Chocolate Hills
The Chocolate Hills in Carmen, Bohol
Highest point
Elevation120 m (390 ft)
Coordinates9°55′N 124°10′E / 9.917°N 124.167°E / 9.917; 124.167
Naming
Native nameMga Bungtod sa Tsokolate (Cebuano)
Geography
Chocolate Hills is located in Visayas
Chocolate Hills
Chocolate Hills
Chocolate Hills is located in Philippines
Chocolate Hills
Chocolate Hills
Settlement
Geology
Age of rockLate Pliocene to Early Pleistocene
Mountain typeConical karst hill range

The Chocolate Hills (Cebuano: Mga Bungtod sa Tsokolate, Filipino: Mga Tsokolateng Burol) are a geological formation in the Bohol province of the Philippines.[1] There are at least 1,260 hills, but there may be as many as 1,776 hills spread over an area of more than 50 square kilometers (20 sq mi).[2] They are covered in green grass that turns brown during the dry season, hence the name.

The Chocolate Hills are a famous tourist attraction in Bohol. They are featured in the provincial flag and seal to symbolize the abundance of natural attractions in the province.[3] They are in the Philippine Tourism Authority's list of tourist destinations in the Philippines;[4] they have been declared the country's third National Geological Monument and proposed for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.[4]

Description

Locator map of the Chocolate Hills. Greatest concentration of the hills (dark brown) are in Sagbayan, Batuan, and Carmen while lesser concentration (light brown) are in Bilar, Sierra Bullones, and Valencia.

The Chocolate Hills form a rolling terrain of haycock-shaped hills—mounds of a generally conical and almost symmetrical shape.[5] Estimated to be from 1,268 to about 1,776 individual mounds, these cone-shaped or dome-shaped hills are actually made of grass-covered limestone. The domes vary in size from 30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft) high with the largest being 120 metres (390 ft) in height. One of Bohol's best known tourist attractions, these unique mound-shaped hills are scattered by the hundreds throughout the towns of Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan.[6]

Vegetation

Vegetation on the hills

During the dry season, the grass-covered hills dry up and turn chocolate brown.[4] The vegetation is dominated by grass species such as Imperata cylindrica and Saccharum spontaneum. Several Compositae and ferns also grow on them. In between the hills, the flat lands are cultivated with rice and other cash crops. However, the natural vegetation on the Chocolate Hills is now threatened by quarrying activities.[7]

Origin

Historical marker explaining the geologic evolution of the area.
Chocolate Hills, 1938

The Chocolate Hills are conical karst hills. These hills consist of Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, thin to medium bedded, sandy to rubbly marine limestone. These limestones contain the abundant fossils of shallow marine foraminifera, coral, mollusks, and algae.[8][9] These conical hills are geomorphological features called cockpit karst, which were created by a combination of the dissolution of limestone by rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, and their subaerial erosion by streams after they had been uplifted above sea level and fractured by tectonic processes. These hills are separated by well developed flat plains and contain numerous caves and springs. The Chocolate Hills are considered to be a remarkable example of conical karst topography.[10][11][12]

The origin for the conical karst of the Chocolate Hills is described in popular terms on the bronze plaque at the viewing deck in Carmen, Bohol. This plaque states that they are eroded formations of a type of marine limestone that sits on top of hardened clay.[13][14] The plaque reads:

The unique land form known as the Chocolate Hills of Bohol was formed ages ago by the uplift of coral deposits and the action of rain water and erosion.[13]

The plaque also makes reference to a fanciful explanation of the origin of the Chocolate Hills that is unsupported by any published scientific research, e.g. neither Hillmer[8] nor Travaglia and others,[9] when it states:

the grassy hills were once coral reefs that erupted from the sea in a massive geologic shift. Wind and water put on the finishing touches over hundreds of thousands of years.[13]

Self-published, popular web pages present a variety of fanciful and less credible explanations about how these hills formed. They include sub-oceanic volcanism; limestone covered blocks created by the destruction of an active volcano in a cataclysmic eruption;[15] and tidal movements.[16] The lack of any exposed or associated volcanic rocks in the Chocolate Hills refutes the popular theories involving volcanic eruptions. The theories involving either a sudden, massive geologic shift, coral reefs being erupted from the sea, or tidal movements lack any corroborating evidence and support among geologists.[8][9]

In culture

Formation myths

The Chocolate Hills inspired many legends, most of which revolve around their formation and figures of giants.[17]

Battle between two giants

There were once two giants, each dwelling in the northern and southern edges of the island. During a rainy day when the ground became muddy, a hostile encounter between them prompted the worried people to vacate to other parts of the island, and the giant from the north instigated a mud throwing fight. After a while, the battle climaxed into a fist-fight between the giants and ended with both knocking each other to the ground, and both died. What was left of the mud thrown that fell on the ground became the hills.[18]

This legend may also have been a local derivation of the larger precolonial Visayan creation myth of the Philippine islands.

