Flag of Cornwall
Map showing Cornwall (red) within the United Kingdom (green).

Cornish nationalism is a cultural, political and social movement that seeks the recognition of Cornwall – the south-westernmost part of the island of Great Britain – as a nation distinct from England. It is usually based on three general arguments:

Autonomy movement

Cornish nationalists, such as Mebyon Kernow, generally seek some form of autonomy for Cornwall.

In 2003, a Cornwall Councillor Bert Biscoe commissioned a researcher to see if self-governing practices used in Guernsey could be applied to Cornwall.[2]

Distinct cultural, national or ethnic identity

A street lined with shops is filled with hundreds of people. In the foreground are children wearing black vests each one defaced with a large white cross. The children surround a fiddler. In the background are spectators.
St Piran's Day is an annual patronal Cornish festival celebrating Cornish culture and history every 5 March
The percentage of respondents who gave "Cornish" as an answer to the National Identity question in the 2011 census.

In 2001, campaigners prevailed upon the UK census to count Cornish ethnicity as a write-in option on the national census, although there was no separate Cornish tick box.[3] In 2004 school children in Cornwall could also record their ethnicity as Cornish on the schools census.

In 2004, a campaign was started to field a Cornish national team in the 2006 Commonwealth Games. However, in 2006, the Commonwealth Games Federation stated that "Cornwall is no more than an English county".[4]

The concept that the Cornish are a separate ethnicity is based on the Celtic origin and language of the Cornish, making them an ethnic minority distinct from people in the rest of England.[5]

In 2011, an e-petition directed at Westminster was launched.

"This petition calls for signatures to raise the issue of the "Cornish Identity" in Parliament and aims to have Cornwall recognised as a National Minority.."[6] This petition has now closed, it received 851 signatures, (99,149 less than the 100,000 needed for the matter to be considered for debate in the House of Commons.)

In September 2011, George Eustice, Conservative Member of Parliament for Camborne and Redruth, argued that Cornwall's heritage should be administered by a Cornish organisation rather than English Heritage.[7]

On 24 April 2014 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Danny Alexander, announced that the Cornish people had been granted minority status under the Council of Europe's framework for the protection of national minorities,[8] the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.

Constitutional status

The official position on the Duchy of Cornwall

The Duchy of Cornwall is a private estate that funds the public, charitable and private activities of The Prince of Wales and his family.[9] The Duchy itself consists of around 54,424 hectares (134,485 acres) of land in 23 counties, mostly in the South West of England. The current Duke of Cornwall is William, Prince of Wales.

The Duchy estate was created in 1337 by Edward III, King of England, for his son and heir, Prince Edward; its primary function was to provide him and future Princes of Wales with an income from its assets. A charter ruled that each future Duke of Cornwall would be the eldest surviving son of the monarch and thus also the male heir to the throne.[10]

The current Duke of Cornwall, Prince William, as eldest son of the reigning monarch, is also the Prince of Wales.

The rights of the Duchy of Cornwall

Cornish constitutionalists argue that the Duke of Cornwall is the de jure head of state in Cornwall.

The rights of the Dukes of Cornwall include the right to intestate estates, bona vacantia, treasure trove, gold and silver deposits, waste land, foreshore, rivers and estuaries, mines, mineral rights, rights of common, castles, advowsons, and so on – whether in possession or reputed or claimed to be parcel of the Duchy of Cornwall – the Duchy being the body that collects the rents and dues on behalf of the Prince. (Duchy Charters: Section 5.11, [29]). Furthermore, the entirety of the Isles of Scilly is claimed despite the Duchy's admitting that they were not included in, rather "omitted" from, the three Duchy Charters.

County or country?

On 15 May 2000 the Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament (CSP), a pressure group formed in 1974, dispatched an invoice to the chief officer of the Duchy of Cornwall, the Lord Warden of the Stannaries. This invoice demanded a refund of a calculated £20 billion overcharge in taxation on tin production from 1337 to 1837. This was calculated according to production figures and historic wealth calculation methods (from an unpublished thesis of a Harvard University undergraduate dating from 1908), and The Sunday Times Rich List, March 2000, respectively. Cornwall was charged at over twice the rate levied on the adjacent county of Devon. On 17 May 2000 The Guardian reported that the CSP claimed that the Duchy had levied an excess tax on tin production in Cornwall for five hundred years, and requested repayment within 120 days. The CSP argued that their action demonstrated how Cornwall was treated separately from England in the past, and thus should have special status today. They declared that if they received the money it would be spent on an agency to boost Cornwall's economy.[11]

