Ashtanga yoga
FounderK. Pattabhi Jois
Established1948
Practice emphases
Employs Vinyasas, connecting movements
Related schools
Iyengar yoga

Ashtanga vinyasa yoga is a style of yoga as exercise popularised by K. Pattabhi Jois during the twentieth century, often promoted as a dynamic form of classical Indian (hatha) yoga.[1] Jois claimed to have learnt the system from his teacher Tirumalai Krishnamacharya. The style is energetic, synchronising breath with movements. The individual poses (asanas) are linked by flowing movements (vinyasas).[2]

Jois established his Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute in 1948.[3] The current style of teaching is called "Mysore style", after the city in India where the practice was originally taught.[4] Ashtanga vinyasa yoga has given rise to various spinoff styles of power yoga.

Approach

Traditionally, ashtanga vinyasa yoga students memorised a sequence and practised it together without being led by a teacher. Teacher-led classes were introduced in K. Pattabhi Jois's later years.[5][6] Such classes are typically taught twice per week in place of Mysore style classes. Teachers guide the practice, adjusting and assisting with postures and leading the group of students through a series of postures all at the same time.

Sequences and series

Eka Pada Galavasana, flying pigeon pose. Ashtanga's advanced (A) Series

An ashtanga vinyasa practice of asanas typically begins with five repetitions of surya namaskara A and B respectively, followed by a standing sequence.[7] The practitioner then progresses through one of six series of postures, followed by a standard closing sequence.[7]

The six series are:

  1. The primary series: Yoga chikitsa, yoga for health or yoga therapy[8]
  2. The intermediate series: Nadishodhana, the nerve purifier (also called the "second series")
  3. The Advanced series: Sthira bhaga, centering of strength
  1. Advanced A, or third series
  2. Advanced B, or fourth series
  3. Advanced C, or fifth series
  4. Advanced D, or sixth series[7][9]

There were originally four series on the ashtanga vinyasa syllabus: primary, intermediate, advanced A, and advanced B. A fifth series was the "Rishi series", which Pattabhi Jois said could be performed once a practitioner had mastered the preceding four series.[10][11]

Method of instruction

According to Pattabhi Jois's grandson R. Sharath Jois, practitioners should master each pose separately attempting the others that follow.[12] However, Pattabhi Jois's son Manju Jois disagreed; in his view, students were occasionally allowed to practice the postures in a non-linear format.[13][14][15]

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century a new generation of ashtanga vinyasa yoga teachers have embraced Sharath's rules, teaching in a linear style without variations. Practice typically takes place in a strict, Mysore style environment under the guidance of a Sharath-approved teacher. Workshops, detailed alignment instructions and strength-building exercises should not form part of the method, neither for the practitioner nor for the teacher.[12] However, most teachers who claim to have been taught by Sharath do in practice employ the above methods, exercises and postures in their teaching.[12]TH

Principles

Ashtanga vinyasa yoga emphasizes certain key components, namely tristhana ("three places of action or attention", or the more physical aspects of poses) and vinyasa (which Sharath Jois defines as a system of breathing and movement).[16]

Tristhana

Tristhana means the three places of attention or action: breathing system (pranayama), posture (asana), and looking place (drishti). These are considered core concepts for ashtanga yoga practice, encompassing the three levels of purification: the body, nervous system, and the mind. They are supposed to be performed in conjunction with each other.[16]

Each asana in ashtanga yoga is part of a set sequence, as described above. The stated purpose of the asanas is to increase the strength and flexibility of the body.[16] Officially, the style is accompanied by very little alignment instruction.[17] Breathing is ideally even and steady, in terms of the length of the inhalations and exhalations.[16]

Drishti is the point where one focuses the eyes while practicing asana. In the ashtanga yoga method, there is a prescribed point of focus for every asana. There are nine dristhis: the nose, between the eyebrows, navel, thumb, hands, feet, up, right side and left side.[18]

Vinyasa

Vinyasas are flowing sequences of movements that connect each asana to the next.[19][20][21] Additionally, modern vinyasa yoga coordinates the breath with the vinyasa transition movements between the asanas.[22]

According to Sharath Jois, the purpose of vinyasas is to purify the blood, which is supposedly otherwise heated and contaminated by the practice of asanas.[18]

Breath

Although ashtanga yoga keeps a general principle of steady and even inhalations and exhalations, the particulars of pranayama during the asana practice are debated.

