In the United States, the government of each of the 50 states is structured in accordance with its individual constitution. In turn, each state constitution must be grounded in republican principles. Article IV, Section 4, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution tasks the federal government with assuring that each state's government is so organized.[1]

All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): executive, legislative, and judicial.[2][3] All state governments are also organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The government of each of the five permanently inhabited U.S. territories is modeled and organized in a like fashion.

Each state is itself a sovereign entity, and as such, reserves the right to organize in any way (within the above stated parameter) deemed appropriate by its people. As a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance. No two state governments are identical. The following tables compare and contrast some of the features of U.S. state governments.

Legislative

With the exception of Nebraska, all American state legislatures are bicameral, meaning there is one legislative body separated into two units. Nebraska eliminated its lower house with a referendum during the 1936 elections. Also, some systems, such as the New York State Legislature, have two legislative bodies while never technically referring to them in the state constitution as a single body. These dual systems are generally considered bicameral.

State legislative branch Lower house Upper house Ratio Total size
Name Size Term length (years) Term limit Name Size Term length (years) Term limit Filibuster possible Lower to Upper house size
Alabama Legislature Alabama House of Representatives 105 4 None Alabama Senate 35 4 None Yes 3 140
Alaska Legislature Alaska House of Representatives 40 2 None Alaska Senate 20 4 None Yes 2 60
Arizona Legislature Arizona House of Representatives 60 2 Four consecutive terms[4] Arizona Senate 30 2 Four consecutive terms[4] No 2 90
Arkansas General Assembly Arkansas House of Representatives 100 2 Three terms Arkansas Senate 35 2 or 4 Two 4 year terms Yes 2.857143 135
California State Legislature California State Assembly 80 2 12 years in either house, combined[note 1] California State Senate 40 4 12 years in either house, combined[note 1] No 2 120
Colorado General Assembly Colorado House of Representatives 65 2 Four consecutive terms Colorado Senate 35 4 Two consecutive terms No 1.857143 100
Connecticut General Assembly Connecticut House of Representatives 151 2 None Connecticut Senate 36 2 None Yes 4.194444 187
Delaware General Assembly Delaware House of Representatives 41 2 None Delaware Senate 21 2 or 4 None No 1.952381 62
Florida Legislature Florida House of Representatives 120 2 Four terms Florida Senate 40 2 or 4 Two terms Yes 3 160
Georgia General Assembly Georgia House of Representatives 180 2 None Georgia Senate 56 2 None No 3.214286 236
Hawaii State Legislature Hawaii House of Representatives 51 2 None Hawaii Senate 25 4 None Yes 2.04 76
Idaho Legislature Idaho House of Representatives 70 2 None Idaho Senate 35 2 None Yes 2 105
Illinois General Assembly Illinois House of Representatives 118 2 None Illinois Senate 59 2 or 4 None No 2 177
Indiana General Assembly Indiana House of Representatives 100 2 None Indiana Senate 50 4 None No 2 150
Iowa General Assembly Iowa House of Representatives 100 2 None Iowa Senate 50 4 None No 2 150
Kansas Legislature Kansas House of Representatives 125 2 None Kansas Senate 40 4 None No 3.125 165
Kentucky General Assembly Kentucky House of Representatives 100 2 None Kentucky Senate 38 4 None No 2.631579 138
Louisiana State Legislature Louisiana House of Representatives 105 4 Three terms Louisiana State Senate 39 4 Three terms No 2.692308 144
