Coenogonium
Coenogonium linkii in Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Gyalectales
Family: Coenogoniaceae
Stizenb. (1862)
Genus: Coenogonium
Ehrenb. (1820)
Type species
Coenogonium linkii
Ehrenb. (1820)
Synonyms[1]
  • Biatorinopsis Müll.Arg. (1881)
  • Coenogoniomycella Cif. & Tomas. (1954)
  • Coenogoniomyces Cif. & Tomas. (1954)
  • Coenomycogonium Cif. & Tomas. (1954)
  • Didymopycnomyces Cavalc. & A.A.Silva (1972)
  • Dimerella Trevis. (1880)
  • Flabellomyces Kobayasi (1982)
  • Gyalecta sect. Lecaniopsis Vain. (1890)
  • Gyalectella J.Lahm (1883)
  • Holocoenis Clem. (1909)
  • Lecaniopsis (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1926)
  • Microphiale (Stizenb.) J.Steiner (1897)
  • Mycocoenogonium Cif. & Tomas. (1954)
  • Secoliga sect. Microphiale Stizenb. (1862)

Coenogonium is a genus of filamentous lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species.[2] Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nests. The genus was circumscribed in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.[3]

Coenogonium has a worldwide distribution, with most species known from tropical areas. Most species grow in tropical rainforests in the shaded understorey. They typically grow on tree trunks, branches, lianas, and leaves.[4]

Description

Although members of Coenogonium are relatively easy to identify given its unique characteristics, identifying to species is more difficult due to the slight differences between them. The genus is characterized by biatorine (rarely zeorine), yellow to orange or brown apothecia with a paraplectenchymatous excipulum, partially amyloid hymenium (I+ blue then quickly sordid green then red-brown), thin-walled unitunicate asci, and 1-septate or rarely non-septate ascospores. The photobiont component of Coenogonium is a green alga from the family Trentepohliaceae.[5] The structure of the Coenogonium thallus is largely determined by the algal partner.[6]

Similar genera include Malcolmiella, which differs mainly by having amyloid asci with a thickened tholus and non-septate, usually longer and broader ascospores with an ornamented perispore; Absconditella, which has a chlorococcoid photobiont and non-amyloid asci; and Cryptodiscus, which has Gloeocystis as photobiont, amyloid asci with a thickened apex and non-septate paraphyses.[5]

Research

Species of Coenogonium have frequently used in morphological/anatomical and ecophysiological studies. Examples include thallus growth,[7][8] apothecial development,[9] ultrastructure,[10] photobiont and resynthesis in culture,[11][6] and photosynthesis.[12][13] The filamentous thalli of Coenogonium serve as a home for diatoms and other microorganisms.[14] Johannes Müller Argoviensis even used his erroneous interpretation of the thallus organization of filamentous Coenogonium to oppose Simon Schwendener's theory of the symbiotic nature of lichens.[15]

Species

Coenogonium luteum, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina
Coenogonium interplexum, Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park, Florida
Pixie-hair lichen, genus Coenogonium, Florida Panhandle
Coenogonium (not identified to species), Amazon rainforest, Peru

The genus is well known in continental areas that border the Caribbean, such as Florida and Costa Rica.[4] About half of the world's biodiversity of this genus occurs in Brazil.[16]