In his book Yoga Mala, Pattabhi Jois recommends remaining in each posture for five to eight breaths, or else staying in each posture for as long as possible.[23] Breathing instructions given are to do rechaka and puraka (to exhale and inhale) as much as possible.[23] "It is sufficient, however, to breathe in and out five to eight times in each posture."[23] In an interview regarding the length of the breath, Pattabhi Jois instructs practitioners to inhale for ten to fifteen seconds, and to exhale for ten to fifteen seconds.[24] He goes on to clarify: "[if] your breath strength is possibly ten-second inhalations and exhalations, you do ten; fifteen seconds possible, you do fifteen. One hundred possible, you perform one hundred. Five is possible, you do five".[24] His son Manju Jois also recommends taking more breaths in difficult postures.[13]

Various influential figures have discussed the specific process of breathing in ashtanga vinyasa yoga. Pattabhi Jois recommended breathing fully and deeply with the mouth closed, although he did not specifically term this as ujjayi breathing.[23] However, Manju Jois does, referring to a breathing style called dirgha rechaka puraka, meaning long, deep, slow exhalations and inhalations. "It should be dirgha... long, and like music. The sound is very important. You have to do the ujjayi pranayama".[13] In late 2011, Sharath Jois stated that ujjayi breathing as such was not to be performed in the asana practice, but that asanas should be accompanied merely by deep breathing with sound.[25] He reiterated this notion in a conference in 2013, stating: "You do normal breath, inhalation and exhalation with sound. Ujjayi breath is a type of pranayama. This is just normal breath with free flow".[26]

As far as other types of pranayama are concerned, the consensus is that they should be practised after the asanas have been mastered. Pattabhi Jois originally taught pranayama to those practicing the second series and later changed his mind, teaching pranayama after the third series.[27][28][29]

Sharath Jois later produced a series of videos teaching alternate nostril breathing to beginners. This pranayama practice was never taught to beginners by his grandfather and it is one of the many changes Sharath has made to the ashtanga yoga method of instruction.[17]

Bandhas

Bandhas are one of the three key elements of ashtanga vinyasa yoga, alongside breath and drishti. There are three principal bandhas which are considered internal body locks:

  • Mula bandha or root lock at the pelvic floor (drawing in the perineum)
  • Uddiyana bandha, drawing back the abdomen approximately two inches below the navel
  • Jalandhara bandha, throat lock (achieved by lowering the chin slightly while raising the sternum).

Both Pattabhi Jois and Sharath Jois recommend practising mula and uddiyana bandha even when not practicing asanas. Pattabhi Jois explains: (translated quote) "You completely exhale, apply mula bandha and after inhaling you apply uddiyana bandha. Both bandhas are very important... After bandha practice, take [your attention] to the location where they are applied and maintain that attention at all times, while walking, talking, sleeping and when walk is finished. Always you control mula bandha".[30]

Sharath Jois says: "Without bandhas, breathing will not be correct, and the asanas will give no benefit".[18]

Opening chant

Ashtanga practice is traditionally started with the following Sanskrit invocation to Patanjali:[31]

SanskritTranslation
vande gurūṇāṁ caraṇāravinde
saṁdarśita-svātma-sukhāvabodhe
niḥśreyase jāṅ̇galikāyamāne
saṁsāra-hālāhala-mohaśāntyai

ābāhu puruṣākāraṁ
śaṅ̇kha-cakrāsi-dhāriṇam
sahasra-śirasaṁ śvetam
praṇamāmi patañjalim		I bow to the lotus feet of the gurus,
The awakening happiness of one's own-self revealed,
Beyond better, acting like the jungle physician,
Pacifying delusion, the poison of Samsara.

Taking the form of a man to the shoulders,
Holding a conch, a discus, and a sword,
One thousand heads white,
To Patanjali, I salute.

and closes with the "mangala mantra" (Lokaksema):[31]

SanskritTranslation
svasti prajābhyaḥ paripālayantāṁ nyāyena mārgeṇa mahīṁ mahīśāḥ
go-brāhmaṇebhyaḥ śubham astu nityaṁ lokāḥ samastāḥ sukhino bhavantu		May all be well with mankind,
May the leaders of the Earth protect in every way by keeping to the right path.
May there be goodness for those who know the Earth to be sacred.
May all the worlds be happy.

