Budha
Member of Navagraha
Depiction of Budha from the 1842 book The Complete Hindoo Pantheon by E. A. Rodrigues
AffiliationGraha, Deva
AbodeBudhaloka
PlanetMercury
DayWednesday
MountYali lion, or chariot hauled by eight horses of deep yellow colour
Personal information
Parents
ConsortIla[2]
ChildrenPururavas

Budha (Sanskrit: बुध) is the Sanskrit word for the planet Mercury.[2][3] Budha is also a deity.[4]

He is also known as Saumya (Sanskrit: सौम्य, lit. son of Moon), Rauhineya, and Tunga,[4] and rules over the nakshatras (lunar mansions) of Ashlesha, Jyeshtha, and Revati.[5]

Planet

Budha as a planet appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhatta, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta, and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[6][7]: vii–xi  These texts present Budha as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[7]: vii–xi  Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.[7]: vii–xi 

The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Budha's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. The texts slightly disagree in their data, in their measurements of Budha's revolutions, apogee, epicycles, nodal longitudes, orbital inclination, and other parameters.[7]: ix–xi  For example, both Khandakhadyaka and Surya Siddhanta of Varaha state that Budha completes 17,937,000 revolutions on its own axis every 4,320,000 years, and had an apogee (aphelia) of 220 degrees in 499 CE; while another manuscript of Surya Siddhanta increases the revolutions by 60 to 17,937,060, and the apogee to 220 degrees and 26 seconds.[7]: ix–x 

The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Budha, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:[7]: 26–27 

Sanskrit texts: How many days for Budha (Mercury) to complete its orbit?
Source Estimated time per sidereal revolution[7]: 26–27 
Surya Siddhanta 87 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes, 22.3 seconds
Siddhanta Shiromani 87 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes, 41.5 seconds
Ptolemy (Almagest) 87 days, 23 hours, 16 minutes, 42.9 seconds
20th century calculation 87 days, 23 hours, 15 minutes, 43.9 seconds
The planet Mercury

Legends

Budha appears as a deity in Indian texts, often as the son of Soma (a moon god, alternatively known as Chandra) and Tara (wife of Bṛhaspati, the god of Jupiter). He is described as the son of goddess Rohini (a daughter of Daksha) and the god Chandra.[4] Budha had only one offspring, King Pururavas, by his spouse Ila.

One of the earliest mentions of Budha as a celestial body appears in the Vedic text Pancavimsa Brahmana, and it appears in other ancient texts such as the Shatapatha Brahmana as well, but not in the context of astrology. In the Vedas, Budha is linked to three steps of the Hindu god Vishnu.[4]

Calendar and Hindu astrology

Budha is the root of the word 'Budhavara' or Wednesday in the Hindu calendar.[2] The word "Wednesday" in the Greco-Roman and other Indo-European calendars is also dedicated to planet Mercury ("day of Woden or Oden").

Budha is part of the Navagraha in the Hindu zodiac system, considered benevolent, associated with an agile mind and memory. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. Deifying planetary bodies and their astrological significance occurred as early as the Vedic period and was recorded in the Vedas. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE. The classical planets, including Mercury, were referenced in the Atharvaveda around 1000 BCE.

The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from Western Asia, including Zoroastrian and Hellenistic influences. The Yavanajataka, or Science of the Yavanas, was written by the Indo-Greek named "Yavanesvara" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I. The Yavanajataka written in 120 CE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the Shaka era with the Saka, or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the Indian national calendar, which is also called the Saka calendar.

Budha is also the root for name for the week day in many other Indian languages. In modern Hindi, Odia, Telugu, Bengali, Marathi, Urdu, Kannada and Gujarati, Wednesday is called Budhavara; Tamil: Budhan kizhamai; Malayalam: Budhanazhcha; Thai: Wan Phut (วันพุธ).

Iconography

Budha as depicted on a mural in Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur

Budha's iconography, according to Roshen Dalal, is as a benevolent[8] but a minor male deity with light yellow colored (or green) body, draped into yellow clothes, holding a scimitar, a club, and a shield. He is canonically represented riding a chariot made of air and fire, drawn by eight wind horses; but in some illustrations, he rides a lion and has four arms, and in Bhudhan Temple he is depicted riding a winged lion.[2]

Budha has been linguistically related to Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, though this is controversial [9][10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Lord Budha, Planet Mercury, Hindu God Budha – AstroVedPedia".
  2. 1 2 3 4 Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An alphabetical guide. Penguin Books India. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  3. ↑ "Best Life Story of Gautam Budhha in Hindi". motivatorindia.in. September 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Mahoney, Terry (2013). Mercury. Springer Science. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4614-7951-2 – via Google Books.
  5. ↑ Krishnamurti, Kuthur Subbaraya Iyer (1971). Transit (Gocharapala Nirnayam). p. 49.
  6. ↑ Chatterjee, Bina (1970). The Khandakhadyaka (an astronomical treatise) of Brahmagupta, with the commentary of Bhattotpala (in Sanskrit). Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 59–64. OCLC 463213346 – via Google Books.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Burgess, Ebenezer (1989). Ganguly, P.; Sengupta, P. (eds.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (reprint); Yale University Press, American Oriental Society (original). ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2 – via Google Books.
  8. ↑ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Vol. A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  9. ↑ "[no title cited]". University of Washington. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  10. ↑ Gray, Patrick (2015). Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and their functions in history. Oxford University Press. p. 46, footnote [19]. ISBN 978-0-19-935972-1 – via Google Books.

Further reading

  • Svoboda, Robert (1997). The Greatness of Saturn: A therapeutic myth. Lotus Press. ISBN 0-940985-62-4.
  • Pingree, David (1973). "The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. SAGE. 4 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:1973JHA.....4....1P. doi:10.1177/002182867300400102. S2CID 125228353.
  • Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra: Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654.
  • Ohashi, Yukio (1999). Andersen, Johannes (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy. Vol. 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4 – via Google Books.
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