Warminster County School (1909–1917)

Former Warminster County School, where Dent's father was head teacher

From 1909, Dent was educated at Warminster County School, where her father was head teacher.^[37] At school, she was close friends with her neighbour at Portway, Evelyn Mary Day, the eldest daughter of Henry George Day, a former butler to Colonel Charles Gathorne Gathorne‑Hardy, son of Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook.^{[38][39][lower-alpha 10]} In August 1914, she passed the University of Oxford Junior Local Examination with First Class Honours, and on the strength of her examination result, she was awarded a scholarship by the school.^[40][41] In 1915, she passed the senior examination with second class honours and a distinction in French, and subsequently, her scholarship was renewed.^[41][42] She then joined the sixth form and won the school prize for French in December 1916.^{[43][lower-alpha 11]} In March 1918, she applied for a scholarship in mathematics from Somerville College, one of the first two women's colleges in the University of Oxford. She was highly commended but was not awarded a scholarship nor an exhibition.^[44]

University of Bristol (1919–1923)

Paul Dirac, Dent's fellow student on the honours course in mathematics at Bristol

In 1918, Dent joined the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough, Hampshire.^[37] The First World War opened new employment opportunities for women, and RAE was one of the first military establishments to recruit women into engineering, and mathematical and computational research.^{[45]: 116 [46]: 10} In the same period that Dent was at RAE, Lorna Swain, then mathematics tutor at Newnham College in the University of Cambridge, worked at the establishment on the problem of aircraft propeller vibration.^[45]: 84 The Treasury reduced RAE's funding after the end of the war, and consequently, the number of resources and staff available to support research fell significantly.^[47]: 58 In 1919, she left RAE after being accepted on to the general Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree course at the University of Bristol.^{[37][lower-alpha 12]} In June 1920, she passed her intermediate examination in French with supplementary courses in Latin, history, and mathematics.^{[49][50]: 1}

In the following academic year, Dent joined the honours course in mathematics and took an intermediate examination in physics.^{[51][50]: 1} After spending the summer of 1921 at her parents' home in Warminster,^[52] she returned for the start of the 1921 to 1922 academic year to find that Paul Dirac had joined the mathematics course.^[51] The course of mathematics at Bristol University normally lasted three years, but because of Dirac's previous training, the Department of Mathematics had allowed him to join in the second year.^[51] They were taught applied mathematics by Henry Ronald Hassé, the then head of the Mathematics Department, and pure mathematics by Peter Fraser. Both of them had come from Cambridge;^[51] Fraser had been appointed in 1906 to the staff of the Bristol University College, soon to become the University of Bristol, and Hassé joined him in 1919 as professor of mathematics.^[53]: 111 Fraser introduced them to mathematical rigour, projective geometry, and rigorous proofs in differential and integral calculus.^[54] Dirac would later say that Peter Fraser was "the best teacher he had ever had."^[51]

Dent studied four courses in pure mathematics:^[55]

There was a choice of specialisation in the final year; applied or pure mathematics. As the only official, registered fee-paying student, Dent had the right to choose, and she settled on applied mathematics for the final year. The department could offer only one set of lectures so Dirac also had to follow the same course.^{[56][lower-alpha 13]} Dent studied four courses in applied mathematics:^[55]

In 1923, Dent was accepted as a postgraduate research student by at Newnham College, University of Cambridge

Newnham College, University of Cambridge (1923–1924)

In June 1923, Dent graduated with Dirac, gaining a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in applied mathematics with First Class Honours.^{[57][51][lower-alpha 14]} On 7 July 1923, she was awarded the Ashworth Hallett scholarship by the University of Bristol and was accepted as a postgraduate student at Newnham College in the University of Cambridge.^[56][58][59] On her death in 1922, Lilias Sophia Ashworth Hallett left one thousand pounds each to the University of Bristol and Girton College, University of Cambridge, to found scholarships for women.^{[60]: 259, 261} The University of Bristol scholarship was open to women graduates of a recognised college or university, and worth £45 at the time (equivalent to £2,700 in 2021).^[61] She spent a year at Cambridge, leaving in 1924 without further academic qualification.^[59] Before 1948, the University of Cambridge denied women graduates a degree, although in the same year as she left Cambridge, Katharine Margaret Wilson was the first woman to be awarded a PhD by the university.^{[62][lower-alpha 15]}

