Hexahydrated chromium(III) phosphate

Hexahydrate chromium phosphate, CrPO₄·6H₂O, is prepared by reducing chromium trioxide, CrO₃, with ethanol in the presence of orthophosphoric acid, H₃PO₄, at temperatures ranging from −24 °C to +80 °C.^[3]

Mesoporous phase

Gel-like chromium(III) phosphate is prepared through the reduction of ammonium dichromate, (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇, using ethanol, CH₃COOH, and nitric acid, HNO₃. This process is done in the presence of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and urea at an elevated temperature where tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTBr) is used as structure directing agent.^[4]

Films

Preparation of textured chromium phosphate is carried out by mixing equimolar solutions of aqueous chromium nitrate and diammonium phosphate in a dish placed in a sealed chamber with the low temperature ammonia vapor catalyst diffusing into the solution at a constant rate. After 24h, the resulting purple film grows out from the liquid through the hydrolysis and polycondensation occurring in the reaction environment at the air/liquid and film/liquid boundary. Surface tension makes the film compact making it easy to insert a microscope slide and lift the film from underneath the solution surface. Once obtained the solution is washed with deionized water and ethanol, then dried in a vacuum.^[5]

Amorphous phase

The preparation of anhydrous chromium(III) phosphate begins by grinding a mixture of 75 mol% of chromium(III) oxide, Cr₂O₃, and 25 mol% of pure ammonium hydrogen phosphate, (NH₄)₂HPO₄. This mixture is pressed into pellets and heated under air pressure at 400 °C for 24h in order to remove ammonia and water. After this, a heating sequence of 450 °C (24 h), 700 °C (3⋅24 h), 800 °C (24 h) and 850 °C (2⋅24 h) occurs. The pellet mixture is gradually cooled thereafter.^[6]

Crystal structure

Chromium(III) phosphate can exist as two isomorphs. Its β-isoform is orthorhombic with the Cmcm space group (a = 0.5165, b = 0.7750, c = 0.6131 nm). The structure consists of infinite chains of trans edge-sharing CrO₆ octahedra, which run parallel to the c-axis, and are linked by PO₄ tetrahedra. Above 1175 °C, β-CrPO₄ converts to α-CrPO₄. α-CrPO₄ is orthorhombic as well, with the Imma space group (a = 1.0380, b = 1.2845, c = 0.6278 nm). The structure consists of an infinite network of linked polyhedra with a CrO₆ octahedron and a PO₄ tetrahedron sharing a common edge. The Cr³⁺ site form edge-sharing Cr(2)/Cr(2') pairs and share two corners with the four Cr(1) octahedra.^[7]

Magnetic properties

The magnetic properties of the β-CrPO₄ are a result of the cation-cation distances along the octahedral chains which give rise to strong direct-exchange interactions and even metal-metal bonding. Neutron diffraction studies reveal that the spiral moments in β-CrPO₄ are collinear and anti-ferromagnetically coupled along the chains in the 001 planes, at low temperature (5K, µeff = 2.55µB).^[7] Observations from a diffraction study has shown that at low temperature(2K), the α-CrPO₄ octahedra CrO₆ units build up an infinite, three-dimensional network expected to provide strong Cr-O-Cr magnetic superexchange linkages with exchange pathway through the phosphate group. These linkages give the structure its anti-ferromagnetic characteristic (Ɵ = -35.1 K, µeff = 3.50µB) which results in the anti-parallel magnetic spins in the plane that is perpendicular to the chains of the octahedral CrO₆.^[8]

Ion exchange

At a high temperature and pH ranging from 283-383K and pH 4-7 respectively, equilibrated KOH/HCl solution, insoluble CrPO₄ solid and aqueous cation solution yield a sorption reaction. Studies reveal that CrPO₄ catalyzes the adsorption of divalent cations onto its amorphous surface through the cation exchange mechanism. The mechanism suggests that the H⁺ ions are liberated from the solid to aqueous phase as the cations become hydrolyzed and adsorb onto the catalyst surface. Thus, a decrease in the pH of the reaction is used as a direct indicator of the rate of adsorption in the reaction:

A plot of the Kurbatov equation is used to relate the release of H⁺ ion to the equilibrium constant of the reaction:

where Kd (l g-1) represents the distribution coefficient, and n is the slope of the straight line giving an indication of the H⁺/M^z+ stoichiometry of the exchange reaction. Under similar conditions, the selectivity of CrPO₄ for dative cations follows the sequence: Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Ni²⁺ ≅ Cd²⁺. Increases in temperature and pH enhances the ion exchange reaction.^[9]

Chromium(III) phosphate is also used to catalyze cation exchange in sorption reactions. This catalysis is widely used in the reduction of metal toxicity during environmental clean-ups. This has been applied in decreasing the concentration of lead in aquatic habitat and drinking water.^[9]

Anti-corrosive coating

Paints containing chromium(III) phosphate have been used as corrosion resistant coating for metals. The paints consist of aqueous acidic chromium (III) phosphate solution which convert to a consistent film when applied onto metals heavily used in manufacturing and utility such as zinc, zinc alloy, aluminum and aluminum alloy substrates. Application methods include electroplating, immersing or spraying the solution on the surface of the substrate.^[10]

Catalyst

Chromium (III) phosphate has various applications in the polymer industry. Combined chromium(III) aluminum phosphate is widely used as a catalyst in the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons using alcohols such as the methylation of toluene using methanol. The alcohol is dehydrated into ether while the alkyl substituted product could be used as an intermediate in the manufacture of synthetic fibers such as poly(ethylene terephthalate).^[11]

Polymer

Pretreatment with chromium (III) phosphate-silicate is also used as a laminated structure to dampen vibration and noise in a motor.^[12]