Barbara Mikulski
Official portrait, 2011
United States Senator
from Maryland
In office
January 3, 1987 – January 3, 2017
Preceded byCharles Mathias
Succeeded byChris Van Hollen
Committee chairmanships
Chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee
In office
December 17, 2012 – January 3, 2015
Preceded byDan Inouye
Succeeded byThad Cochran
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 3rd district
In office
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1987
Preceded byPaul Sarbanes
Succeeded byBen Cardin
Personal details
Born
Barbara Ann Mikulski

(1936-07-20) July 20, 1936
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
EducationMount Saint Agnes College (BA)
University of Maryland, Baltimore (MSW)
Signature

Barbara Ann Mikulski (/mɪˈkʌlski/ mih-CULL-skee; born July 20, 1936) is an American politician and social worker who served as a United States senator from Maryland from 1987 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, she also served in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987. Mikulski is the third-longest-serving female United States Senator,[1][2] and the longest-serving U.S. Senator in Maryland history.[lower-alpha 1]

Raised in the Fell's Point neighborhood of East Baltimore, Mikulski attended Mount Saint Agnes College and the University of Maryland School of Social Work.[3][4] Originally a social worker and community organizer, she was elected to the Baltimore City Council in 1971 after delivering a highly publicized address on the "ethnic movement" in America.[4] She was elected to the House of Representatives in 1976, and in 1986, she became the first woman elected to the United States Senate from Maryland.[5]

From the death of Senator Daniel Inouye in December 2012 until 2015, Mikulski chaired the Senate Appropriations Committee. She was the first woman and first Marylander to hold the position.[6][7] At her retirement, she was the ranking minority member of the committee. She also served on the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee and the Select Committee on Intelligence.

On March 2, 2015, Mikulski announced that she would retire after five terms in the Senate and would not seek reelection in 2016.[8][9] In January 2017, Mikulski joined Johns Hopkins University as a professor of public policy and advisor to University President Ronald J. Daniels.[10]

Early life, education, and career

Mikulski was born and raised in the Fell's Point neighborhood of East Baltimore, the eldest of the three daughters of Christine Eleanor (née Kutz) and William Mikulski.[11][12] Her parents were both of Polish descent; her immigrant great-grandparents had owned a bakery in Baltimore. During her high school years at the Institute of Notre Dame,[13] she worked in her parents' grocery store, delivering groceries to elderly neighbors who were unable to leave their homes.

After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology from Mount Saint Agnes College (now a part of Loyola University Maryland) in 1958,[13] she obtained her master's degree in social work (MSW) from the University of Maryland School of Social Work in 1965.[14] She worked as a social worker for Catholic charities and Baltimore's Department of Social Services, helping at-risk children and educating seniors about the Medicare program. Mikulski became an activist social worker when she heard about plans to build Interstate 95 through Baltimore's Fells Point and Canton neighborhoods. She helped organize communities on both sides of the city and successfully fought to stop the construction of the road. Her efforts to prevent the highway from running through Southeast Baltimore also resulted in the establishment of the Southeast Community Organization, a non-profit which worked to improve Baltimore neighborhoods.[15]

Early political career

Mikulski first received national attention in 1970 because of her remarks at a conference at The Catholic University of America regarding "Ethnic Americans" convened by Msgr. Geno Baroni. Her message became one of the major documents of the "ethnic movement". Mikulski's remarks included the following:

America is not a melting pot. It is a sizzling cauldron for the ethnic American who feels that he has been politically courted and legally extorted by both government and private enterprise. The ethnic American is sick of being stereotyped as a racist and dullard by phony white liberals, pseudo black militants and patronizing bureaucrats. He pays the bill for every major government program and gets nothing or little in the way of return. Tricked by the political rhetoric of the illusionary funding for black-oriented social programs, he turns his anger to race—when he himself is the victim of class prejudice.