Maine Legislature Maine House of Representatives 153 2 Four terms Maine Senate 35 2 Four terms Yes 4.371429 188
Maryland General Assembly Maryland House of Delegates 141 4 None Maryland State Senate 47 4 None No 3 188
General Court of Massachusetts Massachusetts House of Representatives 160 2 None Massachusetts Senate 40 2 None No 4 200
Michigan Legislature Michigan House of Representatives 110 2 12 years in either house, combined Michigan Senate 38 4 12 years in either house, combined No 2.894737 148
Minnesota Legislature Minnesota House of Representatives 134 2 None Minnesota Senate 67 2 or 4 None No 2 201
Mississippi Legislature Mississippi House of Representatives 122 4 None Mississippi State Senate 52 4 None Yes 2.346154 174
Missouri General Assembly Missouri House of Representatives 163 2 Four terms[5] Missouri Senate 34 4 Eight years[5] (Two terms) No 4.794118 197
Montana State Legislature Montana House of Representatives 100 2 Four terms Montana Senate 50 4 Two terms No 2 150
Nebraska Legislature — — — — Nebraska Legislature 49 4 Two terms Yes — 49
Nevada Legislature Nevada Assembly 42 2 Six terms Nevada Senate 21 4 Three terms No 2 63
New Hampshire General Court New Hampshire House of Representatives 400 2 None New Hampshire Senate 24 2 None No 16.66667 424
New Jersey Legislature New Jersey General Assembly 80 2 None New Jersey Senate 40 2 or 4 None No 2 120
New Mexico Legislature New Mexico House of Representatives 70 2 None New Mexico Senate 42 4 None No 1.666667 112
New York State Legislature New York State Assembly 150 2 None New York State Senate 63 2 None No 2.380952 213
North Carolina General Assembly North Carolina House of Representatives 120 2 None North Carolina Senate 50 2 None No 2.4 170
North Dakota Legislative Assembly North Dakota House of Representatives 94 4 None[note 2] North Dakota Senate 47 4 None[note 2] No 2 141
Ohio General Assembly Ohio House of Representatives 99 2 Four terms Ohio Senate 33 4 Two terms No 3 132
Oklahoma Legislature Oklahoma House of Representatives 101 2 12 years in either house, combined Oklahoma Senate 48 4 12 years in either house, combined No 2.104167 149
Oregon Legislative Assembly Oregon House of Representatives 60 2 None[note 3] Oregon State Senate 30 4 None[note 4] No 2 90
Pennsylvania General Assembly Pennsylvania House of Representatives 203 2 None Pennsylvania State Senate 50 4 None No 4.06 253
Rhode Island General Assembly Rhode Island House of Representatives 75 2 None Rhode Island Senate 38 2 None No 1.973684 113
South Carolina General Assembly South Carolina House of Representatives 124 2 None South Carolina Senate 46 4 None Yes 2.695652 170
South Dakota State Legislature South Dakota House of Representatives 70 2 Four terms South Dakota Senate 35 4 Two terms No 2 105
Tennessee General Assembly Tennessee House of Representatives 99 2 None Tennessee Senate 33 4 None No 3 132
Texas Legislature Texas House of Representatives 150 2 None Texas Senate 31 2 or 4 None Yes 4.83871 181
Utah State Legislature Utah House of Representatives 75 2 None Utah State Senate 29 4 None Yes 2.586207 104
Vermont General Assembly Vermont House of Representatives 150 2 None Vermont Senate 30 2 None Yes 5 180
Virginia General Assembly Virginia House of Delegates 100 2 None Senate of Virginia 40 4 None No 2.5 140
Washington State Legislature Washington House of Representatives 98 2 None Washington State Senate 49 4 None No 2 147
West Virginia Legislature West Virginia House of Delegates 100 2 None West Virginia Senate 34 4 None No 2.941176 134
Wisconsin Legislature Wisconsin State Assembly 99 2 None Wisconsin Senate 33 4 None No 3 132
Wyoming Legislature Wyoming House of Representatives 62 2 None Wyoming Senate 31 4 None No 2 90

