Photograph of a cow lying on its side
Cows routinely lie down to sleep.

Cow tipping is the purported activity of sneaking up on any unsuspecting or sleeping upright cow and pushing it over for entertainment. The practice of cow tipping is generally considered an urban legend[1] and stories of such feats viewed as tall tales.[2] The implication that rural citizens seek such entertainment due to lack of alternatives is viewed as a stereotype.[3][4] The concept of cow tipping apparently developed in the 1970s, though tales of animals that cannot rise if they fall has historical antecedents dating to the Roman Empire.

Cows routinely lie down and can easily regain their footing unless sick or injured. Scientific studies have been conducted to determine if cow tipping is theoretically possible, with varying conclusions. All agree that cows are large animals that are difficult to surprise and will generally resist attempts to be tipped. Estimates suggest a force of between 3,000 and 4,000 newtons (670 and 900 pounds-force) is needed, and that at least four and possibly as many as fourteen people would be required to achieve this. In real-life situations where cattle have to be laid on the ground, or "cast", such as for branding, hoof care or veterinary treatment, either rope restraints are required or specialized mechanical equipment is used that confines the cow and then tips it over. On rare occasions, cattle can lie down or fall down in proximity to a ditch or hill that restricts their normal ability to rise without help. Cow tipping has many references in popular culture and is also used as a figure of speech.

Scientific study

A healthy cow lying on its side is not immobilized; it can rise whenever it chooses.

Some versions of the urban legend suggest that because cows sleep standing up, it is possible to approach them and push them over without the animals reacting.[5] However, cows only sleep lightly while standing up, and they are easily awakened.[6] They lie down to sleep deeply.[7] Furthermore, numerous sources have questioned the practice's feasibility, since most cows weigh over 450 kilograms (990 pounds) and easily resist any lesser force.[6][8]

A 2005 study led by Margo Lillie, a zoologist at the University of British Columbia, and her student Tracy Boechler, concluded that tipping a cow would require a force of nearly 3,000 newtons (670 lbf)[5] and is therefore impossible to accomplish by a single person. Her calculations found that it would require more than four people to apply enough force to push over a cow,[5] based on an estimate that a single person could exert 660 newtons (150 lbf) of force. However, since a cow can brace itself, Lillie and Boechler suggested that five or six people would, most likely, be needed.[7] Further, cattle are well aware of their surroundings and are very difficult to surprise, due to excellent senses of both smell and hearing.[7][9] Lillie and Boechler's analysis found that if a cow did not move, the principles of static physics suggest that two people might be able to tip a cow if its centre of mass were pushed over its hooves before the cow could react. However, cows are not rigid or unresponsive, and the faster humans have to move, the less force they can exert. Thus Lillie and Boechler concluded that it is unlikely that cows can actually be tipped over in this way.[5] Lillie stated, "It just makes the physics of it all, in my opinion, impossible."[7]

Although biologist Steven Vogel agrees that it would take a force of about 3,000 newtons to push over a standing cow, he thinks that the study by Lillie and Boechler overestimates the pushing ability of an individual human.[10] Using data from Cotterell and Kamminga, who estimated that humans exert a pushing force of 280 newtons,[11] Vogel suggests that someone applying force at the requisite height to topple a cow might generate a maximum push of no more than 300 newtons. By this calculation, at least 10 people would be needed to tip over a non-reacting cow. However, this combined force requirement, he says, might not be the greatest impediment to such a prank. Standing cows are not asleep and, like other animals, have ever-vigilant reflexes. "If the cow does no more than modestly widen its stance without an overall shift of its center of gravity", he says, "about 4,000 newtons or 14 pushers would be needed—quite a challenge to deploy without angering the cow."[10]

Historical origins

The belief that certain animals cannot rise if pushed over has historical antecedents. Julius Caesar recorded a belief that a European elk had no knee joints and could not get up if it fell.[12][13] Pliny said the same about the hind legs of an animal he called the achlis, which Pliny's 19th-century translators Bostock and Riley said was merely another name for the elk.[14] They also noted that Pliny's belief about the jointless back legs of the achlis (elk) was false.[14]