[He] has worked hard all his life to become a 'good American;' he and his sons have fought on every battlefield—then he is made fun of because he likes the flag. The ethnic American is overtaxed and underserved at every level of government. He does not have fancy lawyers or expensive lobbyists getting him tax breaks on his income. Being a home owner, he shoulders the rising property taxes—the major revenue source for the municipalities in which he lives. Yet he enjoys very little from these unfair and burdensome levies.

... [T]he ethnic American also feels unappreciated for the contribution he makes to society. He resents the way the working class is looked down upon. In many instances he is treated like the machine he operates or the pencil he pushes. He is tired of being treated like an object of production. The public and private institutions have made him frustrated by their lack of response to his needs. At present he feels powerless in his daily dealings with and efforts to change them. Unfortunately, because of old prejudices and new fears, anger is generated against other minority groups rather than those who have power. What is needed is an alliance of white and black, white collar, blue collar and no collar based on mutual need, interdependence and respect, an alliance to develop the strategy for new kinds of community organization and political participation.[16]

Mikulski challenged Charles Mathias for his Senate seat in 1974.

Mikulski's activism led to a seat on the Baltimore City Council in 1971. In 1973 incoming Chairperson of the Democratic National Committee Robert S. Strauss appointed then Baltimore City Councilperson Mikulski to chair the Democratic Party Commission on New Delegate Selection and Party Structure. She was instrumental in solidifying democratizing reforms to the national delegate selection process.[17][18]

U.S. House of Representatives

In 1976, Paul Sarbanes gave up his seat in Maryland's 3rd congressional district to make a successful run for the Senate. Mikulski won a crowded seven-way Democratic primary—the key election given a heavily Democratic district—and won easily in the November elections. She was reelected four more times, never facing substantive opposition.

U.S. Senate

Elections

Mikulski speaking to a patient at a military hospital, 1980.
Mikulski with Steny Hoyer presenting a photo to Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip in Greenbelt, Maryland
Mikulski at a press conference

Mikulski first ran for the U.S. Senate in 1974, winning the Democratic nomination to face Republican incumbent Charles Mathias. Although well known to residents in her city, Mikulski had limited name recognition in the rest of the state.[19]

As an advocate for campaign finance reform, Mathias refused to accept any contribution over $100 to "avoid the curse of big money that has led to so much trouble in the last year".[20] However, he still managed to raise over $250,000, nearly five times Mikulski's total. Ideologically, Mikulski and Mathias agreed on many issues, such as closing tax loopholes and easing taxes on the middle class. On two issues, however, Mathias argued to reform Congress and the U.S. tax system to address inflation and corporate price fixing, contrary to Mikulski.[19] In retrospect, The Washington Post felt the election was "an intelligent discussion of state, national, and foreign affairs by two smart, well-informed people".[21]

With Maryland voters, Mathias benefited from his frequent disagreements with the Nixon administration and his liberal voting record. On November 5, 1974, he was re-elected by a 57% to 43% margin, though he lost badly in Baltimore City and Baltimore County, where Mikulski was popular.[19] This election is the only election that Mikulski has ever lost.[22]

Mathias announced his retirement before the 1986 elections. At the time of this announcement, it was expected that then-Governor Harry Hughes would be the favorite to succeed Mathias. However, Hughes became caught up in the aftermath of the Maryland savings and loan crisis. He lost popularity with voters, opening the door for Mikulski's bid for the Senate. The Republican nominee was Linda Chavez, who left her post as Assistant to the President for Public Liaison in an attempt to win the seat. The election was the second time in modern U.S. history that two women faced each other in a statewide general election. The race was covered by national media, with observers noting that Chavez was very unlikely to win.[23]

