According to a 2013 public survey in Malaysia by Transparency International, a majority of the surveyed households perceived Malaysian political parties to be highly corrupt.[1] A quarter of the surveyed households consider the government's efforts in the fight against corruption to be ineffective.[1] Corruption in Malaysia generally involves political connections still playing an important role in the outcome of public tenders.[2]

Business executives surveyed in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 reveal that unethical behaviours of companies constitute a disadvantage for doing business in Malaysia.[3] Government contracts are sometimes awarded to well-connected companies, and the policies of awarding huge infrastructure projects to selected Bumiputera companies without open tender continue to exist.[4]

In February 2016, Malaysia has made an appearance in Time Magazine with the dubious distinction of being among a list of five countries whose corruption scandals are being highlighted. The magazine zoomed in on the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal (1MDB) and Prime Minister Najib Razak's corruption.[5]

On 28 July 2020, Najib was convicted on seven counts of abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust by a Malaysian High Court in relation to the 1MDB scandal. He was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and fined RM210 million.[6]

Corruption Perceptions Index

Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index, which scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"), gave Malaysia a score of 47. When ranked by score, Malaysia ranked 61st among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.[7] For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the worst score was 12 (ranked 180), and the average score was 43.[8] For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Asia Pacific countries [Note 1] was 87, the lowest score was 17 and the average score was 45.[9] As of 2023, Malaysia's score has fallen each year since a high of 53 in 2018.[8][10]

Transparency International lists Malaysia's key corruption challenges as:

  1. Political and Campaign Financing: Donations (e.g.: USD700Million) from both corporations and individuals to political parties and candidates are not limited in Malaysia. Political parties are also not legally required to report on what funds are spent during election campaigns. Due in part to this political landscape, Malaysia's ruling party for over 55 years has funds highly disproportionate to other parties. This unfairly impacts campaigns in federal and state elections and can disrupt the overall functioning of a democratic political system.
  2. “Revolving door”: Individuals regularly switch back and forth between working for both the private and public sectors in Malaysia. Such circumstances – known as the ‘revolving door’ – allow for active government participation in the economy and public-private relations to become elusive. The risk of corruption is high and regulating public-private interactions becomes difficult, also allowing for corruption to take place with impunity. Another factor which highlights the extent of ambiguity between the public sector and private corporate ownership is that Malaysia is also a rare example of a country where political parties are not restricted in possessing corporate enterprises.
  3. Access to information: As of April 2013, no federal Freedom of Information Act exists in Malaysia. Although, Selangor and Penang are the only Malaysian states out of thirteen to pass freedom of information legislation, the legislation still suffers from limitations. Should a federal freedom of information act be drafted it would conflict with the Official Secrets Act – in which any document can be officially classified as secret, making it exempt from public access and free from judicial review. Additional laws such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act, the Sedition Act 1949 (subsequently replaced with the National Harmony Act), and the Internal Security Act 1969 also ban the dissemination of official information and offenders can face fines or imprisonment.[11] Malaysia suffers from corporate fraud in the form of intellectual property theft.[12] Counterfeit production of several goods including IT products, automobile parts, etc., are prevalent.[12]

In 2013, Malaysia was identified in a survey by Ernst and Young as one of the most corrupt countries in the region according to the perceptions of foreign business leaders, along with neighbouring countries and China. The survey asked whether it was likely that each country would take shortcuts to achieve economic targets.[13]

Types of corruption

Corruption in Immigration Enforcement

Despite periodic actions by the government to crack down on petty corruption in the Immigration Department, bribe-taking and fraudulent issuance of visas has been a long-standing problem, particularly among immigration officers at the KLIA and KLIA2 terminals of Kuala Lumpur International Airport.[14][15][16] In 2016, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) uncovered a scheme in Selangor, in which immigration officers collected passport application fees from travellers and then submitted fraudulent paperwork declaring them disabled, resulting in fee waivers that amounted to over 1 million Malaysian ringgit by the time the scheme was exposed.[17] In a December, 2016 statement to the Malaysian press, Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi estimated that over half of the 1500 immigration officers working in the KLIA and KLIA2 terminals had participated in a range of corrupt practices, including fraudulent issuance of visas, tampering with Immigration Department data, and collusion with human-trafficking agents.[15]