Romance of Arogo and Aloya

A young and powerful giant named Arogo once fell in love with a human named Aloya, and lived together for sometime until Aloya became ill and died. Arogo mourned, and his tears fell to the ground culminating into mounds that would later become the hills.[19]

Mud cakes

The flatlands of Carmen were once a playground for giant children. One day they initiated a contest on who can bake the most mud cakes, gathering mud and "baking" them under coconut half shells flat on the ground. Before the contest could end, however, the children were called home. After a while, they returned to the area to witness their finished creations, and left them undisturbed out of admiration - the baked cakes thus became the hills.[20]

Tourism

Tourists in Chocolate Hills.

Two of the hills have been developed into tourist resorts.[21][22] The main viewing point of the Chocolate Hills is the government-owned Chocolate Hills Complex in Carmen, about 55 km (34 miles) from the capital Tagbilaran.[23] The other main point to view the Chocolate Hills is at Sagbayan Peak, in Sagbayan, 18 km (11 miles) away from the Complex in neighboring Carmen.[22]

Protection

Legislation

The National Committee on Geological Sciences declared the Chocolate Hills of Bohol a National Geological Monument on June 18, 1988, in recognition of its special characteristics, scientific importance, uniqueness, and high scenic value.[4] As such, this included the Chocolate Hills among the country's protected areas. More protection was provided by Proclamation No. 1037 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos on July 1, 1997, which established the Chocolate Hills and the areas within, around, and surrounding them located in the municipalities of Carmen, Batuan, Sagbayan, Bilar, Valencia and Sierra Bullones as a natural monument to protect and maintain its natural beauty and to provide restraining mechanisms for inappropriate exploitation.[24] As such, they are covered under the National Integrated Protected Areas System with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as the lead implementing agency for its protection.[25]

Land-use conflict prompted President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to sign an amendment to Proclamation 468 dated September 26, 1994, declaring the land around or in between Chocolate Hills as no longer part of the national monument during the Sandugo celebration on July 17, 2002. This amendment allowed the tracts of land surrounding and within the famous tourist spot to be developed by the provincial government and other entities that have control over the area. Further, the amended proclamation ensures that the areas that have to be preserved are preserved, while those that could be developed would be excluded from the national monument area and classified as alienable and disposable by the government. The president initially decided on the issue during the joint meeting of the Regional Development Council-Regional Peace and Order Council of Region VII which was conducted at the Bohol Tropics Resort.[26]

Bills have been filed aiming to strengthen protection of the hills. On July 6, 2004, the Philippine House of Representatives introduced House Bill No. 01147 entitled "an act declaring the Chocolate Hills as national patrimony and geological monuments, penalizing their plunder, destruction or defacement, and for other purposes." The house bill was authored by Congressman Eladio "Boy" Jala and co-authored by Congressman Roilo Z. Golez and Edgar M. Chatto.[25] Though this has not been passed into law.

On May 16, 2006, the DENR submitted the Chocolate Hills to the UNESCO World Heritage for inclusion in the list of Natural Monuments because of its outstanding universal value:[4][27]

The provincial government is exerting every effort to preserve and maintain the natural wonder – including the plains between, connecting and surrounding them – since they are the major attractions in Bohol's tourism industry and a heritage to be shared with the world.[28][27]

Issues

Balancing their protection, resource utilization and tourism are the challenges faced by the Chocolate Hills. Before they were designated national geological monuments, some of the hills (about 310,455 ha (1,200 sq miles)) were classified as alienable and disposable[29] or private lands such that they were titled to some locals. The declaration consequently caused some social unrest, resulting in almost simultaneous civil uprising, led by the long-established New People's Army (generally described as Maoist guerrillas) establishing a new front, known as the Chocolate Hills Command.[11] To some farmers, the proclamation is a government scheme which suppresses their right to own lands. As such, conflicts between the New People's Army group and government military forces escalated, culminating in two major engagements.[11]

Being alienable and disposable lands, the Chocolate Hills are seen as quarrying assets and source of income for small-scale miners, as well as quarry materials for the province's construction projects. The challenge is how the national and local officials can harmonize the current needs of small-scale miners, the construction sector and the tourism sector with the preservation of the Chocolate Hills.[30] Even with their protected status, mining permits continue to be granted by DENR and local government units.[27] Hence, mining and quarrying are still taking place. Because of this, the provincial government of Bohol has requested jurisdiction over the Chocolate Hills from the DENR.[11] Meanwhile, the provincial government has suggested that the legislation defining the Natural Monument should be changed, which will require that the proclamation be redrafted and ratified by both the Philippine House and Senate. This is a cumbersome and costly process, on which no progress has been made to date.[11] Future development and investment challenges within the Chocolate Hills area include: obtaining the national government's sanction for the project; persuading landowners to sell; convincing the Protected Areas Management Board, which has jurisdiction over the hills, not to use its veto power over any investment requiring physical facilities.[31]

2013 Bohol earthquake

One of the largest earthquakes to hit Bohol struck the island at 8:12 AM on October 15, 2013.[32] The center of the M7.2 earthquake was near Sagbayan, Bohol.[33] Due to the earthquake, a portion of one of the hills gave way and the Chocolate Hills' viewing deck was destroyed.[34]