In the campaign, Chavez attacked Mikulski, a lifelong Baltimore resident, as a "San Francisco-style, George McGovern, liberal Democrat".[24] Chavez was accused of making Mikulski's sexual orientation a central issue of the political campaign.[25] Chavez wrote that the term referred to Jeane Kirkpatrick's 1984 Republican National Convention "Blame America First" speech, in which she coined the phrase "San Francisco Liberal" in reference to the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco.[24] Using political advertisements and press conferences, Chavez attacked Mikulski's former aide Teresa Brennan as "anti-male" and a "radical feminist", implying that Brennan and Mikulski were radical lesbians and that "fascist feminism" was Mikulski's political philosophy.[26][27] Brennan had not been part of Mikulski's staff for five years, but Chavez implied Brennan was still working on Mikulski's campaign.[28] Mikulski did not respond in kind to the attacks. She defeated Chavez with 61% of the vote.[29] She also served alongside Paul Sarbanes, the man she'd succeeded in the House.

Mikulski, popularly known as "Senator Barb",[30] was re-elected with large majorities in 1992, 1998, 2004, and 2010. Having won re-election in 2010, she has surpassed Margaret Chase Smith as the longest-serving female senator.[31] ABC News named Mikulski its Person of the Week for that milestone.[32] On March 17, 2012, she became the longest-serving female member of Congress in the history of the United States, surpassing the previous record-holder, Rep. Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts, who served from 1925 to 1960.[33]

Senator Mikulski joins Senator Kit Bond and actor David Hyde Pierce in promoting awareness of Alzheimer's disease.
Mikulski speaks at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.

In September 2009, the "tell-all" book The Clinton Tapes revealed that during the 2000 presidential election, President Bill Clinton suggested Mikulski as a running mate for Al Gore, who instead chose his colleague Joe Lieberman.[34] In 2007, Mikulski endorsed her colleague, Sen. Hillary Clinton (D-NY), for President of the United States, praising her as a leader and citing her desire to break the "glass ceiling" by electing the first woman president. Senator Mikulski nominated Hillary Clinton for President of the United States at the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016.

From 2007 to 2017, Mikulski served alongside Ben Cardin, who succeeded her in the 3rd District and held it for 20 years until succeeding Sarbanes in the Senate.

Legislation

On June 3, 2013, Mikulski introduced the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2013 (S. 1086; 113th Congress), which passed in the Senate.[35] The bill would reauthorize the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 to provide block grants to the states to help low-income parents find child care for their children.[36] In addition to reauthorizing the program, it also makes amendments to the law to try to improve it. Some of those improvements include required background checks on grant recipients and annual inspections.[36] Mikulski argued that "this bill ensures that all children get the care they need and deserve."[36]

On April 1, 2014, Mikulski introduced the Paycheck Fairness Act (S. 2199; 113th Congress),[37] a measure that aims to strengthen the Fair Labor Standards Act's protections against pay inequalities based on gender. It is a bill that "punishes employers for retaliating against workers who share wage information, puts the justification burden on employers as to why someone is paid less and allows workers to sue for punitive damages of wage discrimination".[38] Mikulski said that "it brings tears to my eyes to know women are working so hard and being paid less" and that "it makes me emotional when I hear that... I get angry, I get outraged and I get volcanic".[38]

Committee assignments

In the 114th Congress, Mikulski served on the following Senate committees (standing committees in bold):

Other

Women were not allowed to wear pants on the U.S. Senate floor until 1993.[39][40] In 1993, Senators Mikulski and Carol Moseley Braun wore pants onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear pants on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.[39][40]

In 2014, Mikulski was voted the "meanest senator" in Washingtonian's survey of congressional staffers.[41]

Political positions

Mikulski was one of 11 senators to vote against both the 1991 and 2002 resolutions authorizing the use of force in Iraq.[42][43]

Mikulski has opposed predatory lending, and has been an outspoken opponent of Fairbanks Capital (now Select Portfolio Servicing), alleged to have illegally foreclosed on over 100 homes in Maryland.[44]

Mikulski has been an outspoken advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment.[45] She has also spoken in support of abortion rights and has stated she does not view the opposition to this issue as misogynistic.[46]

On October 1, 2008, Mikulski voted in favor of HR1424, the Senate version of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which provided a $700 billion bailout to the United States financial market.