In 1255, Louis IX of France gave an elephant to Henry III of England for his menagerie in the Tower of London.[15] A drawing by the historian Matthew Paris for his Chronica Majora can be seen in his bestiary at Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.[15] An accompanying text cites elephant lore suggesting that elephants did not have knees and were unable to get up if they fell.[16]

Journalist Jake Steelhammer believes the American urban myth of cow tipping originated in the 1970s. It "stampeded into the '80s", he says, "when movies like Tommy Boy and Heathers featured cow tipping expeditions."[17] Stories about cow tipping tend to be second-hand, he says, told by someone who does not claim to have tipped a cow but who knows someone else who says they did.[17]

Veterinary and husbandry practices

A calf cradle used for branding in Australia

Cattle may need to be deliberately thrown or tipped over for certain types of husbandry practices and medical treatment. When done for medical purposes, this is often called "casting", and when performed without mechanical assistance requires the attachment of 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 ft) of rope around the body and legs of the animal. After the rope is secured by non-slip bowline knots, it is pulled to the rear until the animal is off-balance. Once the cow is forced to lie down in sternal recumbency (on its chest), it can be rolled onto its side and its legs tied to prevent kicking.[18][19]

A calf table or calf cradle, also called a "tipping table" or a "throw down", is a relatively modern invention designed to be used on calves that are being branded. A calf is run into a chute, confined, and then tipped by the equipment onto its side for easier branding and castration.[20][21]

Hydraulic tilt tables for adult cattle have existed since the 1970s and are designed to lift and tip cattle onto their sides to enable veterinary care, particularly of the animals' genitalia, and for hoof maintenance.[22] (Unlike horses, cows generally do not cooperate with a farrier when standing.)[23] A Canadian veterinarian explained, "Using the table is much safer and easier than trying to get underneath to examine the animal", and noted that cows tipped over on a padded table usually stop struggling and become calm fairly quickly.[22] One design, developed at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, included "cow comfort" as a unique aspect of care using this type of apparatus.[23]

Involuntary recumbency

a dead red and white bullock covered with snow
Rigor mortis leads to muscle stiffening, particularly noticeable in the limbs.
a dead cow laying on its back with all four limbs in the air
Bloat and rigor mortis combined result in a dead cow appearing "belly up".

Cows may inadvertently tip themselves. Due to their bulk and relatively short legs, cattle cannot roll over. Those that lie down and roll to their sides with their feet pointing uphill may become stuck and unable to rise without assistance, with potentially fatal results. In such cases, two humans can roll or flip a cow onto its other side, so that its feet are aimed downhill, thus allowing it to rise on its own.[24] In one documented case of "real-life cow tipping", a pregnant cow rolled into a gully in New Hampshire and became trapped in an inverted state until rescued by volunteer fire fighters. The owner of the cow commented that he had seen this happen "once or twice" before.[25]

Trauma or illness may also result in a cow unable to rise to its feet. Such animals are sometimes called "downers." Sometimes this occurs as a result of muscle and nerve damage from calving or a disease such as mastitis.[26] Leg injuries, muscle tears, or a massive infection of some sort may also be causes.[27] Downer cows are encouraged to get to their feet and have a much greater chance of recovery if they do. If unable to rise, some have survived—with medical care—as long as 14 days and were ultimately able to get back on their feet. Appropriate medical treatment for a downer cow to prevent further injury includes rolling from one side to the other every three hours, careful and frequent feeding of small amounts of fodder, and access to clean water.[26]

Death

Dead animals may appear to have been tipped over, but this is actually the process of rigor mortis, which stiffens the muscles of the carcass,[28] beginning six to eight hours after death and lasting for one to two days. It is particularly noticeable in the limbs, which stick out straight.[29] Post-mortem bloat also occurs because of gas formation inside the body.[30] The process may result in cattle carcasses that wind up on their back with all four feet in the air.