Anti-corruption bodies

Former Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission headquarters

The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) is a government agency in Malaysia that investigates and prosecutes corruption in the public and private sectors. The MACC was modelled after top anti-corruption agencies, such as the Hong Kong's Independent Commission Against Corruption and the New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption, Australia.[18]

The MACC is currently headed by Chief Commissioner Azam Baki. He was appointed to replace former Chief Commissioner Latheefa Koya appointed by the Pakatan Harapan (PH) government after the new Perikatan Nasional (PN) government took over in March 2020. Previously it was headed by Chief Commissioner Datuk Dzulkifli Ahmad. He was appointed on 1 August 2016 to replace former Chief Commissioner Tan Sri Abu Kassim Mohamed.[19][20] Similarly, the agency is currently under the Prime Minister's Department.[18]

During its term, Pakatan Harapan had appointed a controversial figure, Lateefa Koya, a former member of the ruling coalition party, People's Justice Party to head the anti-corruption agency. She was appointed shortly after her resignation from the party.[21]

On 3 July 2018, former Prime Minister Najib Razak was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), investigating how allegedly RM42 million (US$10.6 million) went from SRC International, a 1MDB subsidiary, into Najib's bank account. Police seized 1,400 necklaces, 567 handbags, 423 watches, 2,200 rings, 1,600 brooches and 14 tiaras worth $273 million.[22] On 28 July 2020, the High Court convicted Najib on all seven counts of abuse of power, money laundering and criminal breach of trust, becoming the first Prime Minister of Malaysia to be convicted of corruption,[23][24][25] and was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and fined RM210 million.[26][27]

Specific Cases

Fake Halal Meat Scandal

Corruption scandal involving the selling of fake Halal meat in Malaysia over a period of 40 years, discovered in December 2020. A meat cartel was smuggling meat from non-Halal certified sources like Brazil, Bolivia, Canada, China, Colombia, Mexico, Spain and Ukraine. The meat being smuggled included horse, kangaroo and even pork meat which were mixed and sold as Halal certified beef.

Pan-Electric Industries Scandal

Pan-Electric Industries was a Singapore-based company that specialised in marine salvage work, and had 71 subsidiary companies, including hotel and property interests, with a market capitalization of S$230 million.[28][29] The company collapsed in 1985 due to unsettled forward contracts, forcing the stock exchanges of both Singapore and Malaysia to shut down for three days.[30] At its demise, the company had a total debt of S$480 million, and all its shares held by 5,500 shareholders were found to be worthless overnight. As of 2000, it remains the largest corporate collapse in Singapore's history, and the only instance where the Stock Exchange of Singapore (SES) had to close.[28] The Malaysian Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange was also forced to close for three days as a result.[31]

Deposit-taking co-operative scandal

In the aftermath of the collapse, key people in the company such as Peter Tham, Tan Kok Liang, and Tan Koon Swan were prosecuted and given varying jail sentences. The collapse of the company shook public confidence in the SES, causing prices of stocks to plunge. New securities laws were introduced in March 1986 to ensure that stockbroking firms can protect themselves against credit risks.[28][32]

The 1986 deposit-taking cooperatives (DTCs) was a scandal waiting to happen.

A year before the scandal erupted, Consumers Association of Penang (CAP) had already written to JPK to find out the control exercised over cooperatives and the protection given to depositors should a cooperative face financial trouble or a “run”. CAP’s investigations disclosed that malpractices in the cooperatives included directors using the cooperatives’ funds to buy land which they owned or controlled at above market price. Directors were also making the cooperatives buy the shares they owned in private companies at above market value. The cooperatives also gave big unsecured loans to directors, their relatives or their companies.

On 29 July 1986, CAP sent a memorandum on “The Need for Greater Control over Co-operatives” to Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), the Ministry of Finance, Jabatan Pembangunan Koperasi (JPK), and the Ministry of National and Rural Development. The memorandum pointed out that unless the Co-operative Societies Act 1948 was amended and cooperatives activities strictly regulated, depositors might lose billions.

