Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma
SpecialtyOncology

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (Bas-SqCC) is an uncommon histological variant of lung cancer composed of cells exhibiting cytological and tissue architectural features of both squamous cell lung carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma.[1]

Classification

Lung cancer is a large and exceptionally heterogeneous family of malignancies.[2] Over 50 different histological variants of lung cancer are explicitly recognized within the fourth (2004) revision of the World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumours ("WHO-2004").[1] Many of these entities are quite rare, have only been recently described, and remain poorly understood.[3]

Basaloid forms of lung carcinoma were first described in the peer-reviewed medical literature by Dr. Elisabeth Brambilla and her colleagues in 1992.[4]

In the third revision of the World Health Organization lung tumor typing and classification scheme, published in 1999, basaloid variants of both squamous cell lung carcinoma (SqCC) and large cell lung carcinoma (LCLC) were recognized as distinct entities.[3] In the fourth revision (2004) of the WHO system (currently the world standard) Bas-SqCC is classified as one of four recognized variants of squamous cell lung carcinoma.[1] As a variant of SqCC, it is considered a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Pathogenesis

Both basaloid and squamous cell carcinomas have been shown to arise from pre-malignant lesions of dysplasia in the airways of the lung.[5] After continued exposure to tobacco smoke or other carcinogenic stimuli, cells in areas of severe dysplasia can suffer additional genetic damage that results in progression to a basaloid or squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS). CIS is a fully malignant lesion, but by definition, the cancer cells have not yet invaded beyond the tissue delimiting their original site of genesis.

Diagnosis

Like other forms of lung cancer, Bas-SqCC is ultimately diagnosed after a pathologist examines a tumor sample containing viable malignant cells and tissue under a light microscope and identifies certain particular characteristics.[6]

In the case of Bas-SqCC, it is essential that both evidence of squamous differentiation (i.e., intercellular bridges, production of keratin, tonofilament bundles) and basaloid architecture (i.e. prominent peripheral palisading of cell nuclei, organoid/lobular structures) are identified to make a correct diagnosis.[3][7]

Immunohistochemical markers that have been suggested to be useful in making an accurate diagnosis of Bas-SqCC include positivity for p63 and high molecular weight keratin (i.e. 34betaE12), and lack of expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1).[8][9][10]

Among other pulmonary malignancies, the main differential diagnoses in suspected cases of Bas-SqCC include the high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, such as small cell carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The issue of differential diagnosis is particularly acute when the pathologist must use a small biopsy specimen or cytology.[9][10] In addition, the basaloid variant of SqCC can be difficult to distinguish from other poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas.[11]

Treatment

For last several decades of the 20th century, all histological variants of NSCLC were generally treated identically. In the last decade, it has become apparent that different variants of malignant tumors generally exhibit diverse genetic, biological, and clinical properties, including response to treatment.[12][13]

As patients with uncommon lung tumor variants, including tumors composed of mixtures of histological subtypes, tend to be excluded from clinical trials,[14] the most efficacious treatment regimen(s) for basaloid squamous cell carcinoma remain unknown. In general, these variants appear to be treated according to standard protocols in place for squamous cell carcinoma.[15]

Prognosis

Like nearly all other forms of NSCLC, the prognosis of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is quite poor.[16]

Although case numbers tend to be rather small, and the published studies statistically underpowered, much (but not all)[15] evidence suggests that basaloid squamous cell lung carcinomas may have a somewhat worse prognosis than "conventional" (i.e. non-basaloid) squamous cell lung carcinomas.[7][17][18] As survival has been noted to be worse in basaloid variants at earlier tumor stages (i.e. Stages I and II), the decreased survival could be attributable to earlier distant metastasis appearing during the natural history of these tumors, as compared to other squamous cell carcinomas and NSCLCs in general.[7]

Epidemiology

The true incidence and prevalence of basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma remains unknown, but this form of lung cancer is considered relatively uncommon.[17] In one of the largest studies of this particular variant, Moro-Sibilot and co-workers found a 6.3% prevalence of Bas-SqCC among 1,418 consecutive NSCLC patients at their institution.[7]

Basaloid carcinomas of the lung - like nearly all recognized variants of lung cancer - are highly associated with tobacco smoking.[7] Basaloid architecture in pulmonary carcinomas has been shown to be particularly prevalent in smokers with heavy exposure,[7] and squamous cell carcinoma has the strongest association with tobacco exposure than any other major cell type of NSCLC.[19]

As compared to other forms of lung cancer, Bas-SqCC often occurs in those who are somewhat older than average.[7] As SqCC is also associated with presentation at somewhat older ages, the true relevance/effect size of the basaloid-age interaction remains unknown.