Supermajority requirements

While only 13 states have a filibuster, there are often restrictions on the majority a state needs to raise taxes.

Legend
  Effective supermajority system
  Majority rule (22)
  Mixed system
Key State Notes
Alabama The Alabama State Senate allows a filibuster, and has a general three-fifths requirement to enact cloture. A simple majority of 18 is acceptable when dealing with the budget and redistricting.[6]
Arkansas Arkansas, along with Rhode Island, is one of the only states that requires a supermajority to pass a budget. A three-fourths majority is required for appropriations, except for education, highways, and paying down the state debt, which require a simple majority.[7]
California From 1933 to 2011 there was a two-thirds requirement for general fund appropriations for purposes other than public schools (Const., Art. IV, Sec. 12). Because the Legislature typically passes one main budget bill, the requirement effectively applied to the whole budget bill.[7] There has been a two-thirds requirement for tax increases since Proposition 13 in 1978. In 2010, voters approved Proposition 25, eliminating the 2/3 requirement for the budget, but keeping it for tax increases.

Executive

The governor is the chief executive official in each state.

State Governor term length Governor term limit Lieutenant Governor First in line of succession
Alabama Four years Two consecutive terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Alaska Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Arizona Four years Two consecutive terms[note 5] No[note 6] Secretary of State
Arkansas Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
California Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Colorado Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Connecticut Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Delaware Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Florida Four years Two consecutive terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Georgia Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Hawaii Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Idaho Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Illinois Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Indiana Four years Two terms in a 12-year period[note 7] Yes Lieutenant Governor
Iowa Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Kansas Four years There is no lifetime limit on the number, but one must be out of office for at least one election cycle after serving 2 consecutive terms before being eligible again. Yes Lieutenant Governor
Kentucky Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Louisiana Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Maine Four years Two consecutive terms No President of the Senate
Maryland Four years Two consecutive terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Massachusetts Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Michigan Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Minnesota Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Mississippi Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Missouri Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Montana Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Nebraska Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Nevada Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
New Hampshire Two years None No President of the Senate
New Jersey Four years Two terms Yes[note 8] Lieutenant Governor
New Mexico Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
New York Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
North Carolina Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
North Dakota Four years None[note 2] Yes Lieutenant Governor
Ohio Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Oklahoma Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Oregon Four years Two consecutive terms No Secretary of State
Pennsylvania Four years Two consecutive terms[note 9] Yes Lieutenant Governor
Rhode Island Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
South Carolina Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
South Dakota Four years Two terms Yes Lieutenant Governor
Tennessee Four years Two terms Yes[note 10] President of the Senate
Texas Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Utah Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Vermont Two years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Virginia Four years No limit on number, but terms cannot be consecutive Yes Lieutenant Governor
Washington Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
West Virginia Four years Two terms Yes[note 10] President of the Senate
Wisconsin Four years None Yes Lieutenant Governor
Wyoming Four years Two terms No Secretary of State

Note: Table does not distinguish between consecutive term limits and total term limits, unless otherwise noted.

Judicial

State Highest court High court seats High court term High court judicial placement method Mandatory retirement age[note 11]
Alabama Supreme Court of Alabama 9 6 years Partisan election
Alaska Alaska Supreme Court 5 10 years Missouri Plan
Arizona Arizona Supreme Court 7 6 years Missouri Plan 70
Arkansas Arkansas Supreme Court 7 8 years Non-partisan election
California Supreme Court of California 7 12 years Modified Missouri Plan
Colorado Colorado Supreme Court 7 10 years Missouri Plan
Connecticut Connecticut Supreme Court 7 8 years[8] Election by the state legislature 70
Delaware Delaware Supreme Court 5 12 years Appointment by governor
Florida Florida Supreme Court 7 6 years Modified Missouri Plan 70 (or end of current term)
Georgia Supreme Court of Georgia 7 6 years Non-partisan election
Hawaii Supreme Court of Hawaii 5 10 years Appointment by the governor 70
Idaho Idaho Supreme Court 5 6 years Non-partisan election
Illinois Supreme Court of Illinois 7 10 years Partisan election
Indiana Indiana Supreme Court 5 10 years[note 12] Missouri Plan 75[note 13]
Iowa Iowa Supreme Court 7 8 years Missouri Plan 72
Kansas Kansas Supreme Court 7 6 years Missouri Plan 70 (or end of current term)
Kentucky Kentucky Supreme Court 7 8 years Non-partisan election
Louisiana Supreme Court of Louisiana 7 10 years Partisan election
Maine Maine Supreme Judicial Court 7 7 years Appointment by the governor
Maryland Maryland Court of Appeals 7 10 years Appointment by the governor 70
Massachusetts Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court 7 Lifetime Appointment by the governor 70
Michigan Michigan Supreme Court 7 8 years Non-partisan election[note 14] Must be under 70 at time of election
Minnesota Minnesota Supreme Court 7 6 years Non-partisan election 70
Mississippi Supreme Court of Mississippi 9 8 years Non-partisan election
Missouri Supreme Court of Missouri 7 12 years Missouri Plan
Montana Montana Supreme Court 7 8 years Non-partisan election
Nebraska Nebraska Supreme Court 7 6 years Missouri Plan
Nevada Supreme Court of Nevada 7 6 years Non-partisan election
New Hampshire New Hampshire Supreme Court 5 Lifetime Appointment by Governor 70
New Jersey New Jersey Supreme Court 7 7 years[9] Appointment by Governor 70
New Mexico New Mexico Supreme Court 5 8 years Partisan election/Retention election
New York New York Court of Appeals 7 14 years Appointed by the governor 70 (at end of calendar year)
North Carolina North Carolina Supreme Court 7 8 years Non-partisan election
North Dakota North Dakota Supreme Court 5 10 years Non-partisan election
Ohio Ohio Supreme Court 7 6 years Partisan election 70 (at end of term)
Oklahoma Oklahoma Supreme Court
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals		 Supreme Court: 9
Court of Criminal Appeals: 5		 6 years (both) Missouri Plan
Oregon Oregon Supreme Court 7 6 years Non-partisan election 75
Pennsylvania Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 7 10 years Partisan election 78
Rhode Island Rhode Island Supreme Court 5 Lifetime[10] Missouri Plan None[10]
South Carolina South Carolina Supreme Court 5 10 years Election by State Legislature 72
South Dakota South Dakota Supreme Court 5 8 years Non-partisan election
Tennessee Tennessee Supreme Court 5 8 years Tennessee Plan (Modified Missouri Plan)
Texas Texas Supreme Court
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals		 9 (both) 6 years (both) Partisan election 75 (may finish term or 4 years of term, whichever is shorter)
Utah Utah Supreme Court 5 4 years Missouri Plan
Vermont Vermont Supreme Court 5 6 years Election by State Legislature
Virginia Supreme Court of Virginia 7 12 years Election by State Legislature 70[11]
Washington Washington Supreme Court 9 6 years Non-partisan election 75
West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia 5 12 years Partisan election
Wisconsin Wisconsin Supreme Court 7 10 years Non-partisan election
Wyoming Wyoming Supreme Court 5 8 years Missouri Plan

