Battenburg markings or Battenberg markings[lower-alpha 1] are a pattern of high-visibility markings developed in the United Kingdom in the 1990s and currently seen on many types of emergency service vehicles in the UK, Crown dependencies, British Overseas Territories and several other European countries such as the Czech Republic, Iceland, Sweden, Germany, Romania, Spain, Ireland, and Belgium as well as in Commonwealth nations such as Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Trinidad and Tobago, and more recently, Canada. The name comes from its similarity in appearance to the cross-section of a Battenberg cake.
History
Battenburg markings were developed in the mid-1990s in the United Kingdom by the Police Scientific Development Branch (now the Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology) at the request of the national motorway policing sub-committee of the Association of Chief Police Officers. They were first developed for traffic patrol cars for United Kingdom police forces; private organisations and civil emergency services have also used them since then.
The brief was to design a livery for motorway and trunk road police vehicles that would maximise the vehicles' visibility, from a distance of up to 500 metres (1,600 ft), when stopped either in daylight or under headlights, and which distinctively marked them as police vehicles.[1]
The primary objectives were to design markings that:[2]
- Made officers and vehicles more conspicuous (e.g. to prevent collisions when stopped)
- Made police vehicles recognisable at a distance of up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) in daylight
- Assisted in high-visibility policing for public reassurance and deterrence of traffic violations
- Made police vehicles nationally recognisable
- Were an equal-cost option compared to existing markings
- Were acceptable to at least 75% of the staff
Conspicuity
Battenburg design uses a regular pattern and the contrast between a light and a dark colour to increase conspicuity for the human eye. The lighter colour is daylight-fluorescent (such as fluorescent-yellow) for better visibility in daytime, dusk and dawn. For night-time visibility, the complete pattern is retroreflective.
The Battenburg design typically has two rows of alternating rectangles, usually starting with yellow at the top corner, then the alternating colour, along the sides of a vehicle. Most cars use two block rows in the design (so-called full-Battenburg scheme). Some car designs use a single row (so-called half-Battenburg scheme) or one and a half rows.
Unless precautions are taken, pattern markings can have a camouflage effect, concealing a vehicle's outline, particularly in front of a cluttered background.[3][4] With Battenburg markings, this can be avoided by:
- Making rectangles large enough for optical resolution from distance—at least 600 × 300 mm.[1] A typical car pattern consists of seven blocks along the vehicle side. (An odd number of blocks also allows both top corner blocks to be the same fluorescent colour.)
- Clearly marking cars' outlines in fluorescent colour along the roof pillars
- Avoiding designs with more than two block rows (even for higher vehicles) by including a large area of plain or daylight-fluorescent colour.
- Avoiding hybrid designs of Battenburg markings and other high-visibility patterns or check patterns.[2]
The Battenburg livery is not used on the rear of vehicles; upward-facing chevrons of yellow and red are most commonly used there.
Sillitoe tartan
_Evoke_sedan%252C_Victoria_Police_(2015-01-02).jpg.webp)
In the development of Battenburg markings, one of the key goals was to clearly identify vehicles associated with police. In this regard, the pattern was reminiscent of the Sillitoe tartan black-and-white or blue-and-white chequered markings first introduced by the City of Glasgow Police in the 1930s, which were subsequently adopted as a symbol of police services throughout the United Kingdom; they are also used by the Chicago Police Department, Australia,[5] and New Zealand. (Although Sillitoe patterns identified vehicles associated with police and other emergency services, they were not highly visible.)
After the launch of Battenburg markings, police added retro-reflective Sillitoe tartan markings to their uniforms, usually in blue and white.
Safety
_Nationaal_Defil%C3%A9_2018.jpg.webp)
Battenburg side markings and chevron front-and-rear markings provide conspicuity for emergency vehicles, helping to reduce accidents, especially when they are in unusual traffic situations—e.g. stopped in fast-moving traffic, or moving at different speeds or in different directions.
Several criticisms of the Battenburg scheme were stated at the 3rd Annual US Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Safety Summit in October 2010 about their use on ambulances, including:
- The difficulty of applying them to small, curved, and oddly-shaped surfaces
- The high costs of adopting the markings
- The confusing pattern caused when several parked Battenburg vehicles visually overlap
- Obscuring the vehicle's shapes against complex backgrounds, or with open doors and hatches
- Combinations other than police yellow-and-blue being less effective, and sometimes even making emergency personnel harder to see
- Confronting the public with unfamiliar markings
The pattern's use by services other than UK police, and in other countries, was also criticised.