The Guardian went on to point out that the (then) Duke of Cornwall himself, Charles the Prince of Wales is in effect trustee and cannot sell off the Duchy's assets thus he would have difficulty in paying the bill. Charles does not receive any money from the state. His financial stability comes from the £5m-£6m annual net surplus generated by the Duchy.[11]

Background

History of the separate Cornish identity

At the time of King Canute, Cornwall fell outside his British realms.[12]
monument supporting Cornish identity
monument supporting Cornish identity

In 936, Athelstan fixed Cornwall's eastern boundary at the Tamar.[13] The Italian scholar Polydore Vergil in his famous Anglica Historia, published in 1535, wrote that: 'the whole Countrie of Britain ...is divided into iiii partes; whereof the one is inhabited of Englishmen, the other of Scottes, the third of Wallshemen, [and] the fowerthe of Cornishe people, which all differ emonge them selves, either in tongue, ...in manners, or ells in lawes and ordinaunces.'[14] Writing in 1616, Arthur Hopton stated:'England is ...divided into 3 great Provinces, or Countries ...every of them speaking a several and different language, as English, Welsh and Cornish.'[14]

During the Tudor period many travellers were clear that the Cornish were commonly regarded as a separate ethnic group. For example, Lodovico Falier, an Italian diplomat at the Court of Henry VIII, said, "The language of the English, Welsh and Cornish men is so different that they do not understand each other." He went on to give the alleged 'national characteristics' of the three peoples, saying for example 'the Cornishman is poor, rough and boorish'[14] Another notable example is Gaspard de Coligny Châtillon – the French Ambassador in London – who wrote saying that England was not a united whole as it 'contains Wales and Cornwall, natural enemies of the rest of England, and speaking a different language.'[14] In 1603, the Venetian ambassador wrote that the late queen had ruled over five different 'peoples': 'English, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish ...and Irish'.[14]

It seems however that the recognition by outsiders of the Cornish as a separate people declined with the language, which by the 19th century had essentially ceased to be used. The modern revival of the language, which had almost died out,[15] has caused some interest in the concept of Cornish identity.

History of modern Cornish nationalism

Cornwall has had its own gorsedd, Gorseth Kernow, since 1928

The history of modern Cornish nationalism goes back to the end of the 19th century. The failure of Irish home rule caused Gladstone's Liberal party to revise and make more relevant its devolution policy by advocating the idea of 'home rule all round' applying to Scotland and Wales but opening the door for Cornish Liberals to use cultural themes for political purposes.[16]

In April 1889, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, the Marquis of Salisbury (who served three times as Prime Minister) at a meeting of the Primrose League in Bristol, spoke on the state of the Union. At the time, an Irish Cabinet "with all the appurtenances of government" was being considered. He said that "if Ireland were granted a Parliament and a Cabinet, Scotland would demand a Parliament and a Cabinet, and Wales would do the same." However, "..if all these Parliaments were granted an unconstitutional injustice would be done to Cornwall, which was a separate country geographically.." going on to talk about Cornish identity and culture, "On these grounds, which were set up as good reasons for granting separate and independent Governments to other parts of the empire, the claims of Cornwall could not be overlooked to a separate and independent Government, and if it was to come about, he hoped that all the alliances of the commission Parliaments and Cabinets would be friendly to the British Government."[17]

Henry Jenner was an important figure in early 20th-century Cornish national awareness. He made the case for Cornwall's membership in the Celtic Congress, pioneered the movement to revive the Cornish language, and founded the Cornish Gorseth.[18]

Some intellectual support for Cornish self-government has come from the Institute of Cornish Studies, affiliated to the University of Exeter.

