Austrian Netherlands
Österreichische Niederlande (German)
Pays-Bas Autrichiens (French)
Oostenrijkse Nederlanden (Dutch)
Belgium Austriacum (Latin)
1714–1797
The Austrian Netherlands in 1789
  •   Austrian Netherlands
  •   Habsburg monarchy
StatusPersonal union of Imperial fiefs within Empire
CapitalBrussels
Common languagesGerman, French, Dutch, Latin
Religion
Roman Catholic
GovernmentGovernorate
Governor 
• 1716–1724 (first)
Eugene Francis
• 1793–1794 (last)
Charles Louis
Plenipotentiary 
• 1714–1716 (first)
Lothar Dominik
• 1793–1794 (last)
Franz Karl
Historical eraEarly modern
7 March 1714
8 November 1785
1789–1790
18 September 1794
17 October 1797
CurrencyKronenthaler
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Spanish Netherlands
French First Republic
United Belgian States
Today part ofNetherlands
Belgium
Germany
Luxembourg

The Austrian Netherlands[nb 1] was the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797. The period began with the Austrian acquisition of the former Spanish Netherlands under the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714 and lasted until Revolutionary France annexed the territory during the aftermath of the Battle of Sprimont in 1794 and the Peace of Basel in 1795. Austria relinquished its claim on the province in 1797 by the Treaty of Campo Formio.

History

Silver coin: 1 kronenthaler Maria Theresa, 1767
Silver coin: 1 kronenthaler Francis II, 1793

Under the Treaty of Rastatt (1714), following the War of the Spanish Succession, the surviving portions of the Spanish Netherlands were ceded to Austria. The Circle continued to give a single seat to the Reichstag to its owner, now the emperor himself as Duke of Burgundy. Administratively, the country was divided into four traditional duchies, three counties and various lordships.

Brabant Revolution

In the 1780s, opposition emerged to the liberal reforms of Emperor Joseph II, which were perceived as an attack on the Catholic Church and the traditional institutions in the Austrian Netherlands. Resistance, focused in the autonomous and wealthy Duchy of Brabant and County of Flanders, grew. In the aftermath of rioting and disruption, known as the Small Revolution, in 1787, many of opponents took refuge in the neighboring Dutch Republic where they formed a rebel army. Soon after the outbreak of the French and Liège revolutions, the émigré army crossed into the Austrian Netherlands and decisively defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Turnhout on 27 October 1789. The rebels, supported by uprisings across the territory, soon took control over much of the territory and proclaimed independence. Despite the tacit support of Prussia, the independent United Belgian States, established in January 1790, received no foreign recognition and soon became divided along ideological lines. The Vonckists, led by Jan Frans Vonck, advocated progressive and liberal government, whereas the Statists, led by Hendrik Van der Noot, were staunchly conservative and supported by the Church. The Statists, who had a wider base of support, soon drove the Vonckists into exile through terror.[1]

Naval jack of Flanders in the 18th century

By mid-1790, Habsburg Austria ended its war with the Ottoman Empire and prepared to suppress the rebels. The new Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, was also a liberal and proposed an amnesty for the rebels. After defeating a Statist army at the Battle of Falmagne (22 September 1790), the territory was soon overrun and the revolution was defeated by December. The Austrian reestablishment was short-lived and the territory was overrun by the French in 1794 (during the War of the First Coalition) after the Battle of Fleurus.

Imperial Councillors of State

The Councillors of state acted as government, and formed the council by imperial consent:[2]

  • The Baron Franz von Reischach, Imperial Diplomat
  • Cardinal von Migazzi
  • Cardinal von Frankenberg
  • the Baron of Gottignies, Imperial Lord Chamberlain
  • Philippe von Cobenzl, vice Chancellor of the Imperial Council of State.
  • Henri d'Ognies, Prince of Grimberghen, Imperial Lord Chamberlain
  • the Count of Neny; president of the Privy Council, member of the Imperial Council of State
  • the Count of Woestenraedt, Imperial Lord Chamberlain.
  • the Marquess of Chasteler, Lord Chamberlain
  • the Count of Gomegnies, President of the Council of Hainaut
  • the Viscount of Villers; Imperial Treasurer General
  • Franz Joseph, Prince of Gavre: Grand Marshall of the Imperial Court of the Archduchess.

French rule

1794 was the third year of the War of the First Coalition. After the Battle of Fleurus (26 June), the Austrians gave up on contesting the Low Countries, and left it to the French. After three months of pure military occupation, on 15 October an Administration centrale et supérieure de la Belgique was installed. On 1 October 1795 the departments were activated and the definitive annexation started, liquidating the Belgian Governing Council, which ceased on 22 November. France annexed the Austrian Netherlands from the Holy Roman Empire and integrated them into the French Republic. The commissioner of the Directory, Louis Ghislain de Bouteville-Dumetz, finished his work on January 20, 1797, after which no common Belgian authority remained.

Notes

  1. ↑ Dutch: Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; French: Pays-Bas Autrichiens; German: Österreichische Niederlande; Latin: Belgium Austriacum.

Citations

  1. ↑ Brown, Kevin (2017). "Artist and Patrons: Court Art and Revolution in Brussels at the end of the Ancien Regime". Dutch Crossing: 1–28. doi:10.1080/03096564.2017.1299964.
  2. ↑ Almanach de la cour de Bruxelles sous les dominatione autrichienne et francaise, la monarchie des Pays-Bas et le gouvernement belge, de 1725 a 1840 (etc.)

Sources

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