Restoration

The local government proposed a 200 million pesos funding for the repair work, and restored the viewing deck and the surrounding facilitaties, including the pathways, parking space, water features, trellis, stairs, ramps, food court, museum, activity center, lamp posts, signages and landscaping works.[35]

Karst hill ranges outside of Bohol

Outside of Bohol, similar karst hill ranges are found elsewhere throughout the Philippines in the interiors of Siquijor and Cebu, southestern Leyte, along the western coast of Guimaras, the northwestern tip of Masbate, and in the Bicol region comprising southern Albay and western Sorsogon.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Eye on the Philippines Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Global Eye Retrieved December 22, 2006.
  2. ↑ Chocolate Hills Archived April 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Seven Natural Wonders. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
  3. ↑ The Bohol Flag and Seal Archived April 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.bohol.gov.ph Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Chocolate Hills Natural Monument Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved November 14, 2006.
  5. ↑ Bohol: The Jewel Paradise of the Philippine Islands Archived May 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine www.bohol.net Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  6. ↑ Bohol Archived November 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine www.dotpcvc.gov.ph Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  7. ↑ Bohol Island Herbarium Archived May 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine www.pnh.com.ph. Retrieved November 14, 2006.
  8. 1 2 3 Hillmer, G., 1987, Zur geologie und morphologie der straandterrassen von Cebu und Bohol Philippinen. Berliner geographische Studien. v. 25, p. 363–376.
  9. 1 2 3 Travaglia, C., R. Peebles, E. Bate, and A. Ferrer, 1987, Reconnaissance groundwater appraisal of Bohol Island, Philippines, by satellite data analysis. RSC Series no. 38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
  10. ↑ Restificar, S. D. F., M. J. Day, and P. B. Urlich, 2006, Protection of Karst in the Philippines (Varstvo Krasa na Filipinih). Archived April 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, 788 KB PDF version. Acta Carsologica. v. 35, no. 2, p. 121-130.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Urlich, P. B., M. J. Day, and F. Lynagh, 2001, Policy and practice in karst landscape protection: Bohol, the Philippines. Archived March 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine The Geographical Journal. v. 167, no. 4, pp. 305-323.
  12. ↑ Leman, S. L., A, Reedman, and C. S. Pei, 2008, Geoheritage of East and Southeast Asia. Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, 5.7 MB PDF version. The CCOP-Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.
  13. 1 2 3 Chocolate Hills: Philippines Vacation Archived January 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.philippinesvacation.org Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  14. ↑ Bohol Archived January 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.philippines.hvu.nl. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  15. ↑ Bohol Archived March 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.tambuli.com. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  16. ↑ "Move over Boracay: Panglao Island beckons". inq7.net. Archived from the original on December 17, 2004. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  17. ↑ The Chocolate Hills Archived December 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine www.bohol.ph. Retrieved November 14, 2006
  18. ↑ Athena Mae (April 17, 2018). "The Myth of Famous Bohol Chocolate Hills". Steemit. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Chocolate Hills Legends". www.bohol-philippines.com. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  20. ↑ "Chocolate Hills Legends". www.bohol-philippines.com. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
  21. ↑ Bohol God's little Paradise Archived December 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine library.thinkquest.org. Retrieved December 22, 2006
  22. 1 2 Chito A. Fuentes. "Sagbayan Peak: A View from the Top". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 10, 2005. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
  23. ↑ Bohol Island Sightseeing Archived September 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Bohol Island Hotels Travel Guide. Retrieved November 15, 2006.
  24. ↑ "Proclamation No. 1037, s. 1997". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Manila, Philippines. July 1, 1997. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. 1 2 "History of Bill; NO. HB01147". House of Representatives of the Philippines. March 23, 2006. Archived from the original on March 28, 2006. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  26. ↑ "GMA seeks development of parts of Chocolate Hills". The Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines. July 17, 2002. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  27. 1 2 3 "The Official Website of The Bohol Chronicle". Boholchronicle.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
  28. ↑ Gov issues orders to protect Choco Hills Archived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine Bohol Sunday Post Retrieved November 14, 2006.
  29. ↑ "Bohol Philippines - Splendour Underwater And Over Hills". TravelOnline Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on March 31, 2007. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
  30. ↑ CV gh Context of PA 21 Archived February 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.neda7.net.ph. Retrieved November 17, 2006.
  31. ↑ Toontown comes to Bohol's Nature Park Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.newsflash.org. Retrieved November 14, 2006.
  32. ↑ "M7.1 – 2km NE of Catigbian, Philippines" Archived 2014-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Retrieved October 15, 2013
  33. ↑ "NDRRMC Situation Report on the effects of the Earthquake in Bohol, October 30, 2013 (6:00 a.m.) | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  34. ↑ Angel, Dark (October 17, 2013). "Chocolate Hills Destroyed by 7.2 Magnitude Earthquake". Philippine News. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Bohol needs P198-M for Choco Hills view deck, facilities rehab". Retrieved February 18, 2023.
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