History

Pattabhi Jois claimed to have learned the system of ashtanga from Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, who in turn claimed to have learned it from a supposed text called Yoga Kurunta by the otherwise unknown author Vamama Rishi.[32] This text was imparted to Krishnamacharya in the early 1900s by his Guru, Yogeshwara Ramamohana Brahmachari. Jois insists that the text described all of the asanas and vinyasas of the sequences of the ashtanga system. However, the text is said to have been eaten by ants so it is impossible to verify his assertions. Additionally, it is unusual that the text is not mentioned as a source in either of the books by Krishnamacharya, Yoga Makaranda (1934) and Yogāsanagalu (c. 1941).[33]

According to Manju Jois, the sequences of ashtanga yoga were created by Krishnamcharya.[34] There is some evidence to support this in Yoga Makaranda, which lists nearly all the postures of the Pattabhi Jois primary series and several postures from the intermediate and advanced series, described with reference to vinyasa.[35]

There is also evidence that the ashtanga yoga series incorporates exercises used by Indian wrestlers and British gymnasts.[36] Recent academic research details documentary evidence that physical journals in the early 20th century were full of the postural shapes that were very similar to Krishnamacharya's asana system.[33] In particular, the flowing surya namaskara, which later became the basis of Krishnamacharya's Mysore style, was in the 1930s considered as exercise and not part of yoga; the two styles were at that time taught separately, in adjacent halls of the Mysore palace.[33]

Etymology

Ashtanga yoga may owe its name to Ashtanga Namaskara, a pose in an early form of Surya Namaskar, rather than to any connection with Patanjali's eight-limbed yoga.[33]

Jois elided any distinction between his sequences of asanas and the eight-limbed ashtanga yoga (Sanskrit अष्टांग asht-anga, "eight limbs") of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. The eight limbs of Patanjali's scheme are yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and samadhi.[37] It was Jois's belief that asana, the third limb, must be practiced first, and only after that could one master the other seven limbs.[38] However, the name ashtanga in Jois's usage may, as yoga scholar Mark Singleton suggests, derive from the old name of surya namaskar in the system of dand gymnastic exercises, which was named ashtang dand after one of the original postures in the sequence, ashtanga namaskara (now replaced by chaturanga dandasana), in which eight body parts all touch the ground, rather than Patanjali's yoga.[33]

Tradition

There has been much debate over the term "traditional" as applied to ashtanga yoga. The founder's students noted that Jois freely modified the sequence to suit the practitioner.[39] Some of the differences include the addition or subtraction of postures in the sequences,[7] changes to the vinyasa (full and half vinyasa),[27][40][41] and specific practice prescriptions to specific people.[39][42]

Several changes to the practice have been made since its inception. Nancy Gilgoff, an early student, describes many differences in the way she was taught ashtanga to the way it is taught now.[10] According to her experiences, some of the differences include: Pattabhi Jois originally left out seven postures in the standing sequence, but later assigned utthita hasta padangusthasana and ardha baddha padmottanasana before the intermediate series was given; utkatasana, virabhadrasana A and B, parivritta trikonasana, and parivritta parsvakonasana were not in the series at this point; and Jois did not give a vinyasa between the same poses on the different sides of the body or between variations on a pose (e.g., janu sirsasana A, B, and C were done together, followed by a vinyasa. Likewise baddha konasana, upavishta konasana and supta konasana were also grouped together without a vinyasa between them, as were ubhaya padangusthasana and urdhva mukha paschimottanasana.[10]

