Muller Conrad "Billy" Rautenbach
Born (1959-09-23) 23 September 1959
Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
NationalityZimbabwean
OccupationBusinessman
SpouseJenny Lynn Rautenbach (née Noon)

Muller Conrad "Billy" Rautenbach is a Zimbabwean businessman, whose ventures have included companies involved in transport, cobalt and platinum mining, and biofuel production, primarily in Africa.[1] The 2022 Data Leaks at Credit Suisse appeared to confirm allegations – for which he had faced American and European sanctions in earlier years[2] that Rautenbach used the proceeds from a mining deal to support the ZANU-PF regime of dictator Robert Mugabe, during the latter's repressive 2008 election campaign in Zimbabwe.[3] From 1999 to 2009, Rautenbach was a fugitive from fraud and corruption charges in South Africa.[4]

Early life

Rautenbach was born Muller Conrad Rautenbach in 1959 in what was then Salisbury, Rhodesia.[1] He inherited a Rhodesia-based trucking company from his father, Wessels, and his rise in the business world began when he moved to Johannesburg, South Africa.[1]

Career

Business ventures

Rautenbach's first venture was the expansion of his father's transport company, Wheels of Africa.[5] The company became a significant player in southern Africa, with the Financial Mail estimating that it controlled 75% of the Zimbabwean haulage market in 1999.[6] Wheels of Africa also expanded into car assembly and distribution, Rautenbach held a 50% stake in Hyundai's operations in South Africa and Botswana, and owning the Volvo heavy vehicle franchise in thirteen African countries,[5][7] He also had business interests in construction, land, and mining.[5]

Rautenbach's flight from fraud and corruption charges in South Africa in late 1999 (see below) coincided with the financial collapse of several of his southern African business interests.[8][9] By February 2000, several companies in the Wheels of Africa group had been liquidated, leaving significant debts in southern Africa.[7][10][5] Rautenbach did not return to South Africa until 2009, when he reached a R40 million plea agreement with prosecutors.[11]

Mining activities

In the late 1990s, Rautenbach became involved in mining ventures in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).[12] In 1998, DRC President Laurent-Désiré Kabila appointed him chief executive of the state-owned mining company, Gécamines. Prior to his appointment, Wheels of Africa had held transport contracts with Gécamines, and Rautenbach's company, Ridgepointe Overseas Development Ltd, had successfully managed at least three of its copper and cobalt mines, increasing their revenue.[13] He was removed as Gécamines chief executive – apparently acrimoniously[14][13][15] – in 2000, and his Congolese assets were seized.[16][17][4][18][19]

Rautenbach controlled Boss Mining Ltd, which held the rights to half of the Mukondo mine and to two other mining concessions in the Katanga province of the DRC.[19] In February 2006, he became a major shareholder in the Central African Mining and Exploration Company (Camec), receiving a 17% share when it acquired those mining rights.[12][20] He owned 8% of Camec shares as of July 2007,[21][22] and reportedly made an estimated $50 million from the 2009 sale of Camec to the Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation.[4] Yet by 2007, Rautenbach was again an unpopular figure among some DRC politicians. Camec had been building a stake in Katanga Mining, but faced government opposition at least partly due to the involvement of Rautenbach, who at the time was wanted for fraud by the South African authorities.[23][24][25] In July 2007, Rautenbach was detained in Katanga and deported to Zimbabwe.[26] Moise Katumbi, governor of Katanga, said, "Even if we have as yet no extradition facilities in place, we will not continue to allow such people to operate in the DRC with impunity."[27]

Controversies

Fraud and corruption charges in South Africa

In November 1999, after investigating Rautenbach for about two years, South African law enforcement conducted a raid on Rautenbach's Johannesburg home and private aircraft, as well as the Johannesburg offices of Wheels of Africa.[28][29] Following the raid, and amid financial strain in his southern African business interests,[30][31] Rautenbach fled South Africa.[32] On 19 September 2000, Rautenbach's South African assets, worth at least R40 million, were seized by the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA).[33] He faced charges for crimes he had allegedly committed while at Hyundai, including numerous counts of fraud and theft.[34][33][35] In March 2007, South African authorities filed for his extradition from Zimbabwe.[36][34] On 18 September 2009, Rautenbach handed himself over to the NPA. Charged with 326 counts of fraud, he pleaded guilty[37] on behalf of one of his companies, SA Botswana Hauliers, and, in a plea bargain, agreed to pay a fine of R40 million in exchange for the withdrawal of the charges against him, having continued to deny personal liability.[30][38][39]

