Chroogomphus
Chroogomphus rutilus
Chroogomphus rutilus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Gomphidiaceae
Genus: Chroogomphus
(Singer) O.K.Mill. (1964)[1]
Type species
Chroogomphus rutilus
Species[3]

See Text

Synonyms

Chroogomphus /kroʊ.əˈɡɒmfəs/ is a genus of mushrooms commonly known as pine-spikes or spike-caps based on their shape and because they are often found growing in association with pine trees. The genus is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere including North America, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia.[4]

Taxonomy

These fungi are members of the family Gomphidiaceae which are agaricoid members of the Boletales (suborder Suillineae).[5] Related to the genus Gomphidius (in which they were once classified), Chroogomphus are distinguished from Gomphidius by their lack of a partial veil.

The genus name is derived from the Greek χρω- (chroo-), meaning "skin" or "colour", and γομφος (gomphos) meaning "plug" or "large wedge-shaped nail".[6]

Ecology

Members of this genus have been thought to be ectomycorrhizal with various species of pine, however, there is now evidence that all members of the Gomphidiaceae are parasitic upon other boletes. Specifically, Chroogomphus species are thought to be parasitic on various conifer-associated Suillus species, with this parasitism often being highly species-specific.[7][8] In the Pacific Northwest of North America, C. tomentosus is found with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), while C. helveticus of Europe is found in conifer forests containing spruce (Picea ssp.).[9][10]

Description

Chroogomphus vinicolor

Chroogomphus rutilus, found in Europe, is the type species for this genus. It has been the subject of investigation as the source of antibiotics, as well as other potentially useful secondary compounds.[4]

The cap is up to 10 cm in diameter and red-brown in colour. The widely spaced gills are brownish-orange and decurrent with black to brownish-yellow spores. The stalk is brownish-yellow and tapers toward the base. The flesh is orange to salmon-coloured and turns violet when chewed.

Chroogomphus ochraceus of North America is very similar in habit and appearance to C. rutilus, and the latter name has often been misapplied to C. ochraceus.[11]

Chroogomphus vinicolor, another North American species, is likewise similar to C. rutilus, although C. vinicolor tends to be smaller. The cap color is variable in both species, with C. vinicolor being, as its scientific name suggests, more wine-colored while C. rutilus is usually more brown. The most distinctive differences between these three species are microscopic.[12] [13][14]

Species

Accepted species of Chroogomphus include:[13][15]

ImageScientific NameYearDistribution
Chroogomphus albipes (Zeller) Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang2009Sierra Nevada
Chroogomphus asiaticus O.K. Mill. & Aime2001Eastern Siberia, Nepal
Chroogomphus conacytiensis Ayala-Vásquez, Martínez-Reyes, Pérez-Moreno2023Mexico
Chroogomphus confusus Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang2009China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus filiformis Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang2009China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus flavovinaceus Ayala-Vásquez, Martínez-Reyes, Pérez-Moreno2023Mexico
Chroogomphus fulmineus (R. Heim) Courtec.1988France
Chroogomphus helveticus (Singer) M.M. Moser1967Czech Republic, United States, Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic
Chroogomphus himalayanus K. Das, Hembrom, A. Parihar & Vizzini2021India.
Chroogomphus jamaicensis (Murrill) O.K. Mill.1964United States, Dominican Republic, Jamaica
Chroogomphus leptocystis (Singer) O.K. Mill.1964Canada
Chroogomphus loculatus Trappe & O.K. Mill.1970United States
Chroogomphus mediterraneus (Finschow) Vila, Pérez-De-Greg. & G. Mir2006Greece, United Kingdom, Spain
Chroogomphus ochraceus (Kauffman) O.K. Mill.1964United States, Canada
Chroogomphus orientirutilus Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang2009China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus pakistanicus M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid2020Pakistan
Chroogomphus papillatus (Raithelh.) Raithelh.1983Southern Hemisphere
Chroogomphus pruinosus M. Kiran & A.N. Khalid2020Pakistan
Chroogomphus pseudotomentosus O.K. Mill. & Aime2001China (Yunnan)
Chroogomphus pseudovinicolor O.K. Mill.1967United States
Chroogomphus purpurascens (Lj.N. Vassiljeva) M.M. Nazarova1990China, Russia, Germany
Chroogomphus roseolus Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang2009China
Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill.1964Finland, Greece, Russia, South Korea
Chroogomphus sibiricus (Singer) O.K. Mill.1964Russia
Chroogomphus subfulmineus Niskanen, Loizides, Scambler & Liimat.2018Italy, Spain, Cyprus
Chroogomphus superiorensis (Kauffman & A.H. Sm.) Singer1975
Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murrill) O.K. Mill.1964Canada,United States
Chroogomphus vinicolor (Peck) O.K. Mill.1964United States


Edibility

Chroogomphus rutilus, C. ochraceus, C. oregonensis, C. tomentosus, and C. vinicolor are edible[16] and may be interchangeable for culinary purposes. They are not, however, regarded as flavorful and possess neither a distinctive taste nor odor. One food writer states about C. rutilus and C. vinicolor:

They are excellent when dried, have a firm chewy texture but almost no flavor. This means you can put them in any dish without worrying about overpowering them - there's nothing to overpower! They make an excellent textural addition, though, a little crunchy, a little rubbery, very pleasant. Use them in tomato sauce as a meat substitute, or in a spicy Thai curry. You can't go wrong, because you can't taste them.[14]

References

  1. ↑ (Singer) O.K. Mill., Mycologia 56: 529 (1964)
  2. ↑ (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill., Mycologia 56: 543 (1964) [MB#328192]
  3. ↑ "Chroogomphus" (HTML). NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  4. 1 2 Aime M, Miller OK. (2005). Proposal to Conserve the Name Chroogomphus Against Brauniellula (Gomphidiaceae). Taxon 55(1):227–228. (abstract)
  5. ↑ Binder M, Hibbett DS., M; Hibbett, DS (2006). "Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales". Mycologia. 98 (6): 971–81. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971. PMID 17486973.
  6. ↑ Liddell HJ, Scott R (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-0-19-910207-5.
  7. ↑ Agerer R. (1990). Studies on ectomycorrhizae XXIV: Ectomycorrhizae of Chroogomphus helveticus and C. rutilus (Gomphidiaceae, Basidiomyetes) and their relationship to those of Suillus and Rhizopogon. Nova Hedwigia 50:1–63.
  8. ↑ Olsson PA, et al. (2000). Molecular and anatomical evidence for a three-way association between Pinus sylvestris and the ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus bovinus and Gomphidius roseus. Mycological Research 104:1372–1378. (abstract)
  9. ↑ Trudell, S.; Ammirati, J. (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  10. ↑ Assyov, Boris. "Chroogomphus helveticus". Boletales.com. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  11. ↑ Wood M, Stevens F. (2004). Chroogomphus ochraceus. MykoWeb (website).
  12. ↑ Kuo M. (2005). Chroogomphus vinicolor. MushroomExpert.Com (website).
  13. 1 2 Kuo M. (2005). The genus Chroogomphus. MushroomExpert.Com (website).
  14. 1 2 Rich R. (2002). "Chroogomphus rutilis." From: Robert's wild mushroom cookbook (website).
  15. ↑ "Search Page". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  16. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. pp. 245–46. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.


Further reading

  • Arora D. (1986) Mushrooms Demystified. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4
  • Breitenbach J & Kränzlin F (1991). Fungi of Switzerland 3: Boletes & Agarics, 1st Part. ISBN 978-3-85604-230-1.
  • Nilsson S. & Persson O. (1977) Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-063005-8
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