High School for Girls, Barnsley (1924–1925)

The former High School for Girls, Barnsley, where Dent taught mathematics after leaving Newnham College

Dent spent the summer of 1924 at her parents' home in Warminster, playing mixed doubles tennis in a tournament organised by the local Women's Unionist Association.^[64] In September of the same year, she was appointed an assistant teacher in mathematics at the High School for Girls, in Barnsley, Huddersfield Road, on an annual salary of £250 (equivalent to £15,200 in 2021).^[59][37] Annie Rose Nuttall, the school's head teacher,^[65] was a former student at Newnham College.^{[66][lower-alpha 16]} In the early 1920s, women who had studied university level mathematics faced limited employment prospects, as mathematics and engineering professions, other than perhaps school teaching, were dominated by men.^[69] Dent resigned her position on 31 August 1925 after being appointed a demonstrator (research assistant) in the Department of Physics at the University of Bristol,^[59][37] with her salary being paid by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, the forerunner of the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC).^{[70]: 107 [lower-alpha 17]}

Department of Physics, University of Bristol (1925–1929)

John Edward Lennard‑Jones, Dent's advisor and co-author at Bristol in the 1920s

In 1924, the University of Bristol Council had set aside a portion of a bequest from Henry Herbert Wills for the Department of Physics where Arthur Mannering Tyndall was building up a staff for teaching and research in the H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Royal Fort House Gardens.^{[72][lower-alpha 18]} From August 1925, John Lennard-Jones, of Trinity College, University of Cambridge, was elected reader in mathematical physics.^[74][72] In March 1927, Lennard‑Jones was appointed Professor of Theoretical physics, a chair being created for him, with Dent becoming his research assistant in theoretical physics.^{[75][76]: 24 [77][lower-alpha 19]} Lennard‑Jones pioneered the theory of interatomic and intermolecular forces at Bristol and Dent became one of his first collaborators.^[72][51]

Lennard‑Jones and Dent published six papers together from 1926 to 1928, dealing with the forces between atoms and ions, with the objective of calculating theoretically the properties of carbonate and nitrate crystals.^[51][78] Dent's thesis for her master's degree, Some theoretical determinations of crystal structure (1927), was the basis of the three papers that followed in 1927; with Lennard‑Jones, "Some theoretical determinations of crystal parameters. CXVI", and with Lennard‑Jones and Sydney Chapman, "Structure of carbonate crystals" and "Part II. Structure of carbonate crystals".^{[lower-alpha 20]} On 28 June 1927, she was awarded a MSc degree for her thesis and research work.^[79] In 1927, the physics laboratory at Bristol had a surplus of funds, and so it was decided that the funds would be used to provide more technical help.^{[lower-alpha 21]} Consequently, Dent was asked to combine her research duties with the post of part-time departmental librarian, the first appointment of librarian in the Department of Physics.^{[76]: 26 [1][lower-alpha 22]}

H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, where Dent worked as a researcher

In 1928, Lennard‑Jones and Dent published two papers, "Cohesion at a crystal surface", and with Sydney Chapman, "The change in lattice spacing at a crystal boundary", that studied the force fields on a thin crystal cleavage.^[80][81] Around this time, quantum mechanics was developed to become the standard formulation for atomic physics.^{[lower-alpha 23]} Lennard‑Jones left Bristol in 1929 to study the subject for a year as a Rockefeller Fellow at the University of Göttingen.^[83] She wrote one last paper before leaving the physics department at Bristol: "The effect of boundary distortion on the surface energy of a crystal" (1929) examined the effect of the polarisation of surface ions in decreasing the surface energy of alkali halides.^[84] In November 1929, she was appointed to the position of technical librarian for the scientific and technical staff in the research department at Metropolitan-Vickers, Trafford Park, Manchester.^{[iii]: 14–15 [85]}

