In C++

• pointer to function;
• pointer to member function;
• functor;
• lambda expression.
• std::function is a template class that can hold any callable object that matches its signature.

In C++, any class that overloads the function call operator operator() may be called using function-call syntax.

#include <iostream>
struct Foo
{
    void operator()() const
    {
        std::cout << "Called.";
    }
};

int main()
{
   Foo foo_instance;
   foo_instance();  // This will output "Called." to the screen.
}

In C#

• delegate;
• lambda expression.

In PHP

PHP 5.3+ has first-class functions that can be used e.g. as parameter to the usort() function:

$a = array(3, 1, 4);
usort($a, function ($x, $y) { return $x - $y; });

It is also possible in PHP 5.3+ to make objects invokable by adding a magic __invoke() method to their class:^[1]

class Minus
{
    public function __invoke($x, $y) { return $x - $y; }
}

$a = array(3, 1, 4);
usort($a, new Minus());

In Python

In Python any object with a __call__() method can be called using function-call syntax.

class Foo:
    def __call__(self):
        print("Called.")

foo_instance = Foo()
foo_instance()  # This will output "Called." to the screen.

^[2]

Another example:

class Accumulator:
    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n

    def __call__(self, x):
        self.n += x
        return self.n

In Dart

Callable objects are defined in Dart using the call() method.

class WannabeFunction {
  call(String a, String b, String c) => '$a $b $c!';
}

main() {
  var wf = new WannabeFunction();
  var out = wf("Hi","there,","gang");
  print('$out');
}

^[3]

In Swift

In Swift, callable objects are defined using callAsFunction.^[4]

struct CallableStruct {
    var value: Int
    func callAsFunction(_ number: Int, scale: Int) {
        print(scale * (number + value))
    }
}
let callable = CallableStruct(value: 100)
callable(4, scale: 2)
callable.callAsFunction(4, scale: 2)
// Both function calls print 208.