In 2000, the Cornish Constitutional Convention launched a campaign for a Cornish Assembly. This was a cross-party movement representing many political voices and positions in Cornwall, from Mebyon Kernow and Cornish Solidarity to the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives. It collected over 50,000 petition signatures.[19] A similar petition was started online by Mebyon Kernow in 2014, along with a series of "Assembly Roadshows" . This only achieved 2655 signatures, (a significant minority of which were not from Cornwall,) leaving it far short of the 5000 needed.[20][21]

On 14 July 2009, Dan Rogerson MP, of the Liberal Democrats, presented a Cornish 'breakaway' bill to the Parliament in Westminster – 'The Government of Cornwall Bill'. The bill proposes a devolved Assembly for Cornwall, similar to the Welsh and Scottish set up. The bill states that Cornwall should re-assert its rightful place within the United Kingdom. Rogerson argued that, "Cornwall should re-assert its rightful place within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is a unique part of the country, and this should be reflected in the way that it is governed. We should have the right to determine areas of policy that affect the people of Cornwall the hardest, such as rules on housing ... Cornwall has the right to a level of self-Government. If the Government is going to recognise the right of Scotland and Wales to greater self-determination because of their unique cultural and political positions, then they should recognise ours."[22][23][24][25]

The Cornish independence movement received unexpected publicity in 2004, when Channel 4's Alternative Christmas message, featuring the Simpsons, showed Lisa Simpson chanting Free Cornwall Now! / Rydhsys rag Kernow lemmyn ! ("Freedom for Cornwall now!") and holding a placard saying "UK OUT OF CORNWALL".[26][27]

Support

The Cornish flag, the banner of Cornwall's patron saint Saint Piran, has become a symbol of Cornwall and is flown throughout the county.

Cornwall County Council's Feb 2003 MORI poll showed 55% in favour of a referendum on an elected, fully devolved regional assembly for Cornwall and 13% against. (Previous result: 46% in favour in 2002) However the same MORI poll indicated an equal number of Cornish respondents were in favour of a South West Regional Assembly, (70% in favour of a Cornish assembly, 72% in favour of a S.West Regional assembly) .The campaign for a Cornish Assembly had the support of all three Cornish Lib Dem MPs, Mebyon Kernow, and Cornwall Council. However, in 2015, the Conservative party won all six seats in Cornwall, removing the Lib Dems supporters from office. All six Conservative MPs were returned to office in the 2017 and 2019 elections.

Lord Whitty, as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, in the House of Lords, recognised that Cornwall has a "special case" for devolution.[28] and on a visit to Cornwall the then Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott said "Cornwall has the strongest regional identity in the UK."[29]

In October 2007 the then Lib Dem MP Andrew George stated in a press release, "Just because the Government has approached the whole Regional Devolution agenda in entirely the wrong way, does not mean to say that the project itself should be ditched. If Scotland is benefiting from devolution then Cornwall should learn from this and increase the intensity of its own campaign for devolution to a Cornish Assembly."[30] Andrew George lost his seat in the 2015 election.

On Tuesday 17 July 2007, Local Government Minister John Healey MP announced Government plans to abolish regional assemblies. Functions of regional assemblies are planned to pass to Regional Development Agencies in 2010.[31] The South West Regional Assembly was replaced by the South West Regional Development Agency in 2010. The South West Regional Development Agency was closed in 2012.

On 19 July 2007, MP Dan Rogerson welcomed the government announcement that unelected Regional Assemblies are to be scrapped and he asked the government to look again at the case for a locally accountable Cornish Assembly and Cornish Development agency, "in light of the important convergence funding from the EU". Cornish MP Andrew George said in July 2007 I'm optimistic that the Minister's announcement will give us the future prospects to build a strong consensus, demonstrate Cornwall's distinctiveness from the Government zone for the South West and then draw up plans so that we can decide matters for ourselves locally rather than being told by unelected quangos in Bristol and elsewhere." Dan Rogerson lost his seat in the 2015 election.

In December 2007, Cornwall Council Leader David Whalley stated "There is something inevitable about the journey to a Cornish Assembly. We are also moving forward in creating a Cornish Development Agency – we are confident that strategic planning powers will come back to us after the SW regional assembly goes." David Whally quit his post in 2009.[32] In 2008 Cornish Liberal Democrat councillors agreed plans to create a Unitary authority for the region, abolishing the six district councils. This meant that where previously there was once one elected member for every 3,000 residents, there is now one councillor for every 7,000 people.