In December 1929, Dent resigned her position at Bristol and it was accepted with regret by the university council.^[86] Marjorie Josephine Littleton, the daughter of a local Bristol councillor and a graduate of Girton College, University of Cambridge, was appointed as her replacement on the 1 February 1930. Littleton was later Sir Neville Mott's co-author and research assistant in the physics department.^{[87][88]: 517} In 1930, Lennard‑Jones returned to Bristol, as Dean of the Faculty of Science, and introduced the new quantum theories to the Bristol group.^{[83][72][lower-alpha 24]}

Metropolitan-Vickers, Trafford Park (1930–1960)

Metropolitan-Vickers was a British heavy industrial firm, well-known for industrial electrical equipment and generators, street lighting, electronics, steam turbines, and diesel locomotives. They built the Metrovick 950, the first commercial transistorised computer.^[90] In 1917, a Research and Education Department was established at the Trafford Park site, when the care of the library came within the remit of James George Pearce. He made the library the centre of a new "technical intelligence" section.^{[85]: 193 [lower-alpha 25]} In the 1920s, the post of librarian was held by Lucy Stubbs, a former assistant librarian at the University of Birmingham,^[91] and past member of the first standing committee of ASLIB.^[85]: 228 Stubbs did not possess scientific qualifications, maintaining that a librarian, if assisted by other technical staff, did not need to understand science or engineering.^[85]: 193 In 1929, James Steele Park Paton reorganised and expanded the section with Dent succeeding Stubbs as technical librarian on 6 January 1930.^{[iii]: 15 [85]} She joined the scientific and technical staff as was one of only two senior women in the research department,^[92]: 314 and in contrast to Stubbs, was employed principally for her technical skills.^[85]: 193

Dent was honorary secretary to the founding committee for the ASLIB Lancashire and Cheshire branch from 1931 to 1936.^{[93]: 204–205} In 1932, the branch had twenty-six members and had organised four meetings, including one addressed by Sir Henry Tizard, the then President of ASLIB. After the war, it formed the basis for the Northern Branch of the association.^[94]: 412 Technical librarianship emerged as a new scientific career in interwar Britain and rapidly became one of the few types of professional industrial employment that was routinely open to both women and men.^[92]: 301 By 1933, Dent reported that the Metropolitan-Vickers library had three thousand engineering volumes and around the same number in pamphlets and patent specifications.^[95] Besides covering electrical subjects, the library covered accountancy, employment questions, and subjects of interest to the sales department. It also issued a weekly bulletin, scrutinised patents, handled patents taken out by research staff, and exchanged information with associated companies.^[96]

Differential analyser designed by Douglas Hartree, at the Science and Industry Museum in Manchester

Dent continued to publish papers in applied mathematics and contribute to papers on emerging computational technologies. In "On observations of points connected by a linear relation" (1935), she developed a detailed reduced major axis method for line fitting that built on the work of Robert Adcock and Charles Kummell.^[97][98] In 1937, David Myers, then at the Engineering Laboratory at the University of Oxford, asked Douglas Hartree and Arthur Porter to calculate the space charge limitation of secondary current in a triode.^{[99]: 91 [100]: 96} The calculations relied on some initial numerical integrations that were carried out by Dent on a differential analyser. The results corresponded closely to those obtained experimentally by Myers at Oxford.^{[99]: 91 [100]: 97} Her knowledge of higher mathematics meant that she was asked to check the mathematics in papers for publication by engineers at Metropolitan-Vickers. For example, Cyril Frederick Gradwell, a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, asked her to scrutinise the algebraic part of his work in "The Solution of a problem in disk bending occurring in connexion with gas turbines" (1950).^{[101][lower-alpha 26]} She would later analyse the problem of stress distribution in a thick disk based on a method devised by Philip Pollock,^[103] for Richard William Bailey, the former director of the mechanical, metallurgical, and chemical sections of the research department at Metropolitan-Vickers.^{[104]: 16 [lower-alpha 27]}

