Brachiaria deflexa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Brachiaria
Species:
B. deflexa
Binomial name
Brachiaria deflexa
(Schumach) C.E.Hubbard

Brachiaria deflexa (Guinea millet) is an annual millet grass belonging to the grass family (Poaceae). It is native to many regions such as Africa, India, and Pakistan in both tropical and subtropical regions.[1] It has been used as a supplemental food source among other cereal crops.

Description

Brachiaria deflexa is an annual grass that grows up to 70 cm tall. It has weak and slender stems that are finely pubescent. The stem extends into roots at the lower nodes. Leaves alternate across the stem and are a linear-lanceolate shape with a pale leaf sheath. Inflorescence imitates a panicle with 7-15 racemes on a 6 cm-15 cm long axis. These racemes are 2 cm-20 cm long, broadly elliptical (2mm-3.5mm), and have spikelets up to 15mm long.[2][3] It matures in 90–130 days and flowers throughout the year.[4]

Brachiaria is a C4 species, which is advantageous in its dry and often highly sunlit conditions.[5]

Geographic distribution and growth

Guinea millet is believed to have originated in the African savanna in the Fouta Djallon plateau of northwestern Guinea.[6] It can be found in Northern Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia and in Southern African in both Maputaland and Limpopo.[2][7] Guinea millet appears in Southern Asia along the northern regions of India in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Later, it also appeared in southern India in Tamil Nadu, indicating new distribution patterns.[4] All of these regions generally have arid climates in addition to tropical areas.

Guinea millet can grow in a variety of conditions but generally prefers shady conditions with well-drained soil for best growth. This grass is considered to be drought-resistant.[2] It prefers to be along the edge of floodplains and pans where it is temporarily wet and is frequently found as a short grass among tall trees.[7]

Phylogeny

Guinea millet belongs to the family Poaceae which contains species of small-millets that are renowned for their nutritional value and resilience to climate. Guinea millet demonstrates physiological traits common in the Poaceae family in its ability to survive in harsh climates, such as heat and drought, as well as being relatively unaffected by pathogens and insects.[5]

Within the Brachiaria genus, Guinea millet is easily distinguished from other species due to its inflorescence's distinct panicle shape. However, Guinea millet can be confused with fonio (Digitaria exilis), which is also of the Poaceae family. Guinea millet has larger grains and faster growing rate than fonio, but it also requires good drainage and soil fertility to grow.[2]

Guinea millet can also be differentiated from other species of grasses with morphological analysis of its starch granules. It produces exclusively round granules and have a differing texture when compared with other Poaceae species.[8]

A point of contention in plant phylogeny revolves is the difference between Brachiaria genus and Urochloa genus. A recent study has concluded that both genera fall within the same monophyletic group using inflorescence morphology and nuclear ribosomal DNA analysis, but other studies differentiate the two based on other differences. Further morphological and phylogenetic study is needed.[9]

Uses

Guinea millet is a grain that has been used for centuries as a grain in times of famine. In Ancient Africa, people of the Songhai Empire (modern day Mali) and the Bambara Empire (modern day Mali) would consume this grass and called it “paguiri” and “yaqué yaqué” respectively.[10] In modern Sahel, it is harvested by local populations and nomadic tribes as a supplemental food source.[11]

Small millets of the Poaceae family are resilient and nutritious. Guinea millet and other small grains are as much as five-sevenfold better in terms of proteins, vitamins, fiber, and other macro- and micro- compounds. In addition, it has strong agronomic qualities such as not requiring much irrigation or pesticide use which make it easy to cultivate and manage. Thus, small millets are optimal to address food insecurity and its use as a substitute for larger grains (e.g. Rice and Wheat) are being studied.[5][12]

Conservation

Guinea millet can degrade crop lands and thus efforts have been made to develop methods to prevent abundant grass growth. Cowpea studies have shown that a combination of hand-weeding and herbicide use is effective in controlling Guinea millet populations. Study indicated that Brachiaria deflexa occupied over 14% of the grassy weeds among crop populations, as compared with 13% Euphorbia heterophylla and 0.8% Vernonia galamensis, demonstrating the pervasiveness of this grass.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3. S2CID 129203615.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Brachiaria deflexa (Schumach.) Robyns". www.prota4u.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  3. ↑ "BRACHIARIA deflexa (Schumach.) C.E. Hubb. ex Robyns [family POACEAE]". Global Plants. JSTOR. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  4. 1 2 Srinivasan, S.R. (1973). "Cuscuta Campestris Yuncker (Cuscutaceae) - A New Record for South India". Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India. 15: 160–162.
  5. 1 2 3 Singh, Roshan Kumar; Muthamilarasan, Mehanathan; Prasad, Manoj (2021-02-10). "Biotechnological approaches to dissect climate-resilient traits in millets and their application in crop improvement". Journal of Biotechnology. 327: 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.002. ISSN 0168-1656. PMID 33422569. S2CID 231576667.
  6. ↑ Lost Crops of Africa: Volume 1: Grains. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1996. pp. 237–239. ISBN 978-0-309-17689-7.
  7. 1 2 Sieben, E. J. J.; Nyambeni, T.; Mtshali, H.; Corry, F. T. J.; Venter, C. E.; MacKenzie, D. R.; Matela, T. E.; Pretorius, L.; Kotze, D. C. (2016-05-01). "The herbaceous vegetation of subtropical freshwater wetlands in South Africa: Classification, description and explanatory environmental factors". South African Journal of Botany. 104: 158–166. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2015.11.005. ISSN 0254-6299.
  8. ↑ Arráiz, H.; Barbarin, N.; Pasturel, M.; Beaufort, L.; Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Barboni, D. (2016-06-01). "Starch granules identification and automatic classification based on an extended set of morphometric and optical measurements". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 7: 169–179. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.03.039. ISSN 2352-409X.
  9. ↑ Torres González, A. M.; Morton, C. M. (2005-10-01). "Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Brachiaria and Urochloa (Poaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.003. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 16039145.
  10. ↑ Austin, Daniel F. (2006). "Fox-Tail Millets (Setaria: Poaceae): Abandoned Food in Two Hemispheres". Economic Botany. 60 (2): 143–158. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2006)60[143:FMSPFI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4257087. S2CID 40100398.
  11. ↑ Novello, Alice; Barboni, Doris (2015-07-01). "Grass inflorescence phytoliths of useful species and wild cereals from sub-Saharan Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 59: 10–22. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.03.031. ISSN 0305-4403.
  12. ↑ Muthamilarasan, Mehanathan; Prasad, Manoj (2021-01-01). "Small Millets for Enduring Food Security Amidst Pandemics". Trends in Plant Science. 26 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2020.08.008. ISSN 1360-1385. PMC 7474701. PMID 32900620.
  13. ↑ Olayinka, B. U.; Lawal, A. R.; Abdulbaki, S. A.; Ayinla, A.; Oladokun, L. T.; Udo, O. F.; Akinwunmi, M. A.; Etejere, E. O. (2019-07-18). "Bioproductivity and grain quality of two cowpea varieties in relation to frequency of hand weeding". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 23 (6): 1013–1020. doi:10.4314/jasem.v23i6.3. ISSN 2659-1502. S2CID 199674795.
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