The high-visibility chevrons often used on the rear and front of Battenburg-marked vehicles, "through popular opinion rather than by a scientific process of testing and research", were found ineffective at reducing rear-end collisions. Stationary vehicles on high-speed roads were likely to be noticed, but not the fact that they were stopped. Parking at an angle was found a far more effective way of indicating the vehicles were stopped.[2]
Usage by country
Australia
In Western Australia, St John Ambulance Western Australia uses green-and-yellow markings, while New South Wales Ambulance uses red-and-white Battenburg markings on ambulances and patient transport vehicles.[6] Australian police utilise the similar Sillitoe tartan markings.
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
St John Ambulance Western Australia | Yellow and green | _313_CDI_MWB_van%252C_St_John_Ambulance_(2017-12-09).jpg.webp) |
 |
New South Wales Ambulance | Red and white |  |
 |
South Australian Country Fire Service | Yellow and red | |
Barbados
The Barbados Police Service uses yellow-and-blue half-Battenburg markings on most of their fleet. However, some police vehicles in Barbados use white-and-blue half-Battenburg markings.
 |
Barbados Police Service | Yellow and blue |
 |
Barbados Police Service | White and blue |
A Chevrolet Trax using yellow-and-blue markings
A Suzuki Vitara SUV with white-and-blue markings
Belgium
_Nationaal_Defil%C3%A9_2018.jpg.webp)
In response to the terrorist attacks on 13 November 2015 in Paris and 22 March 2016 in Brussels, the Belgian federal government conducted an analysis on the functioning of the emergency services during terrorist attacks. The main issue identified regarding the emergency medical services was that their recognizability (of both vehicles and personnel) had to improve, so that emergency workers would be able to identify qualified medical providers more quickly during an intervention.
An agreement was made between the federal government and the communities and regions to implement the same new vehicle markings and uniforms. Specifically, emergency ambulances and response vehicles would keep the yellow base colour, whilst non-emergency ambulances would get a white base colour. Both types of vehicles would be marked with retroreflective yellow-and-green Battenburg markings, similar to British ambulances.
A new uniform for medical personnel was also introduced, with different colours for the Star of Life for the different types of workers.[7]
Aside from medical vehicles, some new fire brigade, Civil Protection and highway services vehicles also use respectively yellow-and-red, blue-and-orange and yellow-and-black Battenburg markings.
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Emergency medical services | Yellow and green |  |
 |
Police[8] | Yellow and blue | _(cropped).jpg.webp) |
|
Fire services
Lifeguard |
Yellow and red | |
 |
Roadside assistance
Taxicabs in Brussels |
Yellow and black |  |
 |
Belgian Civil Protection | Orange and blue |
Canada
In Canada, Battenburg markings on law enforcement vehicles are uncommon. However, in recent decades, Canada has slowly integrated some Battenburg markings on EMS vehicles, particularly in Ontario and Quebec.
_(cropped).jpg.webp)
Battenburg markings are used on plow trucks for transportation and infrastructure in some parts of Canada, primarily on the back to increase visibility and alert people driving on a highway during poor road conditions that there is a plow truck in use and they must slow down. The general colour scheme for a snowplow's rear reflective panel is yellow-green and black.[9]
Ontario
The parts of Ontario that utilize Battenburg markings, which are generally used by EMS vehicles, include the Region of Niagara,[10] Greater Sudbury,[11] Peterborough,[12] Lanark County,[13][14] and Frontenac County.[15]
Battenburg markings on police vehicles are not a common sight. The first regional police service to ever officially use Battenburg markings on its vehicles was the St. Thomas Police Service when it tested its new police interceptors with Battenburg markings, which were inspired by the UK's Battenburg design with the familiar blue and yellow reflective markings, in order to help enhance visibility within the city.[16][17]
The Barrie Police Service later took a similar approach to redesigning its vehicle wraps, which was announced on July 26, 2022, when it unveiled a half-Battenburg marked police cruiser as part of a pilot project to evaluate its visibility within the community.[18] This design featured the same blue and yellow reflective markings as those seen in the UK and Europe.[19][20] As of May 12, 2023, the Barrie Police Service has officially adopted half-Battenburg markings on all of their fleets, eliminating stealthy dark navy body-colored vehicles and replacing them with white instead.[21]
During the autumn of 2023, the Cobourg Police Service (CPS) was the third police service in Canada to adopt Battenburg markings.[22] But it is said to have implemented a high-visibility cruiser as part of their pilot project for 24 months.[23]
Quebec
In Quebec, Battenburg-style markings are used on various EMS vehicles, though some of the markings are reminiscent of Sillitoe tartan.