In October 2013, Mikulski sponsored a bill honoring naturopathic medicine.[47]

Electoral history

1974 U.S. Senate general election in Maryland[48][49]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Charles Mathias (inc.) 503,223 57.3
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski 374,663 42.7
Invalid or blank votes
Total votes 877,886 100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold
1986 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Maryland[50]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski 307,876 49.50%
Democratic Michael D. Barnes 195,086 31.37%
Democratic Harry Hughes 88,908 14.30%
Democratic Debra Hanania Freeman 9,350 1.50%
Democratic Edward M. Olszewski 7,877 1.27%
Democratic A. Robert Kaufman 6,505 1.05%
Democratic Boyd E. Sweatt 3,580 0.58%
Democratic Leonard E. Trout, Jr. 2,742 0.44%
Total votes 621,924 100.00%
1986 U.S. Senate general election in Maryland[51]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski 675,225 60.69% +26.85%
Republican Linda Chavez 437,411 39.31% −26.85%
Majority 237,814 21.37% −10.96%
Total votes 1,017,151 100.00%
Democratic gain from Republican Swing
1992 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Maryland[52]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent) 376,444 76.75%
Democratic Thomas M. Wheatley 31,214 6.36%
Democratic Walter Boyd 26,467 5.40%
Democratic Don Allensworth 19,731 4.02%
Democratic Scott David Britt 13,001 2.65%
Democratic James Leonard White 12,470 2.54%
Democratic B. Emerson Sweatt 11,150 2.27%
Total votes 490,477 100.00%
1992 U.S. Senate general election in Maryland[53]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent) 1,307,610 71.02% +10.33%
Republican Alan L. Keyes 533,688 28.98% −10.33%
Majority 773,922 42.03% +20.66%
Total votes 1,841,298 100.00%
Democratic hold Swing
1998 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Maryland[54]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent) 349,382 84.36%
Democratic Ann L. Mallory 43,120 10.41%
Democratic Kauko H. Kokkonen 21,658 5.23%
Total votes 414,160 100.00%
1998 U.S. Senate general election in Maryland[55]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent) 1,062,810 70.50% −0.51%
Republican Ross Z. Pierpont 444,637 29.50% +0.51%
Majority 618,173 41.01% −1.02%
Total votes 1,507,447 100.00%
Democratic hold Swing
2004 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Maryland[56]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent) 408,848 89.88%
Democratic A. Robert Kaufman 32,127 7.06%
Democratic Sid Altman 13,901 3.06%
Total votes 454,876 100.00%
2004 U.S. Senate general election in Maryland[57]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent) 1,504,691 64.80% −5.70%
Republican E. J. Pipkin 783,055 33.72% +4.23%
Green Maria Allwine 24,816 1.07%
Constitution Thomas Trump 9,009 0.39%
Write-ins 360 0.02%
Majority 721,636 31.08% −9.93%
Total votes 2,321,931 100.00%
Democratic hold Swing
2010 U.S. Senate Democratic primary in Maryland[58]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Barbara Mikulski (Incumbent) 388,868 82.32%
Democratic Christopher J. Garner 35,579 7.53%
Democratic A. Billy Bob Jaworski 15,131 3.20%
Democratic Blaine Taylor 10,787 2.28%
Democratic Theresa C. Scaldaferri 7,913 1.68%
Democratic Sanquetta Taylor 7,365 1.56%
Democratic Lih Young 6,733 1.43%
Total votes 472,376 100.00%
2010 U.S. Senate general election in Maryland[59]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Barbara Mikulski (Incumbent) 1,140,531 62.19% −2.61%
Republican Eric Wargotz 655,666 35.75% +2.05%
Green Kenniss Henry 20,717 1.13% +0.06%
Constitution Richard Shawver 14,746 0.80% +0.42%
Write-ins 2,213 0.11% +0.05%
Majority 484,865 26.44%
Total votes 1,833,873 100.00%
Democratic hold Swing