According to Gilgoff, Pattabhi Jois prescribed practising twice a day, primary and intermediate series, with no vinyasa between sides in krounchasana, bharadvajasana, ardha matsyendrasana, eka pada sirsasana, parighasana, and gomukhasana in the intermediate series. Shalabhasana to parsva dhanurasana were done in a group, with a vinyasa only performed at the end. Ushtrasana through kapotasana also were done altogether. The same went for eka pada sirsasana through yoganidrasana. The closing sequence included only mudrasana, padmasana, and tolasana, until the completion of the intermediate series when the remainder of the closing sequence was assigned. Urdhva dhanurasana and "drop-backs" were taught after the intermediate series. Gilgoff states that the original intermediate series included vrishchikasana after karandavasana and ended with gomukhasana. She also notes that Pattabhi Jois added supta urdhva pada vajrasana as well as the seven headstands when another yogi asked for more; these eight postures were not part of the intermediate series prior to this.[10]

Power yoga spinoffs

Power yoga began in the 1990s via a "nearly simultaneous invention" by two students of K. Pattabhi Jois and similar forms led by other yoga teachers.[43]

Beryl Bender Birch created what Yoga Journal calls "the original power yoga"[44] in 1995.[45][46]

Bryan Kest, who studied ashtanga yoga under K. Pattabhi Jois, and Baron Baptiste, a Bikram yoga enthusiast, separately put their own spins on the style and provided its branding. Neither Baptiste's power yoga nor Kest's power yoga are synonymous with ashtanga yoga. In 1995, Pattabhi Jois wrote a letter to Yoga Journal expressing his disappointment at the association between his ashtanga yoga and the newly-coined power yoga, referring to it as "ignorant bodybuilding".[47]

Risk of injury

In an article published by The Economist, it was reported that "a good number of Mr Jois's students seemed constantly to be limping around with injured knees or backs because they had received his "adjustments", yanking them into Lotus, the splits, or a backbend".[48] Tim Miller, one of Jois's students, indicates that "the adjustments were fairly ferocious".[49] Injuries related to Jois's ashtanga yoga have been the subject of discussion in a Huffington Post article.[50]

In 2008, yoga researchers in Europe published a survey of practitioners of ashtanga yoga that indicated that 62 percent of respondents had suffered at least one injury that lasted longer than one month. However, the survey lacked a control group (of similar people not subject to the treatment, such as people who had practised a different form of yoga), which limited its validity.[51][52]