Dent was a delegate at the fourteenth International Conference on Documentation and was invited to the Government's conference dinner on 22 September 1938 at the Great Dining Hall of Christ Church, Oxford.^{[105][lower-alpha 28]} In 1939, she was elected to the editing committee of the ASLIB book list.^[106] In 1944, she was put in charge of the women working in the research department laboratory at Metropolitan-Vickers, and in 1946, she was promoted to section leader of the new computation section.^[59] Her role would bring her into contact with Audrey Stuckes, a materials science researcher in the department, and a graduate of Newnham College, who would later head the physics department at the University of Salford.^[107] In 1953, they collaborated on an investigation into the heating effects that occur when a current is passed through a semiconductor that has no barrier layer.^[108] Dent suggested methods to solve the equations and computed the numerical integrations.^[109] In the following year, she developed the Fourier analysis in "Regenerative Deflection as a Parametrically Excited Resonance Phenomenon" (1954), that calculated the optimal radial oscillations to maintain cyclotron resonance in a synchrocyclotron. The causes of axial spreading of the charged particle beam during extraction were also analysed.^[110]

Dent joined the Women's Engineering Society and published papers on the application of digital computers to electrical design.^[111][112] With Brian Birtwistle, she wrote programs for the Ferranti Mark 1 (Mark 1) computer at the University of Manchester, that demonstrated that high speed digital computers could provide considerable assistance to the electrical design engineer.^[113] Birtwistle would later have an extensive career in the computer industry, working at, amongst others, Honeywell Information Systems and ADP Network Services.^[114] In 1958, she carried out computer calculations for the mechanical engineering team at the Nuclear Power Group, Radbroke Hall. Their paper outlined a procedure for calculating the theoretical deflection (bending) of a circular grid of support girders for a graphite neutron moderator in a gas-cooled reactor.^[115] A general expression was derived from the central deflection of the grid and the maximum bending moment on the central cross-beam for a range of grid diameters.^[116]

In 1959, and a year from retirement, Dent modelled a proposed Zeta circuit on the Mark 1 computer, for Eric Hartill's paper on constructing a high-power pulse transformer and circuit.^[117] The cost of the computation was about two thousand pounds (equivalent to £50,000 in 2021), corresponding to around eighty hours of machine time.^[118] She retired from Metropolitan-Vickers in May 1960, with Isabel Hardwich, later a fellow and president of the Women's Engineering Society, replacing her as section leader for the women in the research department.^{[85]: 232 [119]: 243}

Atomic force microscopy

An atomic force microscope on the left with controlling computer on the right. Dent's work had direct application to the development of atomic force microscopy

In 1928, Lennard‑Jones and Dent published two papers, "Cohesion at a crystal surface" and "The change in lattice spacing at a crystal boundary", that for the first time, outlined a calculation of the potential of the electric field in a vacuum, produced by a thin sodium chloride crystal surface.^[80][81] They gave an expression for the electric potential produced by a system of point charges in vacuum (although not a real cubic sodium chloride ionic lattice).^{[143]: 796–797} The expression for the potential in vacuum, ${\displaystyle \varphi _{0}\left(r\right)}$, at the point r = {x, y, z}, near the cubic lattice of point ions with different signs, the charge ${\displaystyle e_{k}}$, and the period a (a crystalline solid is distinguished by the fact that the atoms making up the crystal are arranged in a periodic fashion), can be represented in the form:^[143]: 797

${\displaystyle \varphi _{0}\left(r\right)={\frac {2\pi }{a^{2}}}\sum _{l,m}\sum _{s}{\frac {\left(-1\right)^{s}\exp \left[-\left({\frac {2\pi }{a}}\right){\sqrt {l^{2}+m^{2}}}\left(z+z_{s}\right)\right]}{\left|k_{l,m}\right|}}\times \sum _{k}e_{k}\cos \left[k_{l,m}\left(r_{\parallel }-r_{k}\right)\right]}$

(1)

${\displaystyle r_{\parallel }=\left\{x,y\right\}}$ is the lateral vector that fixes the observation point coordinates in the sample plane.