However, this early warning fell on deaf ears and the scandal exploded.

The DTCs fiasco which occurred the following month involved 24 cooperatives, 522,000 depositors and about RM1.5 billion in deposits.

It was triggered off by Koperasi Belia Bersatu Berhad (KOSATU) suspending payments to depositors who wanted to withdraw their savings in July 1986. The Essential (Protection of Depositors) Regulation 1986 promulgated on 20 July 1986 allowed BNM to freeze the assets of KOSATU and its key management and also to investigate into the affairs of the cooperatives. Other depositors became jittery and this led to a run on other DTCs. On 8 August 1986, the activities of 23 other cooperatives were also suspended. Seventeen accounting firms were then appointed to assist BNM in its investigations and to come up with a White Paper.

The White Paper on the DTCs indicated that the 24 DTCs had by November 1986, together lost approximately RM673 million through mismanagement or fraud. The White Paper revealed that a significant number of cooperatives suffered from bad management, either due to lack of expertise or professionalism or through imprudent, and in some cases, corrupt management.

This result in gross mismanagement of funds such as overinvestment in land and property, with nearly one-fifth of assets in housing development projects and fixed assets, some of which were purchased at the height of the property market.

There was also over-commitment in loss making or non-income generating subsidiaries and related companies with as much as 42% of total assets committed in loans or capital investments in such companies. The cooperatives also suffered from speculative investments in shares.

In certain cooperatives, incidents of fraudulent activities and conflict of interest led to imprudent lending of funds, including to directors and other interested parties.

Many cooperatives did not have borrowing powers or exceeded them. A number of them invested in assets or projects without approval of the JPK, or specifically against the approval of JPK.

In 1986, five directors of three DTCs were charged in court, and in 1987 a further 17 directors of another five DTCs were also charged.

The refund to the depositors of the 24 DTCs was made possible through three types of rescue schemes. These rescue schemes had provided for a full ringgit-for-ringgit refund by way of cash or a combination of cash and equity.

The rescue involved RM600 million in soft loans and commercial loans from Bank Negara Malaysia. BNM also paid RM15.6 million for professional fees incurred in the investigation and rescue exercise.

In 1988, seven other ailing DTCs were investigated. Three were operating in Sabah and four in Peninsular Malaysia. One of the four in the Peninsula was the Federation of Housing Cooperatives Ltd, in which the Cooperative Central Bank had a 78% interest.[33][34]

1MDB scandal

The 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal (1MDB scandal) has been described as "one of the world's greatest financial scandals"[35][36] and declared by the United States Department of Justice as the "largest kleptocracy case to date" in 2016.[37]

In 2015, Malaysia's then-Prime Minister Najib Razak had been accused of channelling over RM 2.67 billion (approximately US$700 million) from 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a government-run strategic development company (masterminded by Low Taek Jho), into his personal bank accounts.[38] Dismissal of charges over this triggered widespread outrage among Malaysians,[39] with many calling for Najib Razak's resignation – including Mahathir Mohamad,[40] one of Najib's predecessors, who later defeated Najib in the 2018 general election and returned to power.

Anwar Ibrahim, a political leader in opposition to Najib, openly questioned 1MDB's credentials as early as 2010. He had told Parliament that, according to records held by the Companies Commission, the company "has no business address and no appointed auditor."[41] According to its publicly filed accounts, 1MDB had nearly RM 42 billion (US$11.73 billion) in debt by 2015.[42] Some of this debt resulted from a $3 billion state-guaranteed 2013 bond issue led by the American investment bank Goldman Sachs, which had been reported to have received fees of up to $300 million for the deal, although the bank disputes this figure.[43] Nevertheless, Goldman Sachs was charged in a Foreign Bribery Case and agreed to pay over $2.9 billion in a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ).[44] The Malaysian Conference of Rulers called for prompt investigation of the scandal, saying that it was causing a crisis of confidence in Malaysia.[45][46]