  • Coenogonium aciculatum Lücking & Aptroot (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
  • Coenogonium agonimioides J.P.Halda, S.O.Oh & Hur (2016)
  • Coenogonium albomarginatum Michlig & L.I.Ferraro (2013)[18]
  • Coenogonium antonianum Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium atherospermatis Kantvilas, Rivas Plata & Lücking (2018)[5] – Australia
  • Coenogonium atroluteum (Vain.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics
  • Coenogonium aurantiacum Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
  • Coenogonium australiense Kantvilas & Lücking (2018)[5] – Australia
  • Coenogonium bacilliferum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium barbatellum Kalb (2007)[19]
  • Coenogonium barbatum Lücking, Aptroot & L.Umaña (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
  • Coenogonium beaverae Lücking & Diederich (2017)
  • Coenogonium borinquense Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
  • Coenogonium botryosum C.Knight (1886)[20]
  • Coenogonium brasiliense L.I.Ferraro & Michlig (2013)[18]
  • Coenogonium bryophilum Kalb & Aptroot (2018)[21] – Australia
  • Coenogonium byssothallinum Aptroot & Lücking (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
  • Coenogonium chloroticum Xavier-Leite, M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2013)[22] – Brazil
  • Coenogonium ciliatum Kalb & Lücking (2000)[23]
  • Coenogonium confervoides Nyl. (1858)
  • Coenogonium convexum J.Kalb & Kalb (2016)[24] – Thailand
  • Coenogonium coppinsii Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014)[25] – Brazil
  • Coenogonium coralloideum Kalb (2007)[19]
  • Coenogonium coronatum G.Neuwirth & Stock.-Wörg. (2014)
  • Coenogonium curvulum Zahlbr. (1928)
  • Coenogonium dattatreyense Shravan Kumar & Y.L.Krishnam. (2015)
  • Coenogonium davidii Kalb (2007)[19]
  • Coenogonium degeneri (Kalb & Vězda) Kalb & Lücking (2006)
  • Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
  • Coenogonium dimorphicum Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
  • Coenogonium disciforme Papong, Boonpr. & Lücking (2007)[26] – Thailand
  • Coenogonium eximium (Nyl.) Kalb & Lücking (2006)– Neotropics
  • Coenogonium fallaciosum (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
  • Coenogonium flammeum L.I.Ferraro, Michlig & Lücking (2011)
  • Coenogonium flavicans (Vězda & Farkas) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
  • Coenogonium flavovirens L.I.Ferraro & Michlig (2013)[18]
  • Coenogonium flavoviride M.Cáceres & Lücking (2000)[27]
  • Coenogonium flavum (Malcolm & Vězda) Malcolm (2004)
  • Coenogonium frederici (Kalb) Kalb & Lücking (2006)
  • Coenogonium fruticulosum L.Ludw. (2014)[28] – New Zealand
  • Coenogonium fuscescens (Vězda & Malcolm) Malcolm (2004)
  • Coenogonium geralense (Henn.) Lücking (2008) – pantropical
  • Coenogonium hainanense X.H.Wu & Z.F.Jia (2019)[29] – China
  • Coenogonium hypophyllum (Vězda) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
  • Coenogonium implexum Nyl. (1862)
  • Coenogonium interplexum Nyl. (1862)
  • Coenogonium interpositum Nyl. (1862)
  • Coenogonium isidiatum (G.Thor & Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium isidiiferum (Lücking) Lücking (2001)
  • Coenogonium isidiigerum (Vězda & Osorio) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium isidiosum (Breuss) Rivas Plata, Lücking, L.Umaña & Chaves (2006)
  • Coenogonium kalbii Aptroot, Lücking & L.Umaña (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
  • Coenogonium kawanae (H.Harada & Vězda) H.Harada & Lumbsch (2004)
  • Coenogonium kiggaense Shravan Kumar & Y.L.Krishnam. (2015)
  • Coenogonium labyrinthicum Lücking & Kalb (2001)
  • Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb. (1820)[3]
  • Coenogonium lisowskii (Vězda) Lücking (2001)
  • Coenogonium lueckingii Y.Joshi, Gagarina, J.P.Halda & Hur (2015)[30] – South Korea
  • Coenogonium luteocitrinum Rivas Plata, Lücking & L.Umaña (2006)[17] – Neotropics
  • Coenogonium luteolum (Kalb) Kalb & Lücking (2006) – Europe
  • Coenogonium lutescens (Vězda & Malcolm) Malcolm (2004)
  • Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
  • Coenogonium magdalenae Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lizano (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
  • Coenogonium maritimum Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)[31] – Florida
  • Coenogonium minidenticulatum Aptroot & M. Cáceres (2016)
  • Coenogonium minimum (Müll.Arg.) Lücking (2008)
  • Coenogonium minutissimum Kalb (2007)[19]
  • Coenogonium moniliforme Tuck. (1862)[32]
  • Coenogonium nepalense (G.Thor & Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics and eastern Paleotropics
  • Coenogonium perminutum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium persistens (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics
  • Coenogonium pertenue (Stirt.) Kalb & Lücking (2006)
  • Coenogonium piliferum (Vězda) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
  • Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch (2004)
  • Coenogonium platysporum Kalb (2007)[19]
  • Coenogonium pocsii (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – African Paleotropics
  • Coenogonium portoricense Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
  • Coenogonium pulchrum (Müll.Arg.) Kalb (2001)