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma usually begins centrally, in the larger proximal bronchi.[17] Basaloid carcinoma primary in the lung may also occur in a multicentric form.[20]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Travis, William D; Brambilla, Elisabeth; Muller-Hermelink, H Konrad; Harris, Curtis C, eds. (2004). Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart (PDF). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press. ISBN 978-92-832-2418-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  2. ↑ Roggli VL, Vollmer RT, Greenberg SD, McGavran MH, Spjut HJ, Yesner R (June 1985). "Lung cancer heterogeneity: a blinded and randomized study of 100 consecutive cases". Hum. Pathol. 16 (6): 569–79. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(85)80106-4. PMID 2987102.
  3. 1 2 3 Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y (December 2001). "The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours". Eur. Respir. J. 18 (6): 1059–68. doi:10.1183/09031936.01.00275301. PMID 11829087.
  4. ↑ Brambilla E; Moro D; Veale D; et al. (September 1992). "Basal cell (basaloid) carcinoma of the lung: a new morphologic and phenotypic entity with separate prognostic significance". Hum. Pathol. 23 (9): 993–1003. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(92)90260-A. PMID 1381335.
  5. ↑ Lantuéjoul S, Salameire D, Salon C, Brambilla E (January 2009). "Pulmonary preneoplasia--sequential molecular carcinogenetic events". Histopathology. 54 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03182.x. PMID 19187179. S2CID 1027758.
  6. ↑ Connolly, James L.; Schnitt, Stuart J.; Wang, Helen H.; Longtine, Janina A.; Dvorak, Ann; Dvorak, Harold F. (2003). "Role of the Surgical Pathologist in the Diagnosis and Management of the Cancer Patient". In Holland, James F.; Frei, Emil; Kufe, Donald W. (eds.). Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (6 ed.). Hamilton (ON): BC Decker. ISBN 9781550092134.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Moro-Sibilot D; Lantuejoul S; Diab S; et al. (April 2008). "Lung carcinomas with a basaloid pattern: a study of 90 cases focusing on their poor prognosis". Eur. Respir. J. 31 (4): 854–9. doi:10.1183/09031936.00058507. PMID 18094005.
  8. ↑ Sturm N; Lantuéjoul S; Laverrière MH; et al. (September 2001). "Thyroid transcription factor 1 and cytokeratins 1, 5, 10, 14 (34betaE12) expression in basaloid and large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung". Hum. Pathol. 32 (9): 918–25. doi:10.1053/hupa.2001.27110. PMID 11567220.
  9. 1 2 Maleki Z (March 2011). "Diagnostic issues with cytopathologic interpretation of lung neoplasms displaying high-grade basaloid or neuroendocrine morphology". Diagn. Cytopathol. 39 (3): 159–67. doi:10.1002/dc.21351. PMID 21319315. S2CID 44844070.
  10. 1 2 Crapanzano JP, Loukeris K, Borczuk AC, Saqi A (February 2011). "Cytological, histological, and immunohistochemical findings of pulmonary carcinomas with basaloid features". Diagn. Cytopathol. 39 (2): 92–100. doi:10.1002/dc.21335. PMID 21254456. S2CID 5738451.
  11. ↑ Wu M; Wang B; Gil J; et al. (May 2003). "p63 and TTF-1 immunostaining. A useful marker panel for distinguishing small cell carcinoma of lung from poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of lung". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 119 (5): 696–702. doi:10.1309/P5AB-R5KQ-89RN-JTFH. PMID 12760288.
  12. ↑ Rossi G, Marchioni A, Sartori G, Longo L, Piccinini S, Cavazza A (2007). "Histotype in non-small cell lung cancer therapy and staging: The emerging role of an old and underrated factor". Curr Respir Med Rev. 3: 69–77. doi:10.2174/157339807779941820.
  13. ↑ Vincent MD (August 2009). "Optimizing the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a personal view". Curr Oncol. 16 (4): 9–21. doi:10.3747/co.v16i4.465. PMC 2722061. PMID 19672420.
  14. ↑ "Find NCI-Supported Clinical Trials". 2016-06-23.
  15. 1 2 Kim DJ, Kim KD, Shin DH, Ro JY, Chung KY (December 2003). "Basaloid carcinoma of the lung: a really dismal histologic variant?". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 76 (6): 1833–7. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01296-7. PMID 14667594.
  16. ↑ Merrill RM, Henson DE, Barnes M (September 1999). "Conditional survival among patients with carcinoma of the lung". Chest. 116 (3): 697–703. doi:10.1378/chest.116.3.697. PMID 10492274.
  17. 1 2 3 Wang LC, Wang L, Kwauk S, et al. (2011). "Analysis on the clinical features of 22 basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the lung". J Cardiothorac Surg. 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1749-8090-6-10. PMC 3037842. PMID 21269455.
  18. ↑ Moro D, Brichon PY, Brambilla E, Veale D, Labat F, Brambilla C (June 1994). "Basaloid bronchial carcinoma. A histologic group with a poor prognosis". Cancer. 73 (11): 2734–9. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940601)73:11<2734::AID-CNCR2820731114>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID 8194014. S2CID 8661279.
  19. ↑ Lubin JH, Blot WJ (August 1984). "Assessment of lung cancer risk factors by histologic category". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73 (2): 383–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/73.2.383. PMID 6087006.
  20. ↑ Bhagavathi S, Chang CH (February 2009). "Multicentric basaloid carcinoma of lung clinically mimicking metastatic carcinoma: a case report". Int J Surg Pathol. 17 (1): 68–71. doi:10.1177/1066896908316900. PMID 18480394. S2CID 11868856.
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