Death of Yong Koo Kwon

Rautenbach launched a legal challenge against the validity of the 1999 raids, and of the evidence seized in the process, with the Constitutional Court ultimately ruling against him.[40] In court papers, the state claimed that Rautenbach was linked to the murder of Yong Koo Kwon of Daewoo Motors, who had been shot dead in his car in Johannesburg in February 1999.[41][42] Rautenbach emphatically denied any involvement in the murder, and described the allegations as a "witch-hunt."[43] No charges were ever laid against Rautenbach, and three other men were charged with the murder in 2006.[44]

Corruption trial of Jackie Selebi

Two months after striking the 2009 plea bargain with the NPA, Rautenberg testified for the prosecution in the corruption trial of Jackie Selebi, National Commissioner of the South African Police Service.[45] Selebi was accused of accepting bribes from Rautenbach and two other businessmen.[46] During the trial, convicted drug smuggler Glen Agliotti testified that Selebi had been asked to intervene in NPA and South African Revenue Service investigations into Rautenbach, to cancel Rautenbach's arrest warrant, and to provide information about whether Rautenbach was wanted by Interpol, of which Selebi was president.[47] Agliotti said, and Rautenbach confirmed,[45] that Rautenbach paid $100 000 to Agliotti, who channelled $30 000 to Selebi.[48]

Alleged ties to ZANU-PF in Zimbabwe

Critics alleged that Rautenbach had been appointed to Gécamines, the Congolese state-owned mining company, at the request of the Zimbabwean ruling party, ZANU-PF – indeed, in 1999 the Guardian called the existence of such an arrangement "a widespread assumption in diplomatic circles."[41] The allegation, as made by a United Nations panel in 2001, was that Rautenbach had been appointed to Gécamines to help channel mining profits from the DRC to the ZANU-PF regime, in exchange for Zimbabwean military support for Kabila's forces in the Second Congo War.[49][32][50][51] He was reportedly an associate of ZANU-PF government minister Emmerson Mnangagwa, who became president in 2018.[41][52][39][53] In 1999, Rautenbach denied the allegations, saying that he had never met Robert Mugabe.[41]

In 2008, Camec was involved in a controversial deal, in which, through the purchase of another company, it provided a $100 million payment, referred to as a loan in exchange for the acquisition of Zimbabwean platinum assets, previously owned by Anglo American Platinum, which the Zimbabwean government had taken control of.[52][54] The payment was financed with capital raised primarily from the American hedge fund Och-Ziff, and was reportedly used by ZANU-PF to fund its repressive 2008 election campaign.[54][55] Shortly afterwards, in October 2008, the American embassy in Zimbabwe investigated Rautenbach for his involvement in off-the-book sales of vehicles to the Zimbabwean government.[52]

In November 2008, the United States Treasury Department designated Rautenbach and a company he controlled, Ridgepointe Overseas Development Ltd – for sanctions, calling him one of the Mugabe regime's "cronies" and claiming that he had provided Mugabe with support which had enabled the latter to pursue anti-democratic policies.[56] The sanctions remained in place until April 2014.[57] Rautenbach was also subject to targeted European Union sanctions, from January 2009 until February 2012,[33] for his alleged association with the ZANU-PF regime.[58][59]

Suisse Secrets

The 2022 Data Leaks at Credit Suisse appeared to confirm earlier allegations that Rautenbach had supported the Mugabe regime's campaign during the 2008 Zimbabwean elections.[3][60] Credit Suisse opened two accounts for Rautenbach weeks before a mining deal that funnelled $100 million to Mugabe’s government, reportedly used to incite violence that helped Mugabe win the election. Rautenbach was able to sell his shares from the deal for a huge profit, but the mine was left undeveloped for over a decade.[3]