A Dodge Caravan EMS vehicle in Montreal, featuring white-and-blue Battenburg markings.
A paramedic truck parked in Montreal with Battenburg markings.
A Ford Explorer EMS supervisor cruiser in Montreal with half-Battenburg markings.
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Barrie Police Service
Cobourg Police Service (pilot project) St. Thomas Police Service (pilot project) Lanark County Paramedic Service (Ambulance/EMS)[24] |
Yellow and blue | |
 |
Peterborough County-City Paramedics (Ambulance)[27] | Orange and blue | |
 |
Niagara Region EMS (Ambulance/EMS) | Oxford blue and green | |
|
Provincial Transportation and Infrastructure (Snowplow)[28][29] | Yellow and black |  |
|
Greater Sudbury Paramedic Services (Ambulance/EMS)[30]
Québec Urgences-santé/Health Emergencies (EMS vehicles, optional)[31] |
White and blue | |
 |
Québec Urgences-santé/Health Emergencies (EMS supervisor vehicles)[32][33] | Yellow and ultramarine blue | .JPG.webp) |
China
Hong Kong
Hong Kong was a British Dependent Territory until 1997. Some emergency vehicles and special vehicles in the Hong Kong Police Force, Hong Kong Fire Services Department, Auxiliary Medical Service, and Hong Kong St. John Ambulance use Battenburg markings.
|
Police Force, Traffic Branch Headquarters | Yellow and blue |
|
Police Force, a few other vehicles | White and blue |
|
Fire Services Department, Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre | Yellow and green |
|
Fire Services Department, Hazmat Tender, and Fire Motorcycle | Yellow and red |
| Fire Services Department, Mobile Publicity Unit, and Fire Safety Education Bus | ||
| Fire Services Department, Emergency Medical Assistant Motorcycle, Rapid Response Vehicle and Paramedic Equipment Tender | ||
|
Fire Services Department, Mobile Command Unit, and Forward Command Car | White and red |
|
Auxiliary Medical Service, Paramedic motorcycle | Yellow and green |
| Hong Kong St. John Ambulance, Ambulance |
Czech Republic
.jpg.webp)
All Czech emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, use yellow-and-green Batternburg markings.
|
Emergency medical services | Yellow and green |
Denmark
Danish emergency vehicles can have one of two options: a series of diagonal lines, or a Battenburg pattern. The diagonal lines must be either red-and-white or red-and-yellow at an angle of 45° ± 5° and have a width of 100 mm ± 2,5 mm. In the front and rear of the vehicle, the markings must be made symmetrical in a way that traffic is lead around the vehicle.[34]
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Police | Yellow and blue | |
|
Ambulances, doctor cars and similar | Yellow and green |  |
|
Fire Department | Yellow and red | .jpg.webp) |
Vehicles may have a reflective text in the above colours, describing their function; for example "POLITI" (Police), "ALARM 112", "AMBULANCE", "LÆGEVAGT" (Doctor), "INDSATSLEDER" (Incident Commander) or similar text.
The above patterns are not obligatory. For example, the Danish Emergency Management Agency have chosen to simply not have any reflective marking on their vehicles.
