Bus Riders Union
AbbreviationBRU
Formation1992
TypeGrassroots Civil Rights Organization
Purpose"The Bus Riders Union seeks to promote environmentally sustainable public transportation for the entire population of Los Angeles, on the premise that affordable, efficient, and environmentally sound mass transit is a human right."
HeadquartersLos Angeles, California
Region served
Los Angeles, California
Membership
3,000[1]
Chairperson
Barbara Lott-Holland
Chairperson
Eric Mann
Websitethestrategycenter.org/project/bus-riders-union

The Bus Riders Union (BRU) (also called Sindicato de Pasajeros (SDP) and 버스 승객 조합 (버승조)) is a United States civil rights social movement organization established in Los Angeles, California in 1994. Led by a planning committee, its multilingual membership is drawn from the predominantly low-income, African-American, Latino and Asian mass transit ridership of Los Angeles County. The BRU's central focus has been policies of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA) that it identifies as racial discrimination. The BRU attracted international attention when it successfully sued LACMTA under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act in 1994 and its example has inspired similar efforts to organize mass transit passengers.[2][3][4][5][6]

Formation

The Bus Rider's Union is a project of the Labor/Community Strategy Center (LCSC) that began as an outgrowth of the LCSC's Labor/Community Watchdog environmental justice campaign against air pollution in the L.A. Port area. The BRU was founded by the LSCS's director, Eric Mann, who is also co-chair of the union along with Barbara Lott-Holland.[7][8] The LCSC began organizing bus riders in 1992, and, as it expanded its tactics from grassroots organizing to include legal action, it built "across geographic and ethnic lines" to bring together "a multiethnic, progressive coalition."[9][8] In 1996, it filed a civil rights lawsuit in association with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates against the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, alleging that the LACMTA was using federal funds for public transit in a discriminatory manner.[9]

A feature-length documentary titled Bus Riders Union (2000) directed by Academy Award-winning cinematographer Haskell Wexler, captures the early years of organizing through to the signing of the consent decree.[10]

Represented by Constance Rice and others from the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, LCSC, BRU, Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates were able first to obtain an injunction preventing LACMTA from eliminating the monthly pass in 1994. In 1996 after a high-profile media and grassroots campaign against LACMTA's policies of "transit racism," LCSC, BRU et al. agreed to sign with LACMTA a Title VI consent decree.[9][8]

The plaintiffs argued that LACMTA was using disproportionately more of its federal funds on the suburban-oriented rail service and its wealthier, whiter ridership, at the same time as it was spending disproportionately less on the bus system and its much larger, lower-income ridership, predominantly made up of people of color. As of July 2007, 17% of LACMTA's rail riders were white classified as white non-Hispanics. In contrast, only 10% of bus riders were classified as white non-Hispanics.[11][12] Martin Wachs and Richard Berk of UCLA, and James Moore II of USC were among the professors of transportation, planning and statistics who provided expert reports and other assistance to the plaintiffs.[13] The former chief financial officer of LACMTA's predecessor agency, Thomas Rubin, also provided key assistance to the plaintiffs. LACMTA agreed to settle the case on the eve of the trial, "when it faced extensive public disclosure and media coverage of its discriminatory, inefficient, and environmentally destructive transportation policies."[8]

The consent decree required LACMTA to:[8]

  • retain the unlimited monthly-use pass and reduce it from $49 to $42; reduce the biweekly pass from $26.50 to $21; and to create a new weekly pass for $11
  • purchase 102 buses to ease existing overcrowding on the buses
  • commit to reducing overcrowding levels by specified goals and specified times, working under a court-appointed Special Master with BRU in a Joint Working Group over the life of the decree
  • create new bus services designed to connect people of color and the poor to job and medical sites.

The LACMTA and BRU disagreed many times whether the LACTMA was in compliance with the new rules. Over the course of the decree, it appealed rulings based on the consent decree numerous times, including a final appeal that it took to the Supreme Court, which was rejected in March 2002.[14] In 2006, as the decree was set to expire, BRU et al. filed an appeal to extend it, but it was rejected by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in 2009.[15]

Controversy

The consent decree has been a controversial subject in local news media.[16] Over the course of the decree, local columnists and news outlet OpEds have taken positions for and against the decree and various rulings associated with it.[17][18][19]

Current activism

Recently, the BRU has branched out into other civil rights issues. The BRU was one of the sponsors of the Great American Boycott demonstration in Los Angeles on May 1, 2006.[20] The current campaign is "1,000 More Buses, 1,000 Less Police", as the BRU is advocating that policing be reduced throughout the city because of past abuses by the Los Angeles Police Department of minority civil rights.

The Bus Riders Union strongly opposed the fare increases that were proposed in 2007. While the turnout of members at the hearing was impressive, the strategy of having a fare decrease as their chief demand was ineffectual. The BRU has since taken credit for highlighting equity issues in the debate over bus fares, but has offered no substantive solutions to increase transit funding.