The unitary authority "One Cornwall" Council does however not have the same powers as the proposed Cornish Assembly. Westminster ruled out any extra powers for Cornwall and the South West Regional Development Agency remained in place until 2009.[33] This means that Cornish Objective One money was managed from outside of Cornwall. There have in fact been suggestions that powers could be taken from the new Cornish unitary authority as it may struggle to cope with the extra workload inherited from the district councils. A premise for a single governing body for Cornwall was that the new Cornwall Council would have greater powers, being granted more responsibilities from Westminster.[34]

The Communist Party of Britain has voiced support saying "[We] support....Cornish culture and the Cornish language and for the aspiration of Cornish people to have the special status and needs of Cornwall to be acknowledged. "[35]

Political parties and pressure groups

  • Mebyon Kernow is the key political party advocating greater Cornish home rule. Since 2004 Mebyon Kernow has been a member of the Europe-wide political group, the European Free Alliance (alongside the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru – Party of Wales), which has five Members of the European Parliament (two from the SNP, one from Plaid Cymru, one from the Republican Left of Catalonia and one Latvian MEP), and is part of the Greens/EFA group. Mebyon Kernow contested its first European Parliamentary elections in 2009, where they entered candidates for the UK southwest region which comprises Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Wiltshire, Gibraltar, Gloucestershire and Bristol, as well as Cornwall, although they failed to win any seats.[36] Mebyon Kernow has held a consistent 4% of the vote total in Cornwall Council elections, and currently has 5 councillors out of the total of 87 elected. At national level in general elections, Mebyon Kernow has achieved between 1.3% and 1.9% of the Cornish vote.
  • Cornish Constitutional Convention is a cross-party advisory group that has been instrumental in moulding opinion in both Cornwall and London towards a new accommodation for Cornwall within the United Kingdom. It was formed in November 2000 with the objective of establishing a devolved Assembly for Cornwall (Senedh Kernow).[37] It states that "The aim of the Convention is to establish a form of modern governance which strengthens Cornwall, her role in the affairs of the country, and positively addresses the problems that have arisen from more than a century of growing isolation and loss of confidence." Its principal lobbying document is DEVOLUTION for ONE and ALL: Governance for Cornwall in the 21st Century [38] The convention has not published any new work since 2009.
The Celtic League and Celtic Congress consider Cornwall to be one of six Celtic nations.
  • The Celtic League and Celtic Congress have a Cornish branch and recognise Cornwall as a Celtic Nation alongside the Isle of Man, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Brittany. The league is a political pressure group that campaigns for independence and Celtic cooperation.[39]
  • The Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament was a pressure group on Cornish constitutional and cultural issues. The websites of the CSP provides an overview of their main points and current campaigns. The CSP has one of its members in the Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) . The Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament has not been active since 2008.
  • The Cornish Nationalist Party was formed in 1975 by Dr James Whetter and is currently not registered to contest elections.[40]
  • Cornish Solidarity were a non-partisan political pressure group that called for the recognition of the ethnic Cornish as a national minority. They are currently in "hibernation"
  • John Angarrack of Cornwall 2000, the Human Rights organisation, has written and by self-publishing has produced three books to date, "Breaking the Chains", "Our Future is History" and "Scat t’Larrups?" released on 15 May 2008. They detail many of the core issues of the Cornish national movement as well as a re-examination of Cornish history and the Cornish constitution.[41] The "Cornish Fighting Fund" was launched by Cornwall 2000 in August 2008. However the fund failed to meet the required target of £100,000 by the end of December 2008, having received just over £33,000 in pledges, and the plan is now abandoned.[42] The instigator of the campaign, John Angarrack, on launching the fund stated; "If by that date (8 Dec 2008), the strategy outlined here has not gathered the required level of support, we shall assume that the Cornish community does not cherish its identity nor care that it survives."
  • Tyr Gwyr Gweryn (Cornish for land, truth, people) was originally a focus group formed out of members of 'Cowethas Flamank', a Cornish affairs group, and participants in Kescusulyans Kernow (Conference of Cornwall) having a special interest in the constitution of Cornwall. TGG has posted to its website the transcript of the dispute between the Crown & Duchy of Cornwall (1855–1857) over ownership the Cornish Foreshore. This has been done in order to place the previously hidden legal argument and evidence, submitted for arbitration, into the public domain.[43]
  • An Gof was a militant organisation, which was active in the early 1980s. A message was sent in 2007 claiming that it had reformed and was responsible for graffiti in various places around Cornwall and attacks on St. George's flags. Later in 2007, it claimed to have merged with another group to form the Cornish National Liberation Army. A message was sent claiming to be from this organisation, threatening celebrity chefs Rick Stein and Jamie Oliver, blaming them for the increase in house prices caused by the trend towards English people owning second homes in Cornwall. It is far from clear whether this was ever a real organisation.[44]