Germany
All rescue vehicles in Bavaria which have been procured uniformly since 2017 have a foiling in the Battenburg marker.[35] From 2019 the ambulance service in Schleswig-Holstein started to adapt the design.
 |
Bavarian Red Cross
Schleswig-Holstein Ambulance |
Orange and yellow |
Iceland
In 2018 the Icelandic police started marking new police cars with blue and neon yellow markings similar to Battenburg markings used in Europe. Since then the police cars in the capital region have been made even more visible. In 2020 were Icelandic ambulances changed to look more like ambulances in Europe, adopting yellow and green markings. Icelandic Search and Rescue started adopting Battenburg markings in 2016 with red and yellow markings similar to the fire services.
| ? | Police | Yellow and blue |
|---|---|---|
|
Ambulances | Yellow and green |
|
Fire Department | Yellow and red |
| Icelandic SAR | ||
Ireland
In Ireland, the majority of the emergency services have adopted the Battenburg style of markings.
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Garda Síochána (police) Airport Police Service Military Police |
Yellow and blue |  |
|
HSE National Ambulance Service | Yellow and green |  |
|
Fire and Rescue Order of Malta |
Yellow and red |  |
|
Civil Defence | Blue and orange |  |
|
Coast Guard | Orange and yellow |  |
 |
Mountain Rescue | White and orange | Link to image |
 |
Red Cross | Red and blue | Link to image |
New Zealand
The New Zealand Police use yellow-and-blue Battenburg markings on some vehicles.[36] Until October 2008 general duties vehicles were marked in orange and blue, with yellow and blue for highway patrol units; orange and blue was phased out in 2014.[37] Vehicles of New Zealand's St John's Ambulance Service/ Wellington Free Ambulance are marked with green-and-yellow Battenburg markings or rows of green-and-yellow half-chevrons. On 1 July 2017, New Zealand's urban and rural firefighting organisations amalgamated into Fire and Emergency New Zealand, with a new brand including Battenburg markings to be rolled out to the fleet.[38]
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Police | Yellow and blue | .jpg.webp) |
|
St John Ambulance/Wellington Free Ambulance | Yellow and green | .jpg.webp) |
|
Fire and Emergency New Zealand | Yellow and red |  |
Pakistan
In Pakistan, the National Highways & Motorways Police use yellow-and-blue Battenburg markings on most of their fleets.
|
National Highways & Motorways (Police) | Yellow and blue |
Sweden
Originally Swedish Police vehicles were painted with black roofs and doors or black roofs, bonnet, and boot. During the 1980s the cars became white with the word "Polis" written on the side in a semi-futuristic typeface. Later the livery became simply blue and white. In 2005 they began using a light blue and fluorescent yellow Battenburg livery. Swedish police cars have been Saabs, Volvos or Volkswagens, with the same livery all over Sweden. Many Swedish road agencies, contractors and consultants use Battenburg markings on road maintenance vehicles, with an orange-and-blue colour scheme, as in the UK rail response type shown above. This practice was established after a study in 2008 by the Swedish Road Administration, which showed a significant traffic calming effect when using orange-and-blue Battenburg marking to improve the visibility of road maintenance vehicles.[39]
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Police | Yellow and blue | |
|
Ambulance | Yellow and green | .jpg.webp) |
|
Fire Brigade | Yellow and red |  |
|
Road maintenance | Blue and orange |  |
Switzerland
.jpg.webp)
The first Swiss ambulance service with Battenburg markings was the emergency medical services in Zofingen. Since 2008, they have used Battenburg markings on their Volkswagen Crafters and Mercedes-Benz Sprinters. They use white-and-red markings on their ALS units.
Another Swiss service with Battenburg markings is the Swiss Border Guard agency, which uses yellow block markings on its vehicles.
 |
Swiss Border Guard | Yellow and navy blue |
Thailand
.jpg.webp)
In Khon Kaen Province of Thailand, the Kohn Kaen Hospital features yellow-and-green Battenburg markings on their ambulances.
|
Khon Kaen Hospital (Ambulance) | Yellow and green |
Trinidad and Tobago
The T.T.P.S. Police of Trinidad and Tobago uses half Battenburg yellow-and-blue Battenburg reflective markings on some of their vehicles.
|
National Highways & Motorways (Police Force) | Yellow and blue |
United Kingdom
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In the United Kingdom, the majority of the emergency services have adopted the Battenburg style of markings; nearly half of all police forces adopted the markings within three years of their introduction, and over three quarters were using it by 2003.[1]
In 2004, following the widespread adoption and recognition of the Battenburg markings on police vehicles, the Home Office recommended that all police vehicles, not just those on traffic duty, use "half-Battenburg" livery, formalising the practice of a number of forces.