Note: Table does not distinguish between term lengths that result in a new election and term lengths that result in a retention vote but not a full election.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The new limit was decided by referendum as Proposition 28, in June 2012. Between 1990 and that date, one could serve 3 terms in the House and 2 in the Senate, which means the new limit is globally earlier but roughly doubles in each body.
  2. 1 2 3 Two terms beginning with the 2024 elections.
  3. ↑ State representatives were limited to three terms (6 years) until term limits were repealed by Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992).
  4. ↑ State senators were limited to two terms (8 years) until term limits were repealed by Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992).
  5. ↑ Governor may serve unlimited terms but only two in a row.
  6. ↑ Office of lieutenant governor, created in 2022, will be implemented in 2026.
  7. ↑ Governors of Indiana may serve an unlimited number of terms, but may only serve for eight years in any twelve-year period. (Constitution of Indiana Article 5)
  8. ↑ Office created in 2005 and implemented in 2009
  9. ↑ There are no limits on the number of terms a governor may serve in total as long as there is a four-year break after a second term.
  10. 1 2 The President of the Senate is also the Lieutenant Governor.
  11. ↑ Uncompleted entries do not indicate the lack of a retirement age, only a lack of data in this article. States without a mandatory retirement age will indicate "None".
  12. ↑ Retention election held after two years of service. Mandatory retirement at age 75.
  13. ↑ The Indiana retirement age is the same regardless of the length of the Justice's remaining term.
  14. ↑ While Michigan law stipulates that State Supreme Court judges be listed on the "non-partisan" section on the ballot, only candidates who have been nominated by political parties with ballot access at their respective state conventions are allowed to stand in the succeeding general election. Subsequently, each party is only allowed to nominate as many candidates as there are supreme court seats up for election in a given year.

References

  1. ↑ Natelson, Robert G. "Essays on Article IV: Guarantee Clause". The Heritage Foundation.
  2. ↑ "State & Local Government". whitehouse.gov. The White House.
  3. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature.
  4. 1 2 "Arizona Constitution, Art. 4, Part 2, Sec. 21". Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  5. 1 2 Missouri Constitution, Art. III, Sec. 8
  6. ↑ "Welcome to the Alabama State Legislature". Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  7. 1 2 Fiscal Policy, State Budgets and Tax Actions | News and Information
  8. ↑ Judgepedia.org, Connecticut Supreme Court, found here.
  9. ↑ Refers to initial "probation" period. If the governor reappoints them (almost universally true) they then serve for life
  10. 1 2 Linda Greenhouse, "The Case for Term Limits on the Supreme Court with Linda Greenhouse", Yale Political Union, May 28, 2009,
  11. ↑ Aaron Applegate, Mike Saewitz, "Bill seeks to raise mandatory retirement age for judges to 73", The Virginian-Pilot, February 4, 2010,

Sources

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