  • Coenogonium pusillum (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium pyrophthalmum (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium queenslandicum (Kalb & Vězda) Lücking (2001) – eastern Paleotropics
  • Coenogonium riparium (Vain.) Kalb (2007)
  • Coenogonium roumeguerianum (Müll. Arg.) Kalb (2001)
  • Coenogonium rubrofuscum (Vězda & Malcolm) Malcolm (2005)
  • Coenogonium saepincola Aptroot, Sipman & Lücking (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
  • Coenogonium seychellense Farkas (2014)[33]
  • Coenogonium siquirrense (Lücking) Lücking (2008)
  • Coenogonium stenosporum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics
  • Coenogonium stramineum (Aptroot & Seaward) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium strigosum Rivas Plata, Lücking & Chaves (2006)[17] – Neotropics
  • Coenogonium subborinquense J.Kalb & Kalb (2016)[24] – Thailand
  • Coenogonium subdentatum (Vězda & G.Thor) Rivas Plata, Lücking, L.Umaña & Chaves (2006) – Neotropics; eastern Paleotropics
  • Coenogonium subdilucidum Farkas & Vězda (2014)[33]
  • Coenogonium subdilutum (Malme) Kalb (2001)
  • Coenogonium subdilutum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium subfallaciosum (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium subluteum (Rehm) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
  • Coenogonium subsquamosum (Aptroot & Seaward) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium subzonatum (Lücking) Lücking & Kalb (2001)
  • Coenogonium tanzanicum (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking & Kalb (2002)
  • Coenogonium tavaresianum (Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium theae (Räsänen) Gagarina (2015)
  • Coenogonium upretianum M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2018)[16] – Brazil
  • Coenogonium urceolatum Kantvilas, Rivas Plata & Lücking (2018)[5] – Australia
  • Coenogonium usambarense (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking & Kalb (2001) – African and eastern Paleotropics
  • Coenogonium verrucimarginatum J.Kalb & Kalb (2016)[24] – Thailand
  • Coenogonium verrucosum Michlig & L.I.Ferraro (2013)[18] – South America
  • Coenogonium vezdanum (Lücking) Lücking (2008)
  • Coenogonium weberi (Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
  • Coenogonium wernerhuberi Breuss & G.Neuwirth (2012)[34] – Costa Rica
  • Coenogonium wrightii (Vězda) H.Harada & Lumbsch (2004)
  • Coenogonium zonatum (Müll.Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Coenogonium Ehrenb., in Nees von Esenbeck (Ed.), Horae Phys. Berol.: 120 (1820)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  2. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. 1 2 Ehrenberg, C.G. (1820). "De Coenogonio, novo lichenum genere ex penu viri cl. Chamisso desumpto". In Nees v. Esenbeck (ed.). Horae Physicae Berolinenses 1820 (in Latin). pp. 77–104.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Gould, William A.; González, Grizelle; Lücking, Robert (2013). "Four new species of Coenogonium (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from vulnerable forest ecosystems in Puerto Rico". The Bryologist. 116 (4): 373–381. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-116.4.373. S2CID 85730616.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Kantvilas, G.; Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R. (2018). "The lichen genus Coenogonium in Tasmania". The Lichenologist. 50 (5): 571–582. doi:10.1017/S0024282918000385. S2CID 53125658.
  6. 1 2 Stocker-Wörgötter; E. (1997). "Investigations on the photobiont and resynthesis of the tropical lichen Coenogonium leprieurii (Mont.) Nyl. from the NE coast of Brazil in culture". Symbiosis. 23: 117–124.
  7. ↑ Karling, John S. (1934). "A preliminary contribution to the structure and development of Coenogonium Linkii". Annals of Botany. 48 (192): 823–855. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090480. JSTOR 43237694.
  8. ↑ Redinger, K.M. (1934). "Eine bemerkenswerte Wachstumsweise von Coenogonium Linkii Ehrenb". Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique (in German). 6: 201–203.
  9. ↑ Schwendener, S. (1862). "Ueber die Entwicklung der Apothecien von Coenogonium Linkii, mit Berücksichtigung der Darstellung Karstens". Flora (in German). 45: 225–234.
  10. ↑ Meier, Judy L.; Chapman, Russell L. (1983). "Ultrastructure of the lichen Coenogonium interplexum Nyl". American Journal of Botany. 70 (3): 400–407. doi:10.2307/2443248. JSTOR 2443248.
  11. ↑ Uyenco, F.R. (1965). "Studies on some lichenized Trentepohlia associated in lichen thalli with Coenogonium". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 84 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/3224534. JSTOR 3224534.
  12. ↑ Thomas, M.A.; Nash, T.H. III (1996). "Coenogonium: a green algal lichen without photosynthetic depression at high water contents". The Lichenologist. 28 (4): 341–345. doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0031. S2CID 85913619.
  13. ↑ Thomas, M.A.; Nash, T.H. III; Gries, C. (1997). "Ecophysiological comparison of two tropical/subtropical lichen species: Dictyonema glabratum from an alpine habitat and Coenogonium interplexum from a lowland forest". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 67: 183–195.