In the United Kingdom each emergency service has been allocated a specified darker colour in addition to yellow, with the police continuing to use blue, ambulances using green, and the fire service their traditional red. Other government agencies such as immigration enforcement have adopted a variation, without using the reflective yellow.[40]
The use of these colours in retro-reflective material is controlled by the Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989, with vehicles only legally allowed the use of amber reflective material (and red near the rear of the vehicle),[41][42] A number of civilian organisations have also adopted the pattern, which is not legally protected, and a number of these also use other reflective colours.
An alternative to the use of reflective materials is the use of fluorescent or other non-reflective markings, which may be used by any vehicle.
| Battenburg | Service | Colours | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Police Forces | Yellow and blue | .jpg.webp) |
|
Ambulance and Doctors | Yellow and green | .jpg.webp) |
|
Fire and Rescue | Yellow and red | .jpg.webp) |
|
NHS Blood and Transplant, Blood Bikes and some 4×4 responders | Yellow and orange |  |
|
National Highways traffic officers, Welsh Government traffic officers and DVSA | Yellow and black | |
|
Rail Response | Orange and blue | |
|
Mountain Rescue, Lowland Rescue, and Cave Rescue and most 4×4 responders | White and orange[44][45][46][47] |  |
|
HM Coastguard | Yellow and navy blue | .jpg.webp) |
 |
Immigration Enforcement, Border Force,[48][49] HM Customs and Excise | Sky blue and navy blue[40] |  |
 |
Mine Rescue Service | Green and Blue | Link to image |
United States
.jpg.webp)
Battenburg markings on emergency vehicles are uncommon in the United States. However, many municipalities have begun to use the markings in recent years.
The Miami Township Police Department in Ohio has previously used ones similar to those found in the UK on their police cars.[50] Battenburg markings are also used in South Carolina's Charleston County for EMS vehicles.[51]
From 2017 to 2021, the Pittsburgh Police used Sillitoe tartan markings on some of their fleets. The design was updated to include black-and-gold Battenburg markings in 2021 to represent the city's official colours. City authorities stated that the markings would also be applied to all future municipal vehicles.[52]
The Chicago Police Department began using Sillitoe tartan markings on their police vehicles in 2018,[53] while the hats of officers have used them since 1967.[54]
The Red and Yellow Battenburg Markings can be seen on most of the ambulances in the City of Chicago for the Chicago Fire Department.
See also
References
- ↑ The cake was named after the Battenberg family, in turn named after the town of Battenberg. "Battenburg" with a "u" is a misspelling of the family name, but an acceptable spelling for the markings.
- 1 2 3 Harrison, Paul (2004). "High-Conspicuity Livery for Police Vehicles" (PDF). Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - 1 2 3 John Killeen. "Evaluating new trends in emergency vehicle markings - Advertising agency visibility, Battenburg markings and the Chevron debate" (PDF).
Summary for the Colorado, US EMSAC community of information presented at the October 2010 3rd Annual US EMS Safety Summit
- ↑ "Emergency Vehicle Visibility and Conspicuity Study, FA-323" (PDF). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. August 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ↑ "The difference between Battenburg high-visibility markings and Sillitoe chequers on Police, Fire & Ambulance vehicles". 27 April 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ↑ "Emergency vehicle markings and livery: Sillitoe Tartan". 13 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ↑ "Home". stjohnambulance.com.au.
- ↑ "Ambulances en personeel letterlijk in een nieuw jasje" [Ambulances and personnel get a new look]. De Standaard (in Dutch). 28 March 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
- ↑ Slegers, Sharon. ""Battenburgpatroon" maakt 40 nieuwe combi's van politie Antwerpen ultrazichtbaar". VRT. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ↑ "A brand new look for Ontario's snow plows and salters" (PDF). multibriefs.