The Cow Tipping Creamery in Frisco, Texas

Assorted individuals have claimed to have performed cow tipping,[31] often while under the influence of alcohol.[2] These claims, to date, cannot be reliably verified,[5] with Jake Swearingen of Modern Farmer noting in 2013 that YouTube, a popular source of videos of challenges and stunts, "fails to deliver one single actual cow-tipping video".[32]

Pranksters have sometimes pushed over artificial cows. Along Chicago's Michigan Avenue in 1999, two "apparently drunk" men felled six fiberglass cows that were part of a Cows on Parade public art exhibit. Four other vandals removed a "Wow cow" sculpture from its lifeguard chair at Oak Street Beach and abandoned it in a pedestrian underpass.[33] A year later, New York City anchored its CowParade art cows, including "A Streetcow Named Desire", to concrete bases "to prevent the udder disrespect of cow-tippers and thieves."[34]

Cow tipping has been featured in films from the 1980s and later, such as Heathers (1988), Tommy Boy (1995), Barnyard (2006), and I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009).[17][35][36] It was also used in the title of a 1992 documentary film by Randy Redroad, Cow Tipping—The Militant Indian Waiter.[37]

Variants of cow tipping have also been seen in popular media such as the film Cars (2006), which features a vehicular variant called tractor-tipping, and the video game Fallout: New Vegas, which allows the character to sneak up on and tip over a Brahmin, the game's two-headed cow-like animal. The board game Battle Cattle is based on the practice, with heavily armed cows having "Tipping Defense Numbers."[38]

In The Little Willies song "Lou Reed" from their 2006 self-titled debut album, Norah Jones sings about a fictional event during which musician Lou Reed tips cows in Texas.[39] In another medium, The Big Bang Theory, a television show, uses cow tipping lore as an element to establish the nature of a rural character, Penny.[40]

The term cow tipping is sometimes used as a figure of speech for pushing over something big. In A Giant Cow-Tipping by Savages, author John Weir Close uses the term to describe contemporary mergers and acquisitions.[41] "Tipping sacred cows" has been used as a deliberate mixed metaphor in titles of books on Christian ministry and business management.[42][43]