  14. ↑ Lakatos, Michael; Lange-Bertalot, Horst; Büdel, Burkhard (2004). "Diatoms living inside the thallus of the green algal lichen Coenogonium linkii in neotropical lowland rain forests". Journal of Phycology. 40: 70–73. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.2004.02-205.x. S2CID 86577316.
  15. ↑ Müller Argoviensis, J. (1881). "The organisation of Coenogonium and the theory of lichens". Grevillea. 10: 87–89.
  16. 1 2 Aptroot, André; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2018). "Coenogonium upretianum (Ascomycota: Coenogoniaceae), a new corticolous lichen species from Brazil". Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment: 11–13. doi:10.21756/cab.esp3.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Plata, E. Rivas; Lücking, R.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Chaves, J.L.; Umaña, L.; Lizano, D. (2006). "A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: the genus Coenogonium (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae), with a world-wide key and checklist and a phenotype-based cladistic analysis". Fungal Diversity: 255–321.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Ferraro, Lidia I.; Michlig, Andrea (2013). "New species and additional records of Coenogonium (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae) from southern South America". The Lichenologist. 45 (4): 497–504. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000169. S2CID 86633989.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Kalb, K. (2007). "New or otherwise interesting Lichens. III". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 95: 297–316.
  20. ↑ Bailey, Frederick Manson (1886). A Synopsis of the Queensland Flora: containing both the Phaenogamous and Cryptogamous plants. First Supplement. Brisbane: James C. Beal, Govt. Printer.
  21. ↑ Kalb, Klaus; Aptroot, André (2018). "Six new lichen species from Australia" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 82: 84–91. Open access icon
  22. ↑ Menezes, A.A.; Xavier-Leite, A.B.; Cáceres, M.E.S.; Aptroot, A. (2014). "Coenogonium chloroticum (Ascomycota: Coenogoniaceae), a new corticolous lichen species from Mata do Pau-Ferro, in Paraíba, NE Brazil". Nova Hedwigia. 98 (1–2): 197–200. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0149.
  23. ↑ Lücking, R.; Kalb, K. (2000). "Foliikole Flechten aus Brasilien (vornehmlich Amazonien), inklusive einer Checkliste und Bemerkungen zu Coenogonium und Dimerella (Gyalectaceae)". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (in German). 122: 29.
  24. 1 2 3 Kalb, Jutarat; Boonpragob, Kansri; Kalb, Klaus (2016). "New Coenogonium species (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae) from Thailand, new reports and a revised key to the species occurring in the country". Phytotaxa. 283 (2): 101–122. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.283.2.1.
  25. ↑ Aptroot, André; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2014). "New lichen species from termite nests in rainforest in Brazilian Rondônia and adjacent Amazonas". The Lichenologist. 46 (3): 365–372. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000340. S2CID 83601214.
  26. ↑ Papong, Khwanruan; Boonpragob, Kansri; Lücking, Robert (2006). "New species and new records of foliicolous lichens from Thailand". The Lichenologist. 39 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1017/S0024282906006104. S2CID 85782217.
  27. ↑ Cáceres, M.; Lücking, R. (2000). "Three new species and one new combination of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Atlantic rainforest in Pernambuco state, Brazil". Nova Hedwigia. 70 (1–2): 217–226. doi:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/70/2000/217.
  28. ↑ Ludwig, L.R. (2014). "Coenogonium fruticulosum, a new isidiate species from New Zealand". Australasian Lichenology. 75: 18–27.
  29. ↑ Wu, Xiao-Han; Wang, Wei-Cheng; Dou, Ming-Zhu; Jia, Ze-Feng (2019). "Coenogonium hainanense sp. nov. and new records from China". Mycotaxon. 134 (3): 561–576. doi:10.5248/134.561.
  30. ↑ Joshi, Y.; Gagarina, L.; Halda, J.P.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2015). "A new species and a new record of the lichen genus Coenogonium (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae) from South Korea, with a world-wide key to crustose Coenogonium having prothalli". Mycosphere. 6 (6): 667–672. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/6/6/3.
  31. ↑ Seavey, F.; Seavey, J.; Gagnon, J.; Guccion, J.; Kaminsky, B.; Pearson, J.; Podaril, A.; Randall, B. (2017). "The lichens of Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park, Key Largo, Florida, USA". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 53 (5): 201–268.
  32. ↑ Tuckerman, E. (1862). "Observations on North American and other lichens. 2". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 5: 383–422 (see p. 416). doi:10.2307/20021278. JSTOR 20021278.
  33. 1 2 Farkas, E. (2014). "Notes and schedae to Lichenes Delicati Exsiccati Editae in memoriam Antonín Vězda (1920–2008). Fasc. 4" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 56 (3–4): 305–317. doi:10.1556/abot.56.2014.3-4.7.
  34. ↑ Breuss, Othmar (2012). "Coenogonium wernerhuberi, a new foliicolous lichen species (Coenogoniaceae) from Costa Rica". Herzogia. 25 (2): 145–148. doi:10.13158/heia.25.2.2010.145. S2CID 86529771.
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