Alleged corruption

In 2014, Temba Mliswa, the provincial chairperson for Zanu-PF in Mashonaland West and a Member of the Zimbabwean Parliament, accused Rautenbach of bribing Arda board chairperson Basil Nyabadza, claiming that he had bought Nyabadza a house in exchange for preferential treatment.[61] Nyabadza denied the allegations,[62] and Rautenbach called Mliswa – who at the time was demanding millions of dollars he claimed Rautenbach owed him for investment consulting services – an "extortionist."[63] In 2019, Mliswa made various further accusations about Rautenbach's ventures in Zimbabwe and connections to the Zimbabwean government.[64]

Land and other disputes

According to amaBhungane, local activists claim that Green Fuel has encroached on communal land in Chipinge, displacing thousands of families, without sufficient compensation. They also claim that the firm has polluted the water, bulldozed maize fields to build a road, and failed to honour its promises to pay sugarcane growers $4 a tonne.[65][66][67][68] Chipinge residents, supported by non-profit Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights, are challenging Green Fuel's claim to the land in the courts.[69][70] A 2015 report by the Zimbabwean Parliament's Portfolio Committee on Youth, Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment echoed many of these accusations, and concluded that the project was against the country's indigenisation laws. It also learned from the Environmental Management Agency that Green Fuel had not conducted a full environmental impact assessment study, as required by legislation, before initiating the project.[69][71]

Green Fuel has denied the accusations, saying that, through its corporate social responsibility programme, Vimbo, it has spent millions of dollars on developing the neighbouring villages, and provided irrigation, electricity, and stock feed to villagers.[65][72] It has committed to develop as irrigation schemes 10% of all land put under sugar cane, and, in 2021, it unveiled one such scheme, among the biggest in the country, in Chisumbanje, under which it provided drip irrigation equipment and plots to villagers.[73] The company has also denied claims that the plant's effluent is a pollutant.[74][65][66] Cde Basil Nyabadza of the Arda board said in 2015 that the project was justified on the grounds that it would reduce Zimbabwe's import bill.[66] Indeed, according to Bloomberg, the project reduces Zimbabwe's spending on fuel imports by about one-tenth, or $40 million, per year.[74] Voice of America reported in 2011 that it had created 4,500 jobs, "more jobs... than any other [project] in the last 20 years";[75] by 2021, it employed about 3,000 people.[74]

In July 2021, several Zimbabwean newspapers reported that Green Fuel security guards had razed crops and destroyed houses in Chinyamukwakwa, Chipinge, affecting thousands of villagers, in order to facilitate Green Fuel's expansion in the area.[76][77][69][78] According to the headman of the village, thousands of displaced residents of Chipinge were resettling in neighbouring Mozambique.[69] Rautenbach and Green Fuel have also been involved in disputes with the Nuanetsi Ranch board over land on Nuanetsi Ranch on the Mwenezi River, to which Rautenbach first gained access in 2009.[79][80][81][82][83][84]

Pandora Papers

As reported by amaBhungane in the Daily Maverick, Rautenbach was named in the 2021 Pandora Papers leak. The leak provided evidence of a complex offshore family trust fund, begun in 2013 when Rautenbach, while still under American sanctions, donated multimillion-dollar investments in his coal and ethanol businesses to his wife.[32][2] The fund is held in Rautenbach's wife's name, but in leaked documents financial advisors identified Rautenbach as the "effective controller" of the fund.[32]