${\displaystyle k_{l,m}}$ is the reciprocal lattice vector.

s is the number of planes to be calculated inside the crystal; s set to zero would calculate the surface plane.

The expression sums the set of potential static charges for the surface and lower planes of the crystal lattice. Lennard‑Jones and Dent showed that this expression forms a rapidly convergent Fourier series.^[143]: 797 Harold Eugene Buckley, a crystallographic researcher at the University of Manchester until his death in 1959,^[144]: 481 had suggested that their results should be treated with caution. For example, the contraction a crystal plane would suffer under the conditions prescribed would not be the same as that of a similar plane with a solid mass of crystal behind it. Another difficulty arises because calculation of crystal surface field force fields are so great that simplifying assumptions have to be made to render them capable of a solution.^[145]

Michael Jaycock and Geoffrey Parfitt, then respectively senior lecturer in surface and colloid chemistry at Loughborough University of Technology and professor of chemical engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, concurred with Buckley, noting that "an ideal crystal, in which the ionic positions at the surface were identical to those achieved in the bulk crystal ... is obviously extremely improbable." However, they acknowledged that the Lennard‑Jones and Dent model was singularly elegant, and like most researchers working before the advent of modern computers, they were limited in what could be attempted computationally.^[146] Nonetheless, Lennard‑Jones and Dent demonstrated that the force exerted on a single ion, by a surface with evenly distributed positive and negative ions, decreases very rapidly with increasing distance.^[147]: 14 Later work by Jason Cleveland, Manfred Radmacher, and Paul Hansma, has shown that this result has direct application to atomic force microscopy by predicting that non-contact imaging is possible only at small tip-sample separations.^[148]: 543

Reduced major axis regression

Linear regression attempts to model the relationship between two variables by fitting a linear equation (straight line) to observed data

The theoretical underpinnings of standard least squares regression analysis are based on the assumption that the independent variable (often labelled as x) is measured without error as a design variable. The dependent variable (labeled y) is modeled as having uncertainty or error. Both independent and dependent measurements may have multiple sources of error. Therefore, the underlying least squares regression assumptions can be violated. Reduced major axis (RMA) regression is specifically formulated to handle errors in both the x and y variables.^[149]: 1 If the estimate of the ratio of the error variance of y to the error variance of x is denoted by 𝜆, then the reduced major axis method assumes that 𝜆 can be approximated by the ratio of the total variances of x and y.^[150] RMA minimizes both vertical and horizontal distances of the data points from the predicted line (by summing areas) rather than the least squares sum of squared vertical (y-axis) distances.^[149]: 2

In Dent's 1935 paper on linear regression, entitled "On observations of points connected by a linear relation", she admitted that when the variances in the x and y variables are unknown, "we cannot hope to find the true positions of the observed points, but only their most probable positions."^[151] However, by treating the probability of the errors in terms of Gaussian error functions, she contended that this expression may be regarded as "a function of the unknown quantities", or the likelihood function of the data distribution.^[152]: 106 Furthermore, she argued that maximising this function to obtain the maximum likelihood estimation,^[153]: 5 subject to the condition that the points are collinear, will give the parameters for the line of best fit. She then deduced formulae for the errors in estimating the centroid and the line inclination when the data consists of a single (unrepeated) observation.^[152]: 106

Maurice Kendall and Alan Stuart showed that the maximum likelihood estimator of a likelihood function, depending on a parameter ${\displaystyle \theta }$, satisfies the following quadratic equation:^[154]

${\displaystyle \theta ^{2}x^{T}y+\left[\lambda x^{T}x-y^{T}y\right]\theta -\lambda x^{T}y=0}$

(2)

where x and y are the ${\displaystyle \mathbf {X} }$ and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {Y} }$ vectors in a covariance matrix giving the covariance between each pair of x and y variables.