Awards and honors

Senator Mikulski at New Horizons Pluto Flyby, 2015

In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Mikulski's name and picture.[60]

The NASA-funded Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore named one of the world's largest astronomy databases after Mikulski (Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes), as she was a long time champion of the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes.[61]

In 2011, Mikulski was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[62]

In 2012, when NASA discovered an exploding star, they named it "Supernova Mikulski" in her honor.[63] Also in 2012, Mikulski was presented the Harriet Ross Tubman Lifetime Achievement Award by the Maryland African American Tourism Council.[64]

On August 22, 2013 the President of Poland Bronisław Komorowski honored Mikulski with a Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta for "outstanding achievements in the development of Polish-American cooperation and activity for Poles living in the United States".[65]

In November 2015, Mikulski was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama at a ceremony in the White House.[66][67]

In 2020, the Senator Barbara A. Mikulski Room, with mementos and Mikulski’s Presidential Medal of Freedom, was opened in the Enoch Pratt Free Library.[68][69]

On June 8, 2022, a room in the United States Capitol was named after Mikulski. It is the Barbara Mikulski room, S-115, located on the first floor of the side of the Capitol where the Senate is. It is one of the first two rooms in the Capitol to be named after women who were senators, the other being the Margaret Chase Smith room, which was named on the same day.[68][70]