Personal life

In his youth, Rautenbach pursued rally racing.[1] His son Conrad Rautenbach[85] is a rally driver, competing in the World Rally Championship full time in 2008 and 2009.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Tshwane, Tebogo (4 October 2021). "Pandora Papers: Inside Zimbabwean tycoon Billy Rautenbach's offshore family trust". News24. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  2. 1 2 Garside, Juliette (6 April 2016). "Alleged Mugabe cronies kept offshore firms years after UN alert raised". the Guardian. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 OCCRP (20 February 2022). "Credit Suisse Banked And Financed Zimbabwean Fraudster In Deal That Saved Mugabe". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Tshwane, Tebogo (3 October 2021). "Pandora Papers: Inside Zimbabwean tycoon Billy Rautenbach's offshore family trust". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 McGreal, Chris (16 December 1999). "The motiveless murder and Napoleon of Africa". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  6. ↑ Nest, Michael (2001). "Ambitions, Profits and Loss: Zimbabwean Economic Involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". African Affairs. 100 (400): 469–490. doi:10.1093/afraf/100.400.469. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 3518590.
  7. 1 2 "Rautenbach's assets seized". News24. 19 September 2000. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  8. ↑ "Billy Rautenbach hands himself over after 10 years". The Mail & Guardian. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  9. ↑ "The desert booms". The Economist. 18 November 1999. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  10. ↑ Sole, Sam (20 November 2009). "Rautenbach's fast and furious ride to riches". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  11. ↑ "Billy hands himself over after 10 years". The Mail & Guardian. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  12. 1 2 Barry Sergeant (6 May 2007). "Copper/cobalt bull elephants square up in the DRC". Mining Newsletter. United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  13. 1 2 Nest, Michael (2001). "Ambitions, Profits and Loss: Zimbabwean Economic Involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". African Affairs. 100 (400): 469–490. doi:10.1093/afraf/100.400.469. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 3518590.
  14. ↑ "Bye bye Billy". Africa Confidential. Vol. 41, no. 7. 31 March 2000. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  15. ↑ "Addendum to the report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2001/1072)". United Nations. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  16. ↑ "President Robert Mugabe's money men". The New Humanitarian. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  17. ↑ "Rautenbach removed as CE of mining giant". The Mail & Guardian. 28 March 2000. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  18. ↑ Thornycroft, Petra (6 February 2006). "British firm 'in deal with Mugabe crony'". Telegraph. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  19. 1 2 "The report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). United Nations. 18 July 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  20. ↑ "Camec to buy 80% stake in Boss Mining". Metal Bulletin. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  21. ↑ Robinson, Gwen (10 July 2007). "Camec prepares bid for Katanga Mining". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  22. ↑ Walker, Tom (14 May 2006). "Focus: The maverick, the miner and the millions". Sunday Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  23. ↑ Bream, Rebecca (10 July 2007). "Camec eyes all-share bid for Katanga Mining". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  24. ↑ Wallis, William (10 May 2007). "Congo probes UK-listed mining group". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  25. ↑ Bavier, Joe (16 May 2007). "Congo sees Rautenbach as root of CAMEC's problems". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  26. ↑ "Billy Rautenbach arrested in DRC". The Mail & Guardian. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  27. ↑ "Camec's Rautenbach arrested in DRC, deported to Zimbabwe". Mining Weekly. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  28. ↑ Beresford, David (28 November 1999). "Gangsters fall foul of South Africa 'hit list'". the Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  29. ↑ "Investigators raid Wheels of Africa offices". IOL. 19 November 1999. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  30. 1 2 "Billy Rautenbach hands himself over after 10 years". The Mail & Guardian. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  31. ↑ "The desert booms". The Economist. 18 November 1999. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Tshwane, Tebogo (3 October 2021). "Pandora Papers: Inside Zimbabwean tycoon Billy Rautenbach's offshore family trust". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  33. 1 2 3 "Rautenbach's assets seized". News24. 19 September 2000. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  34. 1 2 Ngalwa, Sibusiso (24 July 2007). "Rautenbach case an 'embarrassment' to NPA". IOL. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  35. ↑ "Billy Rautenbach had 'scheme to evade customs'". News24. 10 April 2001. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  36. ↑ Barry Sergeant (6 May 2007). "Copper/cobalt bull elephants square up in the DRC". Mining Newsletter. United Nations. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  37. ↑ "Rautenberg to pay S. African fine to end 10-year legal battle". Bloomberg. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  38. ↑ Seery, Brendan (22 September 2009). "NPA 'present' for Billy". Daily News. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  39. 1 2 Sole, Sam (20 November 2009). "Rautenbach's fast and furious ride to riches". The Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  40. ↑ Sulcas, Adele (25 August 2000). "Constitutional Court upholds Rautenbach raid". IOL. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  41. 1 2 3 4 McGreal, Chris (16 December 1999). "The motiveless murder and Napoleon of Africa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  43. ↑ Bull, Alister (17 December 1999). "Rautenbach may sue for Kwon murder claim". IOL. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  44. ↑ "Three briefly in court for murder of Daewoo boss". The Mail & Guardian. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  45. 1 2 Brkic, Branko (19 November 2009). "Billy Rautenbach damns Selebi, clears Ngcuka (mostly)". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  46. ↑ "Selebi v State (240/2011)" (PDF). South African History Online. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  47. ↑ Brkic, Branko (7 October 2009). "Worms squeezed out of can at Selebi trial". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  48. ↑ Basson, Adriaan; Rawoot, Ilham (7 October 2009). "Agliotti paid to 'sort out' Rautenbach's problems". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  49. ↑ "Alleged Mugabe cronies kept offshore firms years after UN alert raised". The Guardian. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  50. ↑ "Addendum to the report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2001/1072)". United Nations. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  51. ↑ "President Robert Mugabe's money men". The New Humanitarian. 4 February 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  52. 1 2 3 Nest, Michael (2001). "Ambitions, Profits and Loss: Zimbabwean Economic Involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". African Affairs. 100 (400): 469–490. doi:10.1093/afraf/100.400.469. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 3518590.
  53. ↑ "Rautenbach ordered to vacate Zim farm". The Mail & Guardian. 20 February 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  54. 1 2 Brummer, Stefaans (10 August 2012). "The investor who saved Mugabe". The Mail and Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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  59. ↑ "Full EU sanctions list for Zanu-PF". Politicsweb. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  60. ↑ Cohen, Tim (22 February 2022). "Swiss bank Credit Suisse's role in Zimbabwe's corrupt 2008 elections exposed". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  61. ↑ Mashininga, Kudzai (16 May 2014). "Zanu-PF MP hits out at Rautenbach". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  62. ↑ "$165m saga: Temba Mliswa digs in". The Herald. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  63. ↑ "Mliswa an extortionist: Rautenbach". The Herald. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  64. ↑ Ndoro, Nyashadzashe (16 October 2019). "Mliswa guns for Rautenbach over alleged state capture in Zimbabwe". Nehanda Radio. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  65. 1 2 3 Moyo, Jason (18 July 2014). "Zanu-PF's Green Fuel dilemma". The Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  66. 1 2 3 "Mugabe's white ally in land-grab row". The Mail & Guardian. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  67. ↑ "Rautenbach's Zim green firm 'holds cows for ransom'". The Mail & Guardian. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  68. ↑ Thondhlana, Gladman (2014). "The Local Livelihood Implications of Biofuel Development and Land Acquisitions in Zimbabwe". Centre for International Governance Innovation.
  69. 1 2 3 4 Mafirakureva, Garikai (18 July 2021). "Displaced Chipinge families flee to Mozambique". The Standard (Zimbabwe). Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  70. ↑ Matimaire, Kenneth (29 September 2019). "Villagers in Zimbabwe face off with big fuel firm over land". Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  71. ↑ "Report of the Portfolio Committee on Youth, Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment on the Green Fuel Chisumbanje ethanol project" (PDF). Veritaszim. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  72. ↑ "Corporate Social Responsibility". Green Fuel. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  73. ↑ Gutsa, Jotham (11 December 2021). "Green Fuel fulfills its Chisumbanje pledge". The Standard. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  74. 1 2 3 Auntony, Zinyange; Hill, Matthew (23 July 2021). "An ethanol plant in Zimbabwe is expanding despite its critics". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  75. ↑ "Locally-Produced Fuel at Zimbabwe's Pumps". VOA. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  76. ↑ "Billy Rautenbach's Green Fuel Destroys Chipinge Villagers' Crops". NewZimbabwe. 9 July 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  77. ↑ Bwanya, Marshall (12 July 2021). "Zanu PF, Green Fuel colluded to destroy Chipinge villagers' crops: Madhuku". Zimbabwe News. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  78. ↑ "Green fuel destroys villagers' crops". The Zimbabwe Independent. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  79. ↑ Thornycroft, Peta (2 August 2009). "Fugitive given vast ranch in Zimbabwe". IOL. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  80. ↑ "Rautenbach gets big farm". Witness. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  81. ↑ "Nuanetsi Ranch a waste land". The Zimbabwe Independent. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  82. ↑ "'Rautenbach looting, destroying Nuanetsi Ranch'". TellZim News. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  83. ↑ Mphisa, Rex (20 January 2019). "Nuanetsi: A case of wasted investment, stolen livelihoods". The Standard. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  84. ↑ "Zim may lose $500-million". The Mail & Guardian. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  85. ↑ "Conrad Rautenbach Zimbabwe summary". us.motorsport.com. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
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