Māori settlement

The area was visited by the Tainui migratory waka around the year 1300. Tainui followers of Manawatere, who identified as Ngā Oho, decided to settle the Pōhutukawa Coast and the Wairoa River.^[5][6] Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki traditional stories talk about the land already being occupied by the supernatural Tūrehu people, and many place names in the area reference Tūrehu figures, such as Hinerangi and Manawatere.^[5] The Wairoa River's traditional name, Te Wairoa ("The Great River") was named by early Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki ancestors of the Tainui waka, referencing Te Vairoa in Rarotonga, which in turn took its name from a similarly named river in Tahiti.^[6] Te Wairoa was a name applying to the river mouth and surrounding area, while Ōtau referred to the areas further upstream, including around Clevedon.^[6]

The early Tāmaki Māori hapū of the Wairoa river valley between the 14th and 16th centuries included Te Ngungukauri, Te Uri Kupai, Ngāti Ruangaingai and Ngāti Parahanga, who identified as both Ngāti Tai Manawaiti, and Ngā Iwi (Waiohua). The related hapū were united under the rangatira Te Wana in the early 18th century, under the name Ngāti Tai (now more widely known as Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki).^[6] The river mouth formed the traditional heartland of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki.^[7] Ngāi Tai peoples traditionally lived in seasonal cycles, focusing on fishing and shellfish collecting, cultivations and collecting berries and snaring birds in the river's upper reaches, depending on the season.^[6] The river-mouth was used as a summer pioke (Shortspine spurdog shark) fishing ground, which were dried for the winter months.^[6][5] Ngāi Tai settled at many pā and kāinga along the river, especially at the river's mouth.^[8]

Ngā Tai settlements in the area include Ōtau and Tuawa near modern-day Clevedon, Tararua near the mouth of the Rautawhiti Stream, and at Takatekauere, Te Totara, Te Ruato and Pehuwai on the western side of Te Wairoa River. Between the 1830s and 1863, the Te Hingawaka hapū of Ngāti Pāoa lived at the base of Te Oue pā, north-west of the Wairoa River mouth.^[9]

When William Thomas Fairburn visited the area in 1833, it was mostly unoccupied due to the events of the Musket Wars, as most members of Ngāi Tai had fled to temporary refuge in the Waikato.^[5][7] In 1836, Fairburn purchased 40,000 acres between Ōtāhuhu and Umupuia (Duders Beach), including much of the catchment of the Wairoa River.^[7] Fairburn's Purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission in 1841 and 1842 and found to be excessive and reduced in size. The disallowed parts of his purchase were not returned to Ngāi Tai, however in 1854 a reserve was created for Ngāi Tai around Umupuia.^[7]

European settlement

All Souls Church

The first settlers in the area were D. McNicol and Mr G. Hoye, who purchased 1,100 acres on the eastern banks of the Wairoa River, and settled with their families circa 1852.^[10] They were joined by other early settlers within the next few years, and a community called Wairoa was established around the navigable headland of the Wairoa River.^[10] Early settlers cleared native bush for farming, worked flax mills in swampy areas, and harvested kauri logs, which were transported to Auckland to be processed.^[10] Ngāi Tai held a defended settlement on the eastern banks of the Wairoa River opposite the new settlement, known as Ōtau. During the first decade post European settlement, Ngāi Tai and the European settlers had cordial relations, trading goods and assisting each other.^[6] In September 1863 during the Invasion of the Waikato, Ōtau was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated. After which, the residents moved to live in communities at the river's mouth. For the remainder of the war, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown, and remained neutral in the fighting.^[6] During the war, military blockades were placed on either side of the Wairoa River, including the Galloway Redoubt.^[11] After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court individuated the collective Ngāi Tai lands, and in the process the majority of land near the Wairoa River was alienated and sold to European farmers.^[6] During European settlement, most of the Wairoa River catchment was deforested.^[12]

The first bridge across the Wairoa River was constructed by the early 1860s from timber.^[10] In 1865, 150 new immigrants from Scotland on board the Viola arrived at Wairoa, settling around the former Ōtau kāinga. The allotments were not sufficient to sustain a village, and the immigrants gradually moved away or closer to the settlement near the Wairoa Bridge.^[10] In 1866, the settlement changed its name to Clevedon. The name was chosen by local residents C.W. Stephens and Le Gally, named after the town of Clevedon in Somerset, England, where Le Gally . Many of the early settlers were Scottish, and had difficulties adopting the name.^[13] All Souls Church, built in the Selwyn style and located in Clevedon, is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II structure, with registration number 682.^[14][15] Dairy farming became the major industry in Clevedon until the 1900s.^[10]

Clevedon statistical area

Clevedon statistical area covers 49.97 km² (19.29 sq mi)^[1] and had an estimated population of 1,590 as of June 2022,^[17] with a population density of 32 people per km².

The statistical area had a population of 1,515 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 63 people (4.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 171 people (12.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 507 households, comprising 762 males and 753 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.01 males per female. The median age was 43.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 294 people (19.4%) aged under 15 years, 261 (17.2%) aged 15 to 29, 756 (49.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 207 (13.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 92.5% European/Pākehā, 7.1% Māori, 1.8% Pacific peoples, 5.0% Asian, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.5% had no religion, 41.2% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 1.2% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 351 (28.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 144 (11.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $44,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 375 people (30.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 690 (56.5%) people were employed full-time, 234 (19.2%) were part-time, and 27 (2.2%) were unemployed.^[18]