat.com. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  30. ↑ "What Is IaaS? Infrastructure as a Service". Oracle.
  31. ↑ Gartner. "Gartner IT Glossary". Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  32. ↑ Gartner; Massimo Pezzini; Paolo Malinverno; Eric Thoo. "Gartner Reference Model for Integration PaaS". Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  33. ↑ "An IT-as-a-Service Handbook: Ten Key Steps on the Journey to ITaaS" (PDF). www.emc.com. June 2012.
  34. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-06. Retrieved 2016-03-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ↑ Xu, S.; Zhang, W. (2005). "Knowledge as a service and knowledge breaching". 2005 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC'05) Vol-1. Vol. 1. IEEE. pp. 87–94. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.74.9663. doi:10.1109/SCC.2005.60. ISBN 0-7695-2408-7. S2CID 7838220.
  36. ↑ Barreto, R.G.; Aversari, L.O.C.; Gomes, C.N.A.P.; Lino, N.C.Q. (2018). "Clinical Decision Support Based on OWL Queries in a Knowledge-as-a-Service Architecture". International Joint Conference on Rules and Reasoning. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer. 11092: 226–238. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99906-7_15. ISBN 978-3-319-99905-0.
  37. ↑ Zettsu, K.; Thalheim, B.; Kidawara, Y.; Karttunen, E.; Jaakkola, H. (2011). "Future Directions of Knowledge Systems Environments for Web 3.0" (PDF). Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXII. IOS Press: 413–446. ISBN 9781607506898.
  38. ↑ Curran, R.; Wognum, N.; Borsato, M.; Stjepandic, J.; Verhagen, W. (2015). Transdisciplinary Lifecycle Analysis of Systems: Proceedings of the 22nd ISPE Inc. International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, July 20-23, 2015. Amsterdam: IOS Press BV. ISBN 978-1-61499-544-9.
  39. ↑ Brunette, B. (7 March 2017). "Lighting as a Service: A New Model for Energy Efficiency" (PDF). ecoengineering.com. Eco Engineering. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  40. ↑ Guidehouse Insights. "Market Data: Lighting as a Service". guidehouseinsights.com. Guidehouse Insights. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  41. ↑ Smith, Göran. "Making Mobility-as-a-Service: Towards Governance Principles and Pathways". Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  42. ↑ Mladenović, Miloš N. (2021). "Mobility as a Service". International Encyclopedia of Transportation. pp. 12–18. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102671-7.10607-4. ISBN 978-0-08-102672-4. S2CID 242133419.
  43. ↑ Ward, Dave; CEO (2021-01-16). "What is NaaS? & Why NaaS Now?". PacketFabric. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  44. ↑ Hudson, Caroline (January 26, 2022). "CEO at local fintech firm talks 'generosity trend,' what's next for 2022". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  45. ↑ Brandon Butler (February 11, 2013). "PaaS Primer: What is platform as a service and why does it matter?"". Network World].
  46. ↑ William Y. Chang, Hosame Abu-Amara, Jessica Feng Sanford (15 November 2010). Transforming Enterprise Cloud Services. London: Springer, 2010. p. 55-56. ISBN 9789048198467.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ↑ Baker, Kurt (2023-01-30). "Ransomware as a Service (RaaS) Explained How It Works & Examples". Crowdstrike. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  48. ↑ Palmer, Danny (2021-03-04). "Ransomware as a service is the new big problem for business". ZDnet. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  49. ↑ "Recovery as a Service – The Hype and the Reality". July 24, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18.
  50. ↑ Yinong Chen, Zhihui Du, and Marcos Garcia-Acosta, M., "Robot as a Service in Cloud Computing", In Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Service Oriented System Engineering (SOSE), Nanjing, June, 2010, pp. 151–158.
  51. ↑ Yinong Chen, H. Hu, "Internet of Intelligent Things and Robot as a Service", Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, Volume 34, May 2013, Pages 159–171.
  52. ↑ Olavsrud, Thor (April 26, 2017). "Security-as-a-service model gains traction". cio.com. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
  53. ↑ "Security as a Service". techopedia. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  54. ↑ Furfaro, A.; Garro, A.; Tundis, A. (2014-10-01). "Towards Security as a Service (SecaaS): On the modeling of Security Services for Cloud Computing". 2014 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/CCST.2014.6986995. ISBN 978-1-4799-3530-7. S2CID 17789213.
  55. ↑ "Penetration Testing as a Service". PENTESTON. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  56. ↑ "Definition of Security as a Service".
  57. ↑ Panker, Jon; Lewis, Mark; Fahey, Evan; Vasquez, Melvin Jafet (August 2007). "How do you pronounce IT?". TechTarget. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  58. ↑ Turner, Brian. "What is SaaS? Everything you need to know about Software as a Service". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  59. ↑ "Definition of Software as a Service (SaaS) - Gartner Information Technology Glossary". Gartner. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  60. ↑ "What is Software as a Service (SaaS): A Beginner's Guide - Salesforce". Salesforce.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-27. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
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