Bara Gumbad
Bara Gumbad at Lodhi Gardens
TypeHistoric monument and mosque
LocationLodhi Gardens
Coordinates28°35′34.4076″N 77°13′12.6480″E / 28.592891000°N 77.220180000°E / 28.592891000; 77.220180000
Area361 square metres (3,886 sq ft) (Bara Gumbad floor area)
Built1490 CE
Architectural style(s)Indo-Islamic architecture
Governing bodyArchaeological Survey of India and NDMC
OwnerGovernment of Delhi
Bara Gumbad is located in Delhi
Bara Gumbad
Location of Bara Gumbad in Delhi

Bara Gumbad (lit. 'big dome') is a medieval monument located in Lodhi Gardens in Delhi, India. It is part of a group of monuments that include a Friday mosque (Jama Masjid) and the "mehman khana" (guest house) of Sikandar Lodhi, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. The Bara Gumbad was constructed in 1490 CE, during the reign of the Lodhi dynasty. Its construction is generally attributed to Sikandar Lodhi, and it is believed to have the earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi.

The monument is situated near the Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi and Shisha Gumbad. Although the three structures, which share a common raised platform, were all built during the Lodhi reign, they were not constructed at the same time. The intended purpose of the builders of Bara Gumbad is unclear: it may have been intended as a free-standing tomb, but no tombstone has been identified, or as a gateway. The area in which Bara Gumbad is situated was formally called Khairpur village.

History

Bada Gumbad was constructed in 1490 CE, and is believed to have the earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi.[1][2] Its construction is generally attributed to Sikandar Lodhi.[2][3][4] A mihrab (prayer niche) in the Friday mosque (Jama Masjid) of the Bara Gumbad gives the date of construction as 900 AH (Anno Hegirae) of the Islamic lunar calendar.[4]

Including the bada gumbad there are four monuments in the Lodhi Gardens; the other three being Tomb of Sikandar Lodhi, Shisha Gumbad and the tomb of Muhammad Shah (who belonged to the Sayyid dynasty).[5] The Bada Gumbad is situated approximately 400 metres (1,300 ft) southwest of the tomb and 75 metres (246 ft) south of Shisha Gumbad.[2] During the rule of Sikander Lodhi, the Bara Gumbad, the adjacent mosque and the "mehman khana" (guest house) were constructed. The Bara Gumbad is speculated to serve as a gateway to the Friday mosque. However owing to the constitutions date, placement and stylistic differences the theory of gateway is not supported. The purpose and significance of the Bara Gumbad is unknown and to date remains a mystery.[2][4] The Friday mosque was constructed in 1494 CE. It was the first mosque to be built in a style that first appeared during the Lodhi Dynasty.[2][6]

Some historians suggest that the Bara Gumbad was built by an unidentified noble in 1490 CE, before being appropriated by Sikander Lodhi in 1494 CE, to provide an entryway to his mosque.[3]

Simon Digby argued, that the Bara Gumbad served as a gateway to a large walled enclosure, which included the Shisha Gumbad, identified by the same scholar as the tomb of Bahlul Lodi. [7]

Initially, all the monuments were built independently, and were not in one confine. In the early twentieth century, a park was developed, bringing the four monuments in one confine. The park was inaugurated on 9 April 1936 by Lady Willingdon, the wife of Viceroy Lord Willingdon.[5] The park was originally called the Lady Willingdon Park after her, but was renamed to Lodhi Gardens after independence of India in 1947.[8]

Construction and architecture

Bara Gumbad interiors.

It is speculated that the Bara Gumbad was constructed to provide a gateway to the nearby mosque or a large walled enclosure. Although the structure does not house any tomb, there is a platform in the central courtyard that suggests the structure to be a burial place. The purpose Bara Gumbad is unknown.[2][4] Bara Gumbad is grouped together with a mosque and "mehman khana" which is a smaller structure with five bays. All the structures are constructed on a 4 metres (13 ft) high platform, with a total area of 1,050 square metres (11,302 sq ft). The platform measures 30 metres (98 ft) (east-west) and 25 metres (82 ft) (north-south).[2]

Semi-circular turret of Mosque

Three out of five bays in the mosque have domes whereas the remaining two have vaulted roofs (on mosque and "mehman khana"). The central bays feature low domes, while the end-bays feature flat roofs.[2][3][9] There are oriel windows to the north and south. Both the oriel windows and the tapering minarets appear to anticipate later architectural styles.

The Bara Gumbad is square type construction which sits on a plinth. The mosque measures 20 metres (66 ft) on each side. At the rear, the corners and sides of the mosque feature tall tapering semi-circular minars.[9] The east, south, and west are decorated, and feature ogee arch openings, which are set into rectangular frames. The architecture combines bracket and lintel beams, blending Islamic and Hindu architectures.[2][3][9]

Bara Gumbad is 29 metres (95 ft) high, 20 metres (66 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) wide. The walls are 12 metres (39 ft) tall. Like the Shisha Gumbad, the Bara Gumbad is also a single story structure but has an external semblance of spanning in two floors when viewed from outside. Total floor area of Bara Gumbad (excluding the mosque and the guest house) is 361 square metres (3,886 sq ft).[2][3][9]

The dome, the mosque and the "mehman khana" are constructed of red, grey and black stone, including grey quartzite and red sandstone. The interior is elaborately ornamented with painted stucco. Colored tiles, incised carvings, and painted plaster on the mosque are decorated with foliage, flowers, geometric patterns, and Quranic inscriptions.[2][3][9]

Location

The Bara Gumbad is located in and is a part of the Lodhi Gardens in Delhi, India. The village where the monument stands was earlier called Khairpur.[10][11] The garden is bounded by Amrita Shergill Marg in the west, northwest and north, Max MuellerMarg on the east and Lodhi Road on the south side. Safdarjang Tomb is situated on southwest corner of the Lodhi Garden.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Lodhi Garden and the Golf Club" (PDF). Delhi Heritage. World Monuments Fund. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Bara Gumbad Masjid description". archnet.org. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "General view of the Bara Gumbad Masjid". British Library. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "The Delhi that No-one Knows (page 38)". Orient Blackswan. 2005. ISBN 9788180280207. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  5. 1 2 "Important gardens" (PDF). New Delhi Municipal Council. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  6. ↑ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780195373042. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  7. ↑ Simon Digby, The Tomb of Buhlul Lodi, The Bulletin of SOAS, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1975, pp. 550–61.
  8. ↑ "Heritage walk marks 75th anniversary of Lodhi Garden". The Times of India. 9 April 2011.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "Monument viewer". competent authority Delhi. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  10. ↑ "Lodi Tomb". Delhi Tourism department website. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  11. ↑ "Alphabetical List of Monuments in Delhi". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  12. ↑ "Location". Google Maps. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
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