After the 2018 election, the newly elected prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, reopened investigations into the 1MDB scandal.[47] Malaysian Immigration Department barred Najib [48] and 11 others[49] from leaving the country, while the police seized more than 500 handbags and 12,000 pieces of jewellery estimated to be worth US$270 million from property linked to Najib.[50] Najib was charged with criminal breach of trust, money laundering and abuse of power, while Low Taek Jho (commonly referred to as Jho Low), was charged with money laundering. The U.S. Department of Justice pursued its own investigation into 1MDB, alleging that more than US$4.5 billion was diverted from 1MDB by Jho Low and other conspirators including officials from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[51] Najib was subsequently found guilty of seven charges connected to SRC International, a dummy corporation associated with 1MDB, and was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment.[52]

In September 2020, the alleged amount stolen from 1MDB was estimated to be US$4.5 billion and a Malaysian government report listed 1MBD's outstanding debts to be at US$7.8 billion.[53] The government has assumed 1MDB's debts, which includes 30-year bonds due in 2039.[54]

As of 5 August 2021, in an ongoing effort to fight global kleptocracy, the U.S. Department of Justice recovered and returned a total of US$1.2 billion of 1MDB funds misappropriated within U.S. jurisdiction to the people of Malaysia,[55] joining a list of several countries which have initiated recovery or that have already repatriated smaller recovered amounts.[56]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, North Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, and Vietnam