Personal life

Barbara Mikulski never married and has no children.[71] She is only 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) tall and often jokingly said: "I may be short, but I won't be overlooked".[72] She is a Roman Catholic.[72] Raised in a Polish-American and devoutly Catholic family, Mikulski attended the Mount Saint Agnes College in Baltimore and considered joining Sisters of Mercy, but ultimately decided against it. Discussing her decision to remain a laywoman, she stated: "The vow of obedience did not have great appeal for me. Poverty was one thing, and I could go along with chastity. But it was obedience. I thought, 'My God, all my life there could be someone telling me what to do and where to go!' And inside me beats the heart of a protestor."[72]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mikulski and Paul Sarbanes each served five terms (30 years) in the Senate. However, due to a differing amount of leap days over their respective tenures, Sarbanes finished with 10,957 days of Senate service to Mikulski's 10,958 days.
  1. ↑ O'Keefe, Ed (March 21, 2012). "Barbara Mikulski honored as longest-serving woman in Congress". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  2. ↑ Dana Bash and Abigail Crutchfield. "Longest-serving female lawmaker says goodbye". CNN.
  3. ↑ "Sen. Barbara Mikulski of Md. will not seek a 6th term". WUSA9. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  4. 1 2 "MIKULSKI, Barbara Ann – Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Barbara Mikulski, Maryland Women's Hall of Fame". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  6. ↑ Boles, Corey (December 19, 2012). "Mikulski to Take Appropriations Post as Leahy Stays at Judiciary". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Barbara Mikulski, first female chair of Senate Appropriations, returns to minority". The Washington Post. November 16, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  8. ↑ Gaudiano, Nicole (March 2, 2015). "Longtime Sen. Barbara Mikulski to retire". USA Today.
  9. ↑ Grier, Peter (March 2, 2015). "Sen. Barbara Mikulski retiring: Will Martin O'Malley run?". The Christian Science Monitor.
  10. ↑ "Former Sen. Barbara Mikulski, now a Johns Hopkins professor, to receive two honorary degrees". The Hub. May 12, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  11. ↑ "Barbara Mikulski ancestry". rootsweb.com.
  12. ↑ "Christine Mikulski, Mother of U.S. Senator, Dies". The Washington Post. April 1, 1996. p. B.04.
  13. 1 2 "The Baltimore Grill: Barbara Mikulski". Baltimore magazine. August 13, 2007.
  14. ↑ "Mikulski, Sen. Barbara A." www.poles.org.
  15. ↑ Wenger, Luke Broadwater, Erin Cox, Yvonne (March 2, 2015). "Mikulski remembered as plain-speaking trailblazer for woman in politics". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 9, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ O'Rourke, Lawrence "GENO: The Life and Mission of Geno Baroni", Paulist Press. (1991), p 87.
  17. ↑ David S. Broder "The Democrat's Dilemma" March 1974
  18. ↑ Change Is Not the Same as Progress: The Failures of the McGovern-Fraser Reforms in 1972, Kevin Harris
  19. 1 2 3 Barker, Karlyn (November 6, 1974). "Mathias Is Elected To a Second Term". The Washington Post. p. A12.
  20. ↑ Richards, Bill (February 3, 1974). "Sen. Mathias Re-Election Drive Opens". The Washington Post. p. B1.
  21. ↑ "U.S. Senate Choice in Maryland". The Washington Post. October 22, 1980. p. A22.
  22. ↑ Rodricks, Dan (March 2, 2015). "Mikulski's legacy starts with the 'battle of the road'". baltimoresun.com.
  23. ↑ Philip D. Duncan, Brian Nutting, ed. (1999). CQ's Politics in America 2000: the 106th Congress. CQ Press. p. 606. ISBN 1568024703.
  24. 1 2 Miller, John J. (July 8, 2004). "The Outing". National Review Online.
  25. ↑ Aitken, Lee (November 3, 1986). "Barbara Mikulski and Linda Chavez Stage a Gloves-Off Battle in a Women-Only U.S. Senate Race". People. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  26. ↑ Kamber, Victor (2003). Poison Politics: Are Negative Campaigns Destroying Democracy?. Basic Books. p. 152. ISBN 0738208728.
  27. ↑ Sheckels, Theodore F. (2006). Maryland Politics and Political Communication, 1950–2005. Lexington Books. p. 84. ISBN 0739114158.
  28. ↑ Harari, Fiona (2011). A Tragedy in Two Acts: Marcus Einfeld and Teresa Brennan. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 978-0522860467.
  29. ↑ Dendy, Dallas L. Jr.; Anderson, Donnald K. (1987). "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1986" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  30. ↑ "Barbara Mikulski, the record-breaking not-so-gentle-lady". The Washington Post. March 23, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  31. ↑ Marbella, Jean "Mikulski's milestone: the Senate's longest-serving woman" The Baltimore Sun January 5, 2011
  32. ↑ Netter, Sarah, and Jaffe, Matthew, "Person of the Week: Sen. Barbara Mikulski Makes History as Longest-Serving Female Senator". ABC News, January 7, 2011
  33. ↑ Bash, Dana (March 16, 2012). "Mikulski makes history while creating 'zone of civility' for Senate women". CNN.
  34. ↑ "In 'The Clinton Tapes,' Bill Clinton Disses Bush, Dowd, Gore and More". Politics Daily. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