The LCSC has launched a Center for Transportation Strategies intended to expand its involvement with regional and national transportation issues as an outgrowth of a 2005 conference attended by activists from around the U.S.

Since 2004, the BRU has engaged in an ongoing advocacy campaign for the placing of bus only lanes along Wilshire Boulevard.[21]

Criticism

Criticism of the BRU points to the high use of some LACMTA rail lines among minorities to argue that the BRU legal case and its assertion of racism has no basis.[22][23] Critics also take issue with the BRU’s rhetorical or political style, contending that BRU organizers are overly combative and ideological.[24][25] An additional line of criticism draws from modal debates in the field of urban transit planning, asserting that rail should hold a higher priority than the bus, or that the BRU’s overemphasis on one mode is counterproductive.[26][23]

In addition, criticism has centered on the BRU's non-bus related civil rights activities. A columnist in the Jewish Journal criticized the BRU for publishing flyers comparing the situation of Palestinians to those of Jews in Nazi Germany, and questioned the BRU taking funds from the Nathan Cummings Foundation, a foundation "formed in the Jewish tradition".[27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ thestrategycenter.org, "About the Bus Riders Union Archived March 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 5 March 2015.
  2. ↑ Sterngold, James (September 16, 2001). "A Los Angeles Commuter Group Sees Discrimination in Transit Policies". New York Times.
  3. ↑ Wood, Daniel B. (July 21, 1997). "Urban Buses Host a Struggle for Equity". Christian Science Monitor.
  4. ↑ Claiborne, William (February 23, 1997). "The Work-in-Progress L.A. Subway Might Be at the End of the Line; City's Mass Transit Future Embroiled in Political, Financial Uncertainty". Washington Post.
  5. ↑ Cornwell, Tim (October 17, 1999). "People Power Gets Aboard LA Buses". The Independent (London).
  6. ↑ Campbell, Duncan (October 5, 1999). "LA judge backs bus passenger power". The Guardian (London).
  7. ↑ Novotny, Patrick (2000). Where we live, work, and play: the environmental justice movement and the struggle for a new environmentalism. Greenwood. pp. 65–69.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Lucas, Karen (2004). Running on empty: transport, social exclusion and environmental justice. University of Bristol: Policy Press Books. pp. 220–242. ISBN 978-1861345691.
  9. 1 2 3 Marks, Mara A.; Elizabeth Gearin; Carol S. Armstrong (2004). Jennifer R. Wolch; et al. (eds.). Up Against the Sprawl: public policy and the making of Southern California. U of Minnesota P. pp. 357–359.
  10. ↑ McCarthy, Todd (April 2, 2000). "Bus Riders Union". Variety. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  11. ↑ "Metro's Diverse Ridership Reflects County Populations" (PDF). Metro Quarterly. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Summer 2008.
  12. ↑ "Fact Sheet" (PDF). Metrolink Trains. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2008.
  13. ↑ "Labor/Community, et al v. LA County MTA, et al" (PDF). United States District Court, Central District of Los Angeles. August 31, 1994.
  14. ↑ Streeter, Kurt (March 19, 2002). "Final MTA Appeal of Bus Accord Fails". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  15. ↑ "L.A. Now". Los Angeles Times. May 6, 2009.
  16. ↑ Mascaro, Lisa (April 25, 2005). "MTA Consent Decree Drives Different Reactions in L.A.". The Daily News of Los Angeles.
  17. ↑ Newton, Damien (October 28, 2011). ""4 Year Storm:" BRU and Community Groups Look at MTA Post-Consent Decree". StreetsBlogLA. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  18. ↑ Streeter, Kurt (April 12, 2003). "Bus Riders Union Rips MTA Bid to Raise Fares". Los Angeles Times.
  19. ↑ Streeter, Kurt (August 8, 2002). "Mediator Rules Against MTA on Bus Crowding". Los Angeles Times.
  20. ↑ "Full Amnesty for Immigrants & Students Contigent! [sic]" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007.
  21. ↑ Groves, Martha (November 28, 2010). "Bus-only lanes proposed for Wilshire Boulevard". Los Angeles Times.
  22. ↑ Haefele, Marc B. (February 5, 1999). "Let the Sunshine In". LA Weekly. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  23. 1 2 Stanger, Richard (June 11, 1999). "Commentary: No One Wins When Its Bus Vs Rail". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  24. ↑ "The Clenched Fist". Los Angeles Times. November 5, 2000. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  25. ↑ Berkowitz, Eric (August 19, 2005). "The Subway Mayor". LA Weekly. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  26. ↑ Haefele, Marc B. (July 21, 2000). "What Reactionaries". LA Weekly.
  27. ↑ Levy, Mike (August 8, 2002). "Bus-only lanes proposed for Wilshire Boulevard". Jewish Journal.
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