Using the quadratic formula to solve for the positive root (or zero) of (2):^[155]: 183

${\displaystyle \theta _{ML}\equiv {\frac {y^{T}y-\lambda x^{T}x+{\sqrt {(y^{T}y-\lambda x^{T}x)^{2}+4\lambda (x^{T}y)^{2}}}}{2x^{T}y}}}$

(3)

Inspection of (3) shows that as 𝜆 tends to plus infinity, the positive root tends to:^[155]: 183

${\displaystyle \theta _{x}}$, equal to ${\displaystyle {\frac {x^{T}y}{x^{T}x}}}$

(4)

Correspondingly, as 𝜆 tends to zero, the root tends to:^[155]: 183

${\displaystyle \theta _{y}}$, equal to ${\displaystyle {\frac {y^{T}y}{x^{T}y}}}$

(5)

Dent had solved the maximum likelihood estimator in the case where the covariance matrix is not known.^{[156]: 1049} Dent's maximum likelihood estimator is the geometric mean of ${\displaystyle \theta _{x}}$ and ${\displaystyle \theta _{y}}$, equivalent to:^[155]: 184

${\displaystyle \theta _{ML}\equiv {\sqrt {{\frac {x^{T}y}{x^{T}x}}\times {\frac {y^{T}y}{x^{T}y}}}}\equiv {\sqrt {\frac {y^{T}y}{x^{T}x}}}}$, where ${\displaystyle x^{T}y}$ is positive.

(6)

Dennis Lindley repeated Dent's analysis and stated that Dent's geometric mean estimator is not a consistent estimator for the likelihood function,^{[157]: 235–236, 241} and that the gradient of the estimate will have a bias, and this remains true even if the number of observations tends to infinity.^[158]: 15 Subsequently, Theodore Anderson pointed out that the likelihood function has no maximum in this case, and therefore, there is no maximum likelihood estimator.^[159]: 3 Kenneth Alva Norton, a former consulting engineer with the then National Bureau of Standards, responded to Lindley, stating Lindley's own methods and assumptions lead to a biased prediction.^[160] Furthermore, Albert Madansky, late H. G. B. Alexander professor of business administration at University of Chicago Booth School of Business,^[161] noted that Lindley took the wrong root for the quadratic in (2) for the case where ${\displaystyle x^{T}y}$ is negative.^{[162]: 201–203}

Richard J. Smith has stated that Dent was the first to develop a RMA regression method for line fitting that built on the work of Robert Adcock in "A Problem in Least Squares" (1878) and Charles Kummell in "Reduction of observation equations which contain more than one observed quantity" (1879).^[97][98] It is now believed that she was the first to propose what is often called the geometric mean functional relationship estimator of slope,^[163][164] and that her essential arguments can be generalised to any number of variables.^[152]: 106 Moreover, although her solution has its theoretical limitations, it is of practical importance, as it likely represents the best a priori estimate if nothing is known about the true error distribution in the model. It is generally much less reasonable to assume that all the error, or residual scatter, is attributable to one of the variables.^{[150][158]: 3}

Electrical design using digital computers

Illustration of transformer windings

In the 1950s, British electrical engineers would rarely use a digital computer, and if they did, it would be to solve some complicated equation outside the scope of analogue computers. To a certain extent, engineers were deterred by the difficulty and the time taken to program a particular problem. Furthermore, the varied and often unique problems that arise in electrical design practice, together with the degree of uncertainty of the numerical data of many problems, accentuated this tendency.^[165] On 10 April 1956, Dent and Brian Birtwistle presented their paper, "The digital computer as an aid to the electrical design engineer", to the Convention on Digital Computer Techniques at the Institution of Electrical Engineers.^[165] The paper was intended to show, by describing three relatively simple applications, that the digital computer could be a useful aid to the electrical design engineer. The three example problems were:^[166]

The Ferranti Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester was used for the calculations in the three problems. Dent was allowed to use the university's library of subroutines, from which the following were taken and incorporated into the programs:^[167]

