CANDLE syndrome
CANDLE syndrome is inherited via autosomal recessive manner

Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that presents itself via various autoinflammatory responses throughout the body, multiple types of skin lesions, and recurrent long-term fever symptoms.[1] The current known cause for the disorder is a mutation in the PSMB8 gene or mutations in other closely related genes.[1] The syndrome was first named and classified in March 2010 after four patients were reviewed with similar symptoms.[2] There have been approximately 30 cases reported in the scientific literature as of 2015.[3]

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of CANDLE syndrome can manifest themselves in a variety of different ways and combinations related to skin disorders, internal inflammatory responses, and fever-based conditions. The types of outwardly visible conditions involve facies not matching other known disorders, contracture of the joints, and skin lesions appearing across any part of the body. The multiple inflammatory developments include nonspecific lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Other possible conditions are hypertriglyceridemia and lipodystrophy.[1]

Other novel mutations resulting in the syndrome have also involved the manifestation of other conditions, such as Sweet's syndrome and pericarditis.[4] Another case in 2015 showcased previously undescribed dental symptoms, such as microdontia and osteopenia of the jaw, along with a general case of diabetes mellitus.[3]

Causes

The most common known cause of the syndrome are mutations in the Proteasome Subunit, Beta Type, 8 (PSMB8) gene that codes for proteasomes that in turn break down other proteins. This occurs specifically when a mutation causes the homozygous recessive form to emerge. The mutated gene results in proteins not being degraded and oxidative proteins building up in cellular tissues, eventually leading to apoptosis, especially in muscle and fat cells.[3]

A study conducted by Brehm et al. in November 2015 discovered additional mutations that can cause CANDLE syndrome, including PSMA3 (encodes α7), PSMB4 (encodes β7), PSMB9 (encodes β1i), and the proteasome maturation protein (POMP), with 8 mutations in total between them. An additional unknown mutation type in the original PSMB8 gene was also noted.[5]

Diagnosis

Treatment

Unlike other autoinflammatory disorders, patients with CANDLE do not respond to IL-1 inhibition treatment in order to stop the autoinflammatory response altogether. This suggests that the condition also involves IFN dysregulation.[5]

History

The category that CANDLE syndrome is a part of, along with related disorders, falls under the banner of proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (PRAAS). The first one to be described was by Nakajo at Tohoku University in 1939, where he collected symptoms including skin lesions, clubbing of the fingers, and various thickening of heart walls. He termed the collective symptoms Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome (NKJO). Further symptoms were added onto the overall condition from work by Nishimura, with the overall symptoms being similar to CANDLE syndrome.[3][6] A related syndrome was described by Garg et al. in 2010 and titled Joint contractures, Muscular Atrophy, Microcytic anemia, and Panniculitis-induced Lipodystrophy (JMP) syndrome.[3][7]

The primary differences between the syndromes is the lack of fever in JMP syndrome and the lack of seizures in NKJO syndrome, both of which are present in CANDLE syndrome.[3] Though it has been proposed by Wang et al. that the different syndromes are actually just clinical phenotypic variations of the same syndrome based around different mutations of the PSMB8 gene.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Tüfekçi Ö, Bengoa Ş, Karapinar TH, Ataseven EB, İrken G, Ören H (May 2015). "CANDLE syndrome: a recently described autoinflammatory syndrome". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 37 (4): 296–299. doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000000212. PMID 25036278. S2CID 37875499.
  2. ↑ Torrelo A, Patel S, Colmenero I, Gurbindo D, Lendínez F, Hernández A, López-Robledillo JC, Dadban A, Requena L, Paller AS (March 2010). "Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Elsevier. 62 (3): 489–495. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.04.046. PMID 20159315.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roberts T, Stephen L, Scott C, di Pasquale T, Naser-eldin A, Chetty M, Shaik S, Lewandowski L, Beighton P (December 28, 2015). "CANDLE SYNDROME: Orodfacial manifestations and dental implications". Head & Face Medicine. BioMed Central. 11 (38): 38. doi:10.1186/s13005-015-0095-4. PMC 4693439. PMID 26711936.
  4. ↑ Cavalcante MP, Brunelli JB, Miranda CC, Novak GV, Malle L, Aikawa NE, Jesus AA, Silva CA (May 2016). "CANDLE syndrome: chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature-a rare case with a novel mutation". European Journal of Pediatrics. Springer Science+Business Media. 175 (5): 735–740. doi:10.1007/s00431-015-2668-4. PMID 26567544. S2CID 20175274.
  5. 1 2 Brehm A, Liu Y, Sheikh A, Marrero B, Omoyinmi E, Zhou Q, Montealegre G, Biancotto A, Reinhardt A, Almeida de Jesus A, Pelletier M, Tsai WL, Remmers EF, Kardava L, Hill S, Kim H, Lachmann HJ, Megarbane A, Chae JJ, Brady J, Castillo RD, Brown D, Casano AV, Gao L, Chapelle D, Huang Y, Stone D, Chen Y, Sotzny F, Lee CC, Kastner DL, Torrelo A, Zlotogorski A, Moir S, Gadina M, McCoy P, Wesley R, Rother KI, Hildebrand PW, Brogan P, Krüger E, Aksentijevich I, Goldbach-Mansky R (November 2, 2015). "Additive loss-of-function proteasome subunit mutations in CANDLE/PRAAS patients promote type I IFN production". Journal of Clinical Investigation. American Society for Clinical Investigation. 125 (11): 4196–4211. doi:10.1172/JCI81260. PMC 4639987. PMID 26524591.
  6. ↑ Nakajo A (1939). "Secondary hypertrophic osteoperiostosis with pernio". Japanese Journal of Dermatology and Urology. Japanese Dermatological Association. 45: 77–86.
  7. ↑ Garg A, Hernandez MD, Sousa AB, Subramanyam L, Martínez de Villarreal L, dos Santos HG, Barboza O (September 2010). "An autosomal recessive syndrome of joint contractures, muscular atrophy, microcytic anemia, and panniculitis-associated lipodystrophy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Endocrine Society. 95 (9): E58-63. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0488. PMC 2936059. PMID 20534754.
  8. ↑ Wang H, Das L, Tan Hung Tiong J, Vasanwala RF, Arkachaisri T (November 2014). "CANDLE syndrome: an extended clinical spectrum". Rheumatology. Oxford University Press. 53 (11): 2119–2120. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keu298. PMID 25065002.
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