  35. ↑ "S. 1086 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  36. 1 2 3 Cox, Ramsey (March 13, 2014). "Senate passes child care bill". The Hill. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  37. ↑ "S. 2199 – All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  38. 1 2 Cox, Ramsey; Bolton, Alexander (April 9, 2014). "Senate GOP blocks paycheck bill". The Hill. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  39. 1 2 Robin Givhan (January 21, 2004). "Moseley Braun: Lady in red". Articles.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  40. 1 2 Cooper, Kent (June 9, 2005). "The Long and Short of Capitol Style : Roll Call Special Features 50th Anniversary". Rollcall.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  41. ↑ "The Best and Worst of Congress 2014". Washingtonian. October 6, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  42. ↑ "U.S. Senate: Roll Call Vote". senate.gov. January 27, 2015.
  43. ↑ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". senate.gov.
  44. ↑ "Mikulski Joins FTC and HUD to Announce Major Settlement for Victims of Fairbanks Capital". Office of Senator Barbara Mikulski. November 12, 2003. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  45. ↑ "TimesMachine: Monday July 10, 1978 - NYTimes.com". timesmachine.nytimes.com. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  46. ↑ Fisher, Marc; Johnson, Jenna (March 2, 2015). "Mikulski, a role model for generations of women in politics, to retire in 2016". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  47. ↑ "Text – S.Res.221 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): A resolution designating the week of October 7 through October 13, 2013, as "Naturopathic Medicine Week" to recognize the value of naturopathic medicine in providing safe, effective, and affordable health care. – Congress.gov – Library of Congress". congress.gov. September 10, 2013.
  48. ↑ "1974 Senatorial General Election Results - Maryland".
  49. ↑ Cook, Rhodes (November 17, 2015). America Votes 31: 2013-2014, Election Returns by State - Rhodes Cook. CQ Press. ISBN 9781483383026. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  50. ↑ "Maryland State Board of Elections". Elections.state.md.us. August 17, 2001. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
  51. ↑ "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 1986" (PDF).
  52. ↑ Maryland State Board of Elections. Elections.state.md.us (February 16, 2001). Retrieved on 2011-06-17.
  53. ↑ Clerk of the House of Representatives (1993). "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional election of November 3, 1992" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office.
  54. ↑ Maryland State Board of Elections. Elections.state.md.us (October 24, 2000). Retrieved on June 17, 2011.
  55. ↑ 1998 Election Statistics – Legislative Activities – Office of the Clerk. Clerk.house.gov. Retrieved on June 17, 2011.
  56. ↑ Maryland State Board of Elections. Elections.state.md.us (April 6, 2004). Retrieved on June 17, 2011.
  57. ↑ 2004 ELECTION STATISTICS. Clerk.house.gov. Retrieved on June 17, 2011.
  58. ↑ "Maryland Senate Primary Results". Maryland State Board of Elections. September 17, 2010. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  59. ↑ "2010 General Election Official Results". elections.maryland.gov.
  60. ↑ Wulf, Steve (March 23, 2015). "Supersisters: Original Roster". Espn.go.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  61. ↑ "Hubble Archive, Supernova Named in Honor of Mikulski". SpaceNews.com.
  62. ↑ "Mikulski, Barbara A." National Women’s Hall of Fame.
  63. ↑ "HubbleSite – NewsCenter – Space Astronomy Archive and Distant Supernova Are Named in Honor Of U.S. Senator Barbara A. Mikulski (04/05/2012) – Release Images". hubblesite.org.
  64. ↑ "Mikulski receives Tubman award; kicks off state-wide remembrance". The Star Democrat. March 11, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  65. ↑ "Prezydent odznaczył Senator USA Barbarę Mikulski" (in Polish). prezydent.pl. August 22, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  66. ↑ "President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom". whitehouse.gov. November 16, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015 – via National Archives.
  67. ↑ Phil Helsel – "Obama honoring Spielberg, Streisand and more with medal of freedom," NBC News, November 24, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-25
  68. 1 2 "Out of 540 U.S. Capitol rooms, two now are named for female senators. One of them is Maryland's Barbara Mikulski". Baltimore Sun. June 8, 2022.
  69. ↑ "Senator Barbara A. Mikulski Room". Enoch Pratt Free Library.
  70. ↑ "She couldn't even use the Senate gym. Now she has a room of her own". Roll Call. June 8, 2022.
  71. ↑ Ron Cassie (August 2016). "Senator Barb: How did the daughter of Polish grocers become dean of the U.S. Senate women?". Baltimore Magazine.
  72. 1 2 3 Colman McCarthy (December 16, 2016). "Sen. Barbara Mikulski's stirring, selfless life". National Catholic Reporter.
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Barbara Mikulski
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