The first problem of calculating the impulse voltage distribution on transformer windings took about five hours of machine time. Conversely, a hand calculation, using a method described by Thomas John Lewis in "The Transient Behaviour of Ladder Networks of the Type Representing Transformer and Machine Windings" (1954), took around three months.^[168]: 486 The use of a computer in the second problem allowed for a more accurate solution as it was possible to include nonlinear magnetic characteristics in the calculation. In the last problem, the torque and speed curves for the synchronous motors were calculated in around fifteen minutes.^[168]: 486 Their paper was one of the first to recognise that high speed digital computers could provide considerable assistance to the electrical design engineer by carrying out automatically the optimum design of products.^[113]

Significant research had been devoted to determining a transformer's internal transient voltage distribution. Early attempts were hampered by computational limitations encountered when solving large numbers of coupled differential equations with analogue computers.^[169] It was not until Dent, with Hartill and Miles, in "A method of analysis of transformer impulse voltage distribution using a digital computer" (1958), recognised the limitations of the analogue models and developed a digital computer model, and associated program, where non-uniformity in the transformer windings could be introduced and any input voltage applied.^[170]

Selected papers and academic articles

Table of selected papers and academic articles

Year	Title	Co-author(s)	Notes
1926	The forces between atoms and ions. II	John Edward Lennard‑Jones	Extends earlier results to provide a complete table of forces between the monovalent and divalent ions of the inert gases.[171] The paper was presented to the Royal Society of Chemistry on 24 June 1926 at Burlington House, the society's headquarters in Piccadilly, London.[172]: 880
1927	Some theoretical determinations of crystal structure	Dent (sole author)	Dent's MSc thesis. It formed the basis of the three papers published in 1927.[173]
1927	Some theoretical determinations of the structure of carbonate crystals. I	John Edward Lennard‑Jones and Sydney Chapman	Test tube with a sample of brown-red Ferrous carbonate Discusses the structure of the carbonate anion CO2− 3, a polyatomic ion, in iron(II) carbonate FeCO 3, or ferrous carbonate.[78]
1927	Some theoretical determinations of the structure of carbonate crystals. II	John Edward Lennard‑Jones and Sydney Chapman	Discusses the work required to separate iron(II) carbonate into its constituent iron(II) cations Fe2+ and carbonate anion.[78]
1927	Some theoretical determinations of crystal parameters. CXVI	John Edward Lennard‑Jones	Simple cubic Body-centred cubic Face-centred cubic Comparison of crystal cubic lattice structures The surface plane of a face-centred cubic lattice was derived by Lennard‑Jones and Dent and this result has been used extensively in physisorption studies. They simplified the calculation of the Lennard-Jones potential by noting that the ions under study were isoelectronic with inert gas atoms, and thus, there was no need to introduce additional empirical L‑J parameters into the equation. In rock-salt or sodium chloride (halite) structure, each of the two atom types forms a separate face-centred cubic lattice. Examples of compounds with this structure include sodium chloride itself, along with the other alkali halides, and divalent metal oxides, sulphides, selenides, and tellurides.[174]: 16 [175][176]: 682–683
1928	Cohesion at a crystal surface	John Edward Lennard‑Jones	Calculation of the surface energy of solids. Shows that for an ionic substrate a charged particle would be most strongly adsorbed, but that the electrostatic forces were very short range, and for greater distances, were smaller than the van der Waals' forces. A dipole would be adsorbed in the same manner as a charged particle but much less strongly.[80] They conclude that the Van der Waals attraction between the atoms arises because each is polarised in the presence of others, and the temporary distortion of the electron shells gives rise to an attraction.[177]: 169
1928	The change in lattice spacing at a crystal boundary	John Edward Lennard‑Jones and Sydney Chapman	Shows that when alkali metal halide crystals are put under tension along their length, they suffer a lateral contraction of the order of 6 per cent.[81]
1929	The effect of boundary distortion on the surface energy of a crystal. LV	Dent (sole author)	The effect of polarisation of surface ions in decreasing surface energy of the alkali halide crystals is studied. It is shown that for a series of alkali halide crystals, it is the deformability of the surface ions which largely controls the distortion at the surface. In general, close-packing and wide inter-planar spacing tend to lower the free surface energy in crystals.[84][178]