References

  1. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga Background". Ashtanga Yoga. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  2. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga". Yoga Journal. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  3. ↑ Lewis, Waylon (18 June 2009). "Pattabhi Jois, Founder of Ashtanga Yoga, Passes Away at Age 93". Huffington Post.
  4. ↑ "Mysore Style". Jois Yoga. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  5. ↑ "Mysore Style". Mysorestyle.ie. 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  6. ↑ Anon (12 April 2017). "Style Profile: Ashtanga Yoga". Yoga Journal.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Swenson, David (2000). Ashtanga yoga : the practice manual. Ashtanga Yoga Productions. ISBN 978-1-891252-08-2. OCLC 46344188.
  8. ↑ "Ashtanga Primary Series list". Yogateket. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  9. ↑ "AYI.info - The International Ashtanga Yoga Information Page". Ashtangayoga.info. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Articles by Nancy – House of Yoga and Zen". House of Yoga and Zen. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  11. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga Therapy | Biography". Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 Jois 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 Clark, Richard (7 February 2005). "Manju Jois" (PDF). Australian Yoga Life (12): 42–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  14. ↑ "Manju Jois Mini Interview". Loveyogaanatomy.com. 24 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  15. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - Manju Jois - New York 2000". Aysnyc.org. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "The Practice: Sharath Jois". sharathjois.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  17. 1 2 Yoga Breathing for Stress Relief with Sharath Jois
  18. 1 2 3 "Sharath Jois". Kpjayi.org. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  19. ↑ Krishnamacharya 2006, p. 146.
  20. ↑ Singleton 2010, pp. 176, 184–190.
  21. ↑ Maehle, Gregor (2007). Ashtanga yoga : practice and philosophy : a comprehensive description of the primary series of Ashtanga yoga, following the traditional Vinyasa count, and an authentic explanation of the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali. New World Library. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-57731-606-0. OCLC 776703947. Sequential movement that interlinks postures to form a continuous flow. It creates a moving meditation that reveals all physical forms as impermanent.
  22. ↑ "Vinyasa Yoga Sequences". Yoga Journal. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Jois 2002, p. 108.
  24. 1 2 Guy. "On Vinyasa". Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  25. ↑ "The long and the short of it: On the Ashtanga breath (which, for the record, is not ujjayi!)". Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
  26. ↑ "Conference Notes with Sharath Jois: KPJAYI, March 2013". Joyisyoga.com. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  27. 1 2 "Ashtanga.com Articles: Tim Miller Interview by Deborah Crooks". Ashtanga.com. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  28. ↑ Anderson, Sandra. "Interview with K Pattabhi Jois: Practice Makes Perfect". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  29. ↑ Guy. "Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - David Williams - Maui 2001". Aysnyc.org. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  30. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - On Pranayama, Bandha and Drishti". Ashtangayogashala.net. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  31. 1 2 "SHARATH JOIS". KPJAYI. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  32. ↑ Eddie Sterne, Guruji: A Portrait of Sri K. Pattabhi Jois Through the Eyes of His Students
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Singleton 2010, pp. 175–210
  34. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - Manju Jois - New York 2000". Ashtanga Yoga Shala. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  35. ↑ Krishnamacharya, T. Yoga Makaranda, 1934
  36. ↑ Cushman, Anne. "New Light on Yoga". Yoga Journal. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  37. ↑ Scott, John. Ashtanga Yoga: The Definitive Step-by-Step Guide to Dynamic Yoga. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. pp. 14–17.
  38. ↑ "Sharath Jois". KPJAYI. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  39. 1 2 "Who has done all of the Ashtanga series? Does it matter?". 5 January 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  40. ↑ "Ashtanga Yoga Shala NYC - On Practice". Ashtanga Yoga Shala. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  41. ↑ Lino Miele, Astanga Yoga Book - The Yoga of Breath
  42. ↑ "Reflections on "Guruji: A Portrait" - Interview with Elise Espat - Part III". Mind Medicine. 8 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  43. ↑ Pizer, Ann (8 January 2019). "Power Yoga History and Health Benefits". Very Well Fit. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  44. ↑ "Power Yoga". Yoga Journal. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019. The original power yoga was developed and founded by Beryl Bender Birch, but is now a term used to describe many vigorous "vinyasa flow" styles of yoga.
  45. ↑ Singleton 2010, p. 176.
  46. ↑ Birch, Beryl Bender (17 January 1995). Power yoga: The total strength and flexibility workout. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-02-058351-6.
  47. ↑ "A letter from Sri.K. Pattabhi Jois to Yoga Journal, Nov. 1995". Ashtanga Yoga Library. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  48. ↑ "Pattabhi Jois". The Economist. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  49. ↑ McLean, Bethany (April 2012). "Yoga-for-Trophy-Wives Fitness Fad That's Alienating Discipline Devotees". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
  50. ↑ Cahn, Lauren (3 August 2009), "Five Words That Do Not Belong in Yoga", Huffington Post, archived from the original on 28 August 2012
  51. ↑ Broad, William (2012). The Science of Yoga: The Risks and the Rewards. New York, USA: Simon & Schuster. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-1451641424.
  52. ↑ Mikkonen, Jani; Pederson, Palle; McCarthy, Peter William (2008). "A Survey of Musculoskeletal Injury among Ashtanga Yoga Practitioners". International Journal of Yoga Therapy (18): 59–64. doi:10.17761/ijyt.18.1.l0748p25k2558v77.

Sources

Further reading

  • Jois, Sri K. Pattabhi (2005). Sūryanamaskāra. New York: Ashtanga Yoga.
  • Maehle, Gregor (2006). Ashtanga Yoga: Practice and Philosophy. Doubleview, Western Australia: Kaivalya Publications. ISBN 978-0-9775126-0-7. OCLC 71245040.
  • Miele, Lino (1994). Astanga Yoga: Including the Benefits of Yoga Chikitsa; I & II Series. Rome, Italy: Lino Miele.
  • Scott, John (2000). Ashtanga Yoga: The Definitive Step-By-Step Guide to Dynamic Yoga. Stroud: Gaia Books. ISBN 978-1-85675-181-0. OCLC 44693722.
  • Swenson, David (1999). Ashtanga Yoga: The Practice Manual. Austin, Texas: Ashtanga Yoga Productions. ISBN 978-1-891252-08-2. OCLC 65221561.
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