References

  1. 1 2 "Global Corruption Barometer 2013". Transparency International. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  2. ↑ "Malaysia Corruption Report".
  3. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014". The World Economic Forum. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  4. ↑ "Malaysia Country Profile". Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  5. ↑ "M'sia on Time Magazine's list of corruption scandals". Malaysiakini. 18 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Rashid, Hidir Reduan Abdul (28 July 2020). "Najib sentenced to 12-year concurrent prison term, RM210m fine". Malaysiakini.
  7. ↑ "The ABCs of the CPI: How the Corruption Perceptions Index is calculated". Transparency.org. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  8. 1 2 "Corruption Perceptions Index 2022: Malaysia". Transparency.org. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  9. ↑ "CPI 2022 for Asia Pacific: Basic freedoms restricted as anti-corruption efforts neglected". Transparency.org. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  10. ↑ Hii, Veena Babulala and Faustina (25 January 2022). "Malaysia drops five spots to 62 in TI-M's corruption index rankings | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  11. ↑ Darryl S. L. Jarvis (2003). International Business Risk: A Handbook for the Asia-Pacific Region. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 0-521-82194-0.
  12. 1 2 Darryl S. L. Jarvis (2003). International Business Risk: A Handbook for the Asia-Pacific Region. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-521-82194-0.
  13. ↑ "Malaysia one of the most corrupt nations, survey shows - the Malaysian Insider". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  14. ↑ Reuters Editorial. "Malaysia cracks down on corruption at immigration". U.S. Retrieved 11 July 2018. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  15. 1 2 "Over Half Of Malaysian Immigration Officers Found To Be Corrupt And Dealing Directly With Human Traffickers – The Coverage". thecoverage.my. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  16. ↑ Desk, The Star (8 August 2017). "Malaysia Immigration Department signs corruption-free pledge". Asia News Network. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  17. ↑ "MACC: Immigration officers' RM1m passport fraud may be tip of iceberg | Malay Mail". Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  18. 1 2 "Government Directory: Prime Minister's Department". Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  19. ↑ "Siapa Datuk Dzulkifli Ahmad Ketua Pesuruhjaya SPRM baharu". www.astroawani.com (in Malay). 30 July 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  20. ↑ "Ketua Pesuruhjaya SPRM". SPRM (in Malay). Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  21. ↑ Reporters, F. M. T. (4 June 2019). "Lawyer Latheefa Koya appointed as MACC chief". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  22. ↑ 1MDB scandal explained: a tale of Malaysia's missing billions Published by The Guardian on October 25, 2018
  23. ↑ "Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak found guilty of all 7 charges in 1MDB trial". Channel News Asia. 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  24. ↑ "Najib gets concurrent 12-year jail sentence, RM210mil fine (Live Updates)". The Star.
  25. ↑ "Najib Razak: Former Malaysian PM guilty on all charges in corruption trial". BBC News. 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  26. ↑ "Ex-Malaysian PM Najib gets 12 years' jail in 1MDB-linked graft trial". The Straits Times. 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  27. ↑ "Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak sentenced to 12 years in jail following guilty verdict in 1MDB trial". Channel NewsAsia. 28 July 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  28. 1 2 3 National Heritage Board (Singapore) (2006). "Pan-El crisis". In Tommy T.B. Koh; et al. (eds.). Singapore: The Encyclopedia. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 402. ISBN 981-4155-63-2.
  29. ↑ Pan-Electric Liquidation, The New York Times, February 7, 1986.
  30. ↑ "Trading halt causes crisis in Singapore". The Globe and Mail. 3 December 1985. p. B15.
  31. ↑ Ahmad, Zakaria Haji (1986). "Malaysia in 1985: The Beginnings of Sagas". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 26 (2): 150–7. doi:10.2307/2644450. ISSN 1533-838X. JSTOR 2644450.
  32. ↑ "Pan-El – Biggest corporate collapse here to date". The Straits Times. 17 September 2000.
  33. ↑ "History of cooperative scandals". Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  34. ↑ "Koon Swan saga: Will the truth emerge? | Free Malaysia Today". Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  35. ↑ "1MDB: The playboys, PMs and partygoers around a global financial scandal. It is one of the world's greatest financial scandals". BBC. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  36. ↑ "Shorenstein Journalism Award Winner Tom Wright Recounts Story of Global Financial Scandal". The Freeman Spogli Institute For International Studies, Stanford University. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  37. ↑ "International Corruption – U.S. Seeks to Recover $1 Billion in Largest Kleptocracy Case to Date". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2021..
  38. ↑ "Malaysian taskforce investigates allegations $700m paid to Najib". The Guardian. 6 July 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  39. ↑ "Dismissal of Corruption Charges Against Malaysian Prime Minister Prompts Scorn". Time. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  40. ↑ "Former Malaysia PM Mahathir calls for removal of PM Najib Razak". BBC News. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  41. ↑ "Gov't 'gambling' on untested 1MDB". Malaysiakini. 18 October 2010.
  42. ↑ "1MDB faces fresh debt payment test". Free Malaysia Today. 27 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015.
  43. ↑ "Jho says it ain't so: Malaysian tycoon denies role in 1MDB 'heist of the century'". Euromoney Magazine. April 2015.
  44. ↑ "Goldman Sachs Charged in Foreign Bribery Case and Agrees to Pay Over $2.9 Billion". United States Department of Justice. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  45. ↑ "Malaysia's royal rulers urge quick completion of 1MDB probe". The Straits Times. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  46. ↑ "Royal rulers deplore Malaysia's 'crisis of confidence'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  47. ↑ "Mahathir Picks Lim as Finance Minister, Returns Zeti to Council". Bloomberg.com. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  48. ↑ "Former Malaysia PM Najib Razak banned from leaving country". BBC News. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  49. ↑ "12 people on Malaysia's travel blacklist over 1MDB probe". The Straits Times. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  50. ↑ "Malaysia's former first lady Rosmah Mansor's seized handbags damaged and government should pay, lawyer tells court". South China Morning Post. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  51. ↑ "US DOJ says pursuing investigations related to Malaysia's 1MDB". The Star. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  52. ↑ Singh, Sharanjit; Khairulrijal, Khairah N. Karim and Rahmat (28 July 2020). "Najib sentenced to 12 years' jail, RM210 million fine | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  53. ↑ "Malaysia's 1MDB state fund still $7.8 billion in debt – government report". Reuters. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  54. ↑ "How 'Insolvent' 1MDB's Debt Stacks Up and Who's Saddled With It". Bloomberg News. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  55. ↑ "Over $1.6 billion in misappropriated 1MDB funds repatriated to Malaysia so far". Straits Times. 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  56. ↑ "Singapore to return $11 million in 1MDB-linked funds to Malaysia". Reuters. 10 September 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
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