Political representation

In Cornwall

In the 2009 local elections Mebyon Kernow won three of the 123 seats on the then newly created Cornwall Council. An independent councillor joined Mebyon Kernow in 2010. Mebyon Kernow also has 18 parish councillors elected.[45] A number of nationalist independents were also elected to the Cornwall Council. Prior to the 2013 local elections Mebyon Kernow held six seats on the council, having gained two due to defections from other parties, and winning one in a by-election. Keeping the seat won in the by-election, and a gain of one seat elsewhere, left them with four in total. This dropped them to being the sixth largest group on the council, from the position of fourth largest prior to the election, being overtaken by UKIP and the Labour party.[46] In the 2017 council elections Mebyon Kernow again won 4 of the 123 seats available.[47]

In the United Kingdom

Mebyon Kernow does not have any members elected to the UK parliament, but Andrew George and Dan Rogerson of the Liberal Democrats took up nationalist causes both in Parliament and outside of it. Andrew George was the first MP to take his parliamentary oath in Cornish.[48] All five Cornish Liberal Democrat MPs put their names to the Government of Cornwall Bill 2009 which proposed setting up a legislative Cornish Assembly.[49] In the 2015, 2017 and 2019 elections all six Cornish seats returned Conservative MPs, ousting the aforementioned Lib Dem supporters.[50]

In Europe

Mebyon Kernow is a member of the European Free Alliance party in the European Parliament. In the 2009 European elections it received 14,922 votes, insufficient to gain any MEPs.[51] Mebyon Kernow did not stand in the 2014 European elections.[52]

Violence

A group called An Gof, referring to the blacksmith Michael An Gof who led the failed rebellion of 1497, made a number of attacks in the 1980s, including a bomb at a courthouse in St Austell in 1980, a fire in a Penzance hairdressers a year later, and an arson attack on a bingo hall in Redruth.[53][54] It remained silent until 2007, when it made a statement that "any attempts from hereon to fly the hated and oppressive Flag of St George, which we know as the blood banner in our country, will result in direct action by our organisation".[53] An English flag in Tresillian earlier that year was destroyed and the words "English Out" daubed on a garden wall.[55]

