CUSP9 [Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths] is one of several cancer treatment protocols using re-purposed older drugs to interfere with cancer cell's growth signaling rather than directly killing them with cytotoxic drugs.[1][2] CUSP9 is a treatment specifically targeted to glioblastoma that adds to a traditional cancer cell killing drug, temozolomide, nine older, non-cytotoxic drugs to block growth factors that enhance or drive glioblastoma growth - aprepitant blocks NK-1, auranofin inhibits thioredoxin reductase, captopril inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme, celecoxib blocks cyclooxygenase-2, disulfiram blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase, itraconazole blocks Hedgehog signaling, minocycline inhibits metalloproteinase-2 and -9, quetiapine inhibits RANKL, sertraline inhibits translation-controlled tumor protein [TCTP]. These targets have been shown to be active in promoting glioblastoma growth.

CUSP9 is related several other trials using similar repurposed multidrug conceptual approach: The COMBAT regimen [3] for treating various advanced pediatric cancers that uses two re-purposed non-cytotoxic drugs to augment two traditional cytotoxic drugs, or the GLAD regimen[4] that uses one traditional anti-cancer drug, gefitinib, with three re-purposed non-cancer drugs. Or the MEMMAT regimen, in a current trial of A.Peyrl et al. using a 7 drug cocktail, (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01356290)- non-cytotoxic drugs bevacizumab, thalidomide, celecoxib, and fenofibric acid to augment traditional cytotoxic drugs etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and cytarabine to treat progressive medulloblastoma. The MDACT regimen for glioblastoma, cholangiocarcinoma or non-small cell lung cancer celecoxib, dapsone, disulfiram, itraconazole, pyrimethamine, and telmisartan [13]. The CLOVA Regimen uses cimetidine, lithium, olanzapine, and valproate with temozolomide in treating glioblastoma.[5]

The ReDO project[6] and many others[7] also follow this line of thought as in CUSP9, repurposing older drugs for their anti-cancer effect with simultaneous use of several of them, in cancer treatment. The drug repurposing movement uses the central or ancillary attributes of a drug normally used for non-cancer indications but that may constructively interact with a cancer's growth mechanisms to slow that cancer's growth.[8]

None of these treatment regimens have been proven to be safe or effective in human cancers but are occasionally tried on compassionate-use basis in patients who have exhausted all other options.

Three in vitro studies confirmed strong cytotoxicity of CUSP9 to a pannel of glioblastoma cells.[9][10][11]

Clinical Use

Results of a phase 1 clinical trial of CUSP9v3 [NCT02770378] was reported in June 2021.[12] Although sample size was too small for statistically meaningful inferences of effectiveness, 30% remained alive and overtly disease free at 4+ years warranting a planned follow up phase 2-3 trial of CUSP9v3.

References

  1. ↑ CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide. Oncotarget. 2014;5(18):8052-82. PMID 25211298.
  2. ↑ A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care. Oncotarget. 2013;4(4):502-30. PMID 23594434; PMC 3720600.
  3. ↑ using Metronomic chemotherapy in advanced pediatric malignancies: a multicenter experience. Oncology. 2012;82(5):249-60. doi:10.1159/000336483.
  4. ↑ Multitargeted low-dose GLAD combination chemoprevention: a novel and promising approach to combat colon carcinogenesis. Neoplasia. 2013;15(5):481-90. PMID 23633920; PMC 3638351.
  5. ↑ Furuta T, Sabit H, Dong Y, Miyashita K, Kinoshita M, Uchiyama N, Hayashi Y, Hayashi Y, Minamoto T, Nakada M. Biological basis and clinical study of glycogen synthase kinase- 3β-targeted therapy by drug repositioning for glioblastoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8(14):22811-22824. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15206.
  6. ↑ Pantziarka P, Bouche G, Meheus L, Sukhatme V, Sukhatme VP, Vikas P. The Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO) Project. ecancermedicalscience. 2014;8:442. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2014.442.
  7. ↑ Bhattarai D, Singh S, Jang Y, Hyeon Han S, Lee K, Choi Y. An Insight into Drug Repositioning for the Development of Novel Anti-Cancer Drugs. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(19):2156-68.
  8. ↑ Serafin MB, Bottega A, da Rosa TF, Machado CS, Foletto VS, Coelho SS, da Mota AD, Hörner R. Drug Repositioning in Oncology. Am J Ther. 2019 Jun 5. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000906.
  9. ↑ Skaga E, Skaga IØ, Grieg Z, Sandberg CJ, Langmoen IA, Vik-Mo EO. The efficacy of a coordinated pharmacological blockade in glioblastoma stem cells with nine repurposed drugs using the CUSP9 strategy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019;145(6):1495-1507. doi:10.1007/s00432-019-02920-4.
  10. ↑ Halatsch ME, Kast RE, Dwucet A, Hlavac M, Heiland T, Westhoff MA, Debatin KM, Wirtz CR, Siegelin MD, Karpel-Massler G. Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibition predominantly synergistically enhances the anti-neoplastic activity of a low-dose CUSP9 repurposed drug regime against glioblastoma. Br J Pharmacol. 2019;176(18):3681-3694. doi:10.1111/bph.14773.
  11. ↑ Halatsch ME, Dwucet A, Schmidt CJ, Mühlnickel J, Heiland T, Zeiler K, Siegelin MD, Kast RE, Karpel-Massler G. In Vitro and Clinical Compassionate Use Experiences with the Drug-Repurposing Approach CUSP9v3 in Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(12):1241. doi:10.3390/ph14121241.
  12. ↑ Halatsch ME, Kast RE, Karpel-Massler G, Mayer B, Zolk O, Schmitz B, Scheuerle A, Maier L, Bullinger L, Mayer-Steinacker R, Schmidt C, Zeiler K, Elshaer Z, Panther P, Schmelzle B, Hallmen A, Dwucet A, Siegelin MD, Westhoff MA, Beckers K, Bouche G, Heiland T. A phase Ib/IIa trial of 9 repurposed drugs combined with temozolomide for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma: CUSP9v3. Neurooncol Adv. 2021;3(1):vdab075. doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdab075.
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