References

  1. ↑ Zotti, Ed (1996). Brunvand, Jan Harold (ed.). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Garland Publishing. p. 354. ISBN 0-8153-3350-1. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2016 – via Google Books.
  2. 1 2 Eaton, Joe (September 6, 2006). "Cow Tipping? Probably Bull". The Roanoke Times. Roanoke, Virginia. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  3. ↑ Winter, Sam A. (March 6, 2003). "Who You Calling a Hick?: Treatise of a Disgruntled Kansan". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  4. ↑ Ward, Philip (2012). The Book of Common Fallacies: Falsehoods, Misconceptions, Flawed Facts, and Half-Truths That Are Ruining Your Life. New York, N.Y.: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-61608-336-6. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved November 29, 2015 – via Google Books. In his article at the Harvard Crimson, John Larew insists that since he arrived at college, every time he has told someone (especially someone from the city) where he grew up (deep in the country), they inevitably ask what he does for fun, and whether or not he's been cow tipping...[T]he New York Times... perpetuates the mistake when the editor writes 'Saturday night is associated with pleasure and abandon, with toppling cows in rural Pennsylvania'.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Haines, Lester (November 9, 2005). "Boffins Debunk Cow-Tipping Myth". The Register. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  6. 1 2 Malvern, Jack (November 5, 2005). "Cow-Tipping Myth Hasn't Got a Leg to Stand On". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Collins, Nick (September 6, 2013). "Cow Tipping Myth Dispelled". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  8. ↑ Semke, Matt. "The Statics of Cow Tipping". University of Nebraska – Lincoln (UNL) College of Engineering and Mechanics Course Project. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2007.
  9. ↑ Glenn, Eddie (December 15, 2006). "Cow-Tipping: Myth or Reality?". Tahlequah Daily Press. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  10. 1 2 Vogel, Steven (2009). Glimpses of Creatures in Their Physical Worlds. Princeton University Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-691-13806-0. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  11. ↑ Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1992). Mechanics of Pre-industrial Technology : Introduction to the Mechanics of Ancient and Traditional Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42871-2. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2016 – via Google Books.
  12. ↑ Caesar, Julius; Aulus Hirtius (1879). "XXVII". Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 154. ISBN 0-217-45287-6.
  13. ↑ Caesar, Caius Julius (1915). "Book VI, paragraph XXVII". In Rhys, Ernest (ed.). The Commentaries of Caius Julius Caesar: The War in Gaul. Translated by W. A. MacDevitt. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2016 – via Project Gutenberg. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  14. 1 2 Pliny the Elder (1855). "16: The Animals of the North; the Elk, the Achlis, and the Bonasus". The Natural History. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, Henry Thomas. London: Taylor and Francis. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2013 – via Perseus Digital Library.
  15. 1 2 Cassidy, Richard; Clasby, Michael. "Matthew Paris and Henry III's Elephant" (PDF). Henry III Fine Rolls Project. The National Archives and King's College London. pp. 1–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  16. ↑ Clark, Willene B. (2006). A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-Family Bestiary: Commentary, Art, Text and Translation. Woodbridge, United Kingdom: The Boydell Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-85115-682-7. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016 – via Google Books.
  17. 1 2 3 Steelhammer, Rick (September 22, 2013), "Settling a Beef with Cow Tipping", Charleston Gazette-Mail, Charleston, West Virginia, archived from the original on February 20, 2016, retrieved November 29, 2015
  18. ↑ "Rope Squeeze". University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Medicine. 2016. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  19. ↑ "Burley Method of Casting". New Bolton Center Field Service Department. 2003. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Working Calves in the Calf Table". The Pioneer Woman. June 3, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Tipping Tables". Stark Engineering. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  22. 1 2 Gunville, Lynne (October 28, 2014). "Vet Table Tilts a Cow's World". Canadian Cattlemen. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  23. 1 2 "Stephanie Massicotte Goes Cow Tipping with Veterinarian Dr. Chris Clark". CTV News. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Bell Media. 2016. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016.
  24. ↑ Swearingen, Jake (September 9, 2013). "Cow Tipping Doesn't Exist – But Cow Flipping Does – Modern Farmer". Modern Farmer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  25. ↑ Conant, Ben (April 4, 2016). "A Case of Cow Tipping on Hancock Farmland". Monadnock Ledger-Transcript. Monadnock, New Hampshire. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016.
  26. 1 2 "The Downer Cow". The Cattle Site. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  27. ↑ Van Metre, David C.; Garry, Frank B. (December 2008). "Figuring out down cows" (PDF). Western Dairy News. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  28. ↑ Boden, Edward, ed. (1998). Black's Veterinary Dictionary (19th ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 449. ISBN 0-389-21017-X. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved May 24, 2016 – via Google Books.
  29. ↑ "Postmortem Changes". University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  30. ↑ "Post Mortem Changes 5". University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  31. ↑ Eakin, Marah (May 31, 2011). "Johnny Flynn: The Brit Folkster Talks Influences, from Shakespeare to Scratchy 78s". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  32. ↑ Garber, Megan (September 4, 2013). "The Mathematical Formula That Proves Cow-Tipping Is a Myth". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  33. ↑ Cassell, Jennifer (July 16, 1999). "Udder Disrespect: Beach Wow Cow Carried Off, Vandalized". Chicago Sun–Times (Late Sports Final ed.). p. 4. Retrieved November 29, 2015 – via NewsBank.
  34. ↑ Stephenson, Heather (June 4, 2000). "UVM Hopes to Milk Art Cow Project in New York City". Rutland Herald. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2015 – via NewsBank.
  35. ↑ Parsons, Ryan (January 2, 2006). "Barnyard Poster and Trailer". The Can Magazine. Minds Eye One. Archived from the original on June 6, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  36. ↑ Kit, Zorianna (August 10, 2009). "Movie Review: I Love You Beth Cooper". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  37. ↑ Marubbio, M. Elise; Buffalohead, Eric L., eds. (2013). Native Americans on Film: Conversations, Teaching, and Theory. University Press of Kentucky. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-8131-3665-3 – via Google Books.
  38. ↑ Cross, Todd (May 21, 1999). "Review of Battle Cattle". RPGNet. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  39. ↑ Huhn, Mary (February 5, 2006). "Giving Us Willies: Norah Jones and Friends Go Country". New York Post. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017.
  40. ↑ Farghaly, Nadine; Leone, Eden (2015). The Sexy Science of The Big Bang Theory: Essays on Gender in the Series. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7864-7641-1. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2016 – via Google Books.
  41. ↑ Pinkerton, Stewart (December 12, 2013). "Book Review: A Giant Cow-Tipping by Savages, by John Weir Close". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
  42. ↑ Fowlds, Sean (April 30, 2007), "Tipping Over Sacred Cows", Ministry