In mathematics, a block matrix pseudoinverse is a formula for the pseudoinverse of a partitioned matrix. This is useful for decomposing or approximating many algorithms updating parameters in signal processing, which are based on the least squares method.

Derivation

Consider a column-wise partitioned matrix:

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}},\quad \mathbf {A} \in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times n},\quad \mathbf {B} \in \mathbb {R} ^{m\times p},\quad m\geq n+p.}$

If the above matrix is full column rank, the Moore–Penrose inverse matrices of it and its transpose are

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}^{+}&=\left({\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}^{\textsf {T}}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}\right)^{-1}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}^{\textsf {T}},\\{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\\\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\end{bmatrix}}^{+}&={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}\left({\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}^{\textsf {T}}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}\right)^{-1}.\end{aligned}}}$

This computation of the pseudoinverse requires (n + p)-square matrix inversion and does not take advantage of the block form.

To reduce computational costs to n- and p-square matrix inversions and to introduce parallelism, treating the blocks separately, one derives ^[1]

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}^{+}&={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \right)^{-1}\\\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {B} \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {B} \right)^{-1}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\left(\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \right)^{+}\\\left(\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {B} \right)^{+}\end{bmatrix}},\\{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\\\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\end{bmatrix}}^{+}&={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \right)^{-1},\quad \mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {B} \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {B} \right)^{-1}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\right)^{+}&\left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\right)^{+}\end{bmatrix}},\end{aligned}}}$

where orthogonal projection matrices are defined by

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }&=\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {A} \left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {A} \right)^{-1}\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}},\\\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }&=\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {B} \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {B} \right)^{-1}\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}.\end{aligned}}}$

The above formulas are not necessarily valid if ${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}}$ does not have full rank – for example, if ${\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \neq 0}$, then

${\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {A} \end{bmatrix}}^{+}={\frac {1}{2}}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} ^{+}\\\mathbf {A} ^{+}\end{bmatrix}}\neq {\begin{bmatrix}\left(\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \right)^{+}\\\left(\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \right)^{+}\end{bmatrix}}=0}$

Application to least squares problems

Given the same matrices as above, we consider the following least squares problems, which appear as multiple objective optimizations or constrained problems in signal processing. Eventually, we can implement a parallel algorithm for least squares based on the following results.

Comments on matrix inversion

Instead of ${\displaystyle \mathbf {\left({\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}^{\textsf {T}}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \end{bmatrix}}\right)} ^{-1}}$, we need to calculate directly or indirectly

${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {A} \right)^{-1},\quad \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {B} \right)^{-1},\quad \left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \right)^{-1},\quad \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {B} \right)^{-1}.}$

In a dense and small system, we can use singular value decomposition, QR decomposition, or Cholesky decomposition to replace the matrix inversions with numerical routines. In a large system, we may employ iterative methods such as Krylov subspace methods.

Considering parallel algorithms, we can compute ${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {A} \right)^{-1}}$ and ${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {B} \right)^{-1}}$ in parallel. Then, we finish to compute ${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{B}^{\perp }\mathbf {A} \right)^{-1}}$ and ${\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {T}}\mathbf {P} _{A}^{\perp }\mathbf {B} \right)^{-1}}$ also in parallel.

See also

• Invertible matrix § Blockwise inversion

References

External links

• The Matrix Reference Manual by Mike Brookes
• Linear Algebra Glossary by John Burkardt
• The Matrix Cookbook by Kaare Brandt Petersen
• Lecture 8: Least-norm solutions of undetermined equations by Stephen P. Boyd