In 2007, an email was sent from someone claiming to represent the Cornish National Liberation Army. It made headlines when it threatened to burn down two restaurants in Padstow and Newquay belonging to Rick Stein and Jamie Oliver respectively, whom the group called "English newcomers".[55][56] The group claimed it had funding from "other Celtic Nations" and the United States, and appeared to be an amalgamation of the Cornish Liberation Army and An Gof.[53] It also reportedly sprayed "burn second homes" onto walls in the county.[55] There were also reports that the group had placed broken glass under the sand on Cornish beaches, "to deter tourists.[57][58] "The group's actions were linked to local concerns about lack of affordable housing and an increasing number of second homes.[59]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mebyon Kernow - The Party for Cornwall. "Mebyon Kernow - The Party for Cornwall". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  2. ↑ "BBC News - Guernsey government may be model for Cornwall". BBC News. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  3. ↑ "British Society for Population Studies". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  4. ↑ Harris, John (4 January 2006). "Cornwall goes for gold". The Guardian Weekly. 2018 Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  5. ↑ "The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?". BBC History. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  6. ↑ Recognition of Cornwall as a National Minority Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine on Epetitionsd dot direct gov dot uk
  7. ↑ "Heritage is not English; it's ours". West Briton. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  8. ↑ "Cornish people granted minority status within UK". BBC News. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  9. ↑ "Sovereign Grant Act 2011: guidance". Government Digital Service.
  10. ↑ "Welcome to the Duchy of Cornwall". Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  11. 1 2 "The Duchy of Cornwall". The Guardian. London. 17 May 2000. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  12. ↑ John, H. (1995) The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings. London: Penguin Books
  13. ↑ Philip Payton. (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Stoyle, Mark (1 January 2001). "A separate people". The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?. BBC History. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
  15. ↑ Harley, Nicola (5 November 2015). "council spends 180000 on cornish language". Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  16. ↑ Tregidga, Garry (Spring 1999). "Devolution for the Duchy – The Liberal Party and the Nationalist Movement in Cornwall" (PDF). Journal of Liberal Democrat History. Liberal Democrat History Group (22): 21–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2009.
  17. ↑ "Lord Salisbury at Bristol". Preston Herald. 24 April 1889. p. 5. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  18. ↑ Payton, Philip (2004). "Re-inventing Kernow". Cornwall – A History (2nd revised ed.). Fowey: Cornwall Editions Ltd. ISBN 1-904880-05-3.
  19. ↑ "BBC News - ENGLAND - Blair gets Cornish assembly call". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Cornwall, Mebyon Kernow - The Party for. "Cornish Assembly Roadshow starts in Truro on the 25th January". www.mebyonkernow.org.
  21. ↑ "Online Cornish assembly petition launched". www.mebyonkernow.org.
  22. ↑ "MP calls for more power to Cornwall". Dan Rogerson's official site. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  23. ↑ "Cornish independence - Dan Rogerson - Commons motion". West Briton. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  24. ↑ "MP wants more powers for county". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Government of Cornwall Bill – Cornish Assembly – Dan Rogerson MP – July 2009 Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ "Cornwall - Lisa puts cool into Cornish cause". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "Cornwall Uncovered – The Simpsons go Cornish for Christmas". BBC. December 2004. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  28. ↑ House of Lords debates, Wednesday, 21 March 2001, "Devolution: England" transcript of speech
  29. ↑ Committee, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: ODPM: Housing, Planning, Local Government and the Regions (1 January 2004). Draft Regional Assemblies Bill. The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780215019394.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ "Andrew George". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  31. ↑ "Regional assemblies will be axed". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  32. ↑ "Cornwall County Council leader David Whalley quits". Plymouth Herald. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  33. ↑ "South West Regional Assembly Archive Site". Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  34. ↑ "Cornwall 'super-council' approved". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  35. ↑ "Deryvadow Party an Gemynwer". South West Communists. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  36. ↑ "European Election 2009 | UK Results | South West". BBC News. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  37. ↑ Cornish assembly
  38. ↑ Cornish Constitutional Convention. "Campaign for a Cornish Assembly - Senedh Kernow". Cornishassembly.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  39. ↑ "The Celtic League". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  40. ↑ "Untitled3". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  41. ↑ "Books about Cornwall and England by John Angarrack". Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  42. ↑ "Cornish Fighting Fund - mudhook". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  43. ↑ "Tyr-Gwyr-Gweryn". Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  44. ↑ "Ooh R U kidding? TV chef Rick Stein in Cornish 'dirty tricks' row".
  45. ↑ "Mebyon Kernow Town and Parish councillors". Mebyon Kernow. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  46. ↑ "Cornwall Council elections - Thursday, 2nd May, 2013". Cornwall Council. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  47. ↑ "Cornwall Council divisions for election 4 May 2017 - Cornwall Council". www.cornwall.gov.uk.
  48. ↑ "Local MP swears oath in Cornish". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  49. ↑ "Government of Cornwall Bill". parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  50. ↑ CMJacqui (8 May 2015). "General Election 2015 Result: Cornwall turns blue as Conservatives cement victory". West Briton. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  51. ↑ "European Election 2009: UK Results". BBC News. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  52. ↑ Cllr Dick Cole (11 October 2013). "MK and the 2014 Euro-elections". mebyonkernow.blogspot.com.au. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 John Harris (15 June 2007). "Fighting them on the beaches". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  54. ↑ "English Courthouse Bombed". The New York Times. 9 December 1980. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  55. 1 2 3 Steven Morris (14 June 2007). "Cornish militants rise again – and this time they're targeting celebrity chefs". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  56. ↑ "Cornish 'Army' Threaten Celebrity Chefs". Sky News. 13 June 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  57. ↑ "Condemnation for 'An Gof' vandalism". Falmouth Packet. 25 April 2007.
  58. ↑ "In Search Of The Cornish National Liberation Army". 11 January 2012.
  59. ↑ "Man held in chef-threat inquiry". BBC News. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2009.

Further reading

  • Angarrack, J. Our Future Is History. Independent Academic Press. 2002. ISBN 0-9529313-4-6.
  • Deacon, B., Cole, D. & Tregidga, G. Mebyon Kernow and Cornish Nationalism. Welsh Academic Press. 2003. ISBN 1-86057-075-5.
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