1933	The technical news bulletin and house journal of the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company	Dent (sole author)	The conference was held at the Wills Hall, University of Bristol There were eight contributors to the subject "the preparation and production of information bulletins, house journals and reports", which was presented at the general session of the tenth annual conference of the ASLIB on the morning of the 23 June 1933 in the Wills Hall, University of Bristol. James George Pearce, Dent's former technical director at Metropolitan-Vickers, was in the chair. Dent described the technical news bulletin and the house journal of Metropolitan-Vickers. The bulletins and journals contained references to current literature, abstracts, news of current interest, and select bibliographies. They were often duplicated owing to the prohibitive cost of printing: "Don't press the printers" was the advice of Dent.[179][180]
1935	On observations of points connected by a linear relation	Dent (sole author)	Dent was the first to describe and develop a detailed reduced major axis method for line fitting. The paper was sent to the Physical Society by Henry Ronald Hassé, Dent's former professor of applied mathematics at Bristol, on 10 July 1934. The paper was refereed by Alexander Aitken,[181] and at the time of publication, commented on by William Edwards Deming.[97]
1941	Works libraries and the war effort	Dent (sole author)	Dent wrote on the importance of providing facilities to distribute technical literature during a war.[182]
1946	The library and information service of the Metropolitan-Vickers Co. Ltd	James Steele Park Paton	Describes the information service developed during the last thirty years to meet the needs of the research department at the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Company. In response to a request from the senior staff, a weekly "Industrial Digest" was produced from 1945. The digest contained about fifty brief abstracts on factory processes and workshop practice.[183]
1946	What the industrialist expects of an information service	Sir Arthur Fleming	The Polytechnic (now the University of Westminster) on Regent Street, where Dent and Fleming presented at the twenty-first annual conference of ASLIB On 14 September 1946, Dent and Fleming presented at the twenty-first annual conference of ASLIB in the Fyvie Hall at the Polytechnic, Regent Street. They stressed the importance of new knowledge and ideas in industry as a condition of progress, and that industry required rapid, accurate, and comprehensive information.[184]
1956	The digital computer as an aid to the electrical design engineer	Brian Birtwistle	The value of the digital computer as an aid to the electrical design engineer is discussed in the light of the authors' extensive use of the Ferranti Mark 1 computer.[lower-alpha 31] Three examples are described:[165] Impulse voltage distribution on transformer windings.[lower-alpha 32] Supply frequency ripple on transductor performance. Starting torque of a synchronous motor.
1956	The authors' replies to the discussion on 'Engineering and scientific applications of digital computers'	Brian Birtwistle	Replies to questions on "The digital computer as an aid to the electrical design engineer" (1956). Douglas Hartree suggests using an extension of Numerov's method to reduce the time taken to solve the second-order differential equations. Dent and Robinson also support Robert Kenneth Livesley's recommendation that engineering courses should take into account modern developments with regard to the application of digital computers to engineering practice.[185]
1957	Opportunities in the Metropolitan‑Vickers Electrical Company's research department for girls of good scientific education	Dent (sole author)	Dent advertises work for girls in the Metropolitan-Vickers research laboratories. She concedes that the applicant might resign before arguing that it is nevertheless a good idea to apply.[186] The article was first published in Careers: A memorandum on openings and trainings for girls and women (1955) by the Women's Employment Federation.
1958	Analysis of transformer impulse voltages by digital computer	Eric Raymond Hartill and James George Miles	A review of "A method of analysis of transformer impulse voltage distribution using a digital computer" (1958) after it was published as an individual paper in December 1957 and republished in Part A, Power Engineering, Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Hartill and Miles also worked at Metropolitan-Vickers.[187][lower-alpha 33]
1958	A method of analysis of transformer impulse voltage distribution using a digital computer	Eric Raymond Hartill and James George Miles	The paper presents a method of impulse voltage calculation in which non-uniformity in the transformer windings could be introduced and input voltage applied. The derivation of the transformer circuit is discussed, together with a digital computer program for the solution of the resulting differential equations.[170][169]

Publications detail

Bibliography