- ↑ "Niagara EMS not looking at using first-year paramedic students". stcatharinesstandard.com. 19 April 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Ruff ruff rescue: Paramedic pulls two dogs from home next to raging shed fire". Sudbury.com. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ PTBOCANADA. "Peterborough Paramedics First in North America To Pilot Next Generation Integrated Driving Experience". PtboCanada. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ↑ "Lanark County Paramedic Service". LCPS. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
- ↑ Kulp, Ashley (20 March 2021). "How many calls did Lanark County Paramedic Service respond to in 2020?". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Paramedics in Kingston say employee assaults are on the rise - Kingston | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "St. Thomas police testing out new cruiser paint design". London. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ↑ staff, 94 1 myFM News. "STPS goes Battenburg to increase visibility as part of new pilot project". 94.1 St.ThomasToday.ca. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Konken, Will (26 July 2022). "Barrie Police unveil new colour patterned cruisers for pilot project". Barrie 360. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ↑ Mays, Jennett (26 July 2022). "Barrie Police test Battenburg-patterned cruisers to increase visibility | Barrie Police". Barrie Police. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ↑ Ramsay, Janis (26 July 2022). "'Police vehicles need to be visible — highly visible': Checkered police cruisers make an appearance in Barrie". Toronto Star (thestar.com). Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ↑ Mays, Jennett (12 May 2023). "Barrie Police make the switch to Battenburg Cruisers". barriepolice. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ↑ "Cobourg Police Service test Battenburg-patterned cruiser to increase visibility | Cobourg Police Services". Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ↑ "Highly Visible Police Cars – Cobourg News Blog". 30 August 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ↑ Crestline Coach Ltd. (17 August 2014), FleetMax Ambulances for Lanark County, retrieved 29 July 2022
- ↑ "'Revolutionary Ambulance Orientation' for Frontenac Paramedic Services". JEMS: EMS, Emergency Medical Services - Training, Paramedic, EMT News. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ↑ Tristar Pursuits (13 October 2014), County of Frontenac - Paramedic - Chevy Crestline, retrieved 9 July 2022
- ↑ "Peterborough Paramedics — Blog". PtboCanada. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
- ↑ "SWS Snow Plow Publication | Manualzz". manualzz.com. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ↑ "New snow plow lights will have drivers 'seeing blue' | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ↑ "City of Sudbury buys four Tesla Model 3s for non-emergency EMS". Electric Autonomy Canada. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ↑ WolfmanHarris84 (13 November 2010), Urgence-Sante and York Region EMS, retrieved 9 July 2022
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Les syndiqués du centre d'appel 911 pour Montréal et Laval en grève". TVA Nouvelles. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
- ↑ Can Pac Swire (15 November 2015), Paramédic soins avancés, retrieved 9 July 2022
- ↑ "Retsinformation" (in Danish). 31 May 2021.
- ↑ "Rettungswagen Bayern 2017" [Ambulances in Bavaria 2017]. BRK (in German). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ↑ "New Zealand police vehicle markings and livery". Driving Tests Resources. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
- ↑ Binning, Elizabeth (11 November 2008). "Arresting image update to save police force $800,000". New Zealand Herald.
- ↑ "Getting to the heart of who were are – Fire and Emergency's new identity" (PDF). The FENZ Transition Project. 27 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ↑ "Improved visibility of road maintenance vehicles using Battenburg markings (report in Swedish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014.
- 1 2 "Photograph of Home Office Immigration Enforcement vehicle". Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ↑ "The Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 1989". Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ↑ although the emergency services operate under temporary special orders under section 44 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 to use their own colours, with moves underway as of 2008 to formalise this in legislation and extend the use of other colours to civilian operators.Burrows, Adrian (7 March 2008). "Impact Assessment of the Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations covering reflective markings on emergency vehicles" (PDF). Department for Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "Emergency Services". Vehicle Livery Solutions. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. Illustrations of patterns supplied to emergency services.
- 1 2 "Mountain Rescue". Uk Emergency Vehicles. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
- ↑ "Search and rescue charity gets vital boost in funds from police force". 29 May 2020.
- ↑ "Berkshire Lowland Search and Rescue given cash for equipment". BBC News. 20 February 2020.
- ↑ "Donation to fund new equipment for search and rescue service". 20 June 2020.
- ↑ "Border Force". Home Office Careers. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
- ↑ policest1100 (20 June 2020), Border Force Mitsubishi L200 FJ19 GNF, retrieved 29 July 2022
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ↑ "Medic Stations | Emergency Medical Services (EMS)".
- ↑ "Pittsburgh Police Cars, Ambulances And City Vehicles Changing Colors To Represent Steel Heritage". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ↑ "Chicago PD debuts new vehicles with new graphics". policemag.com. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ↑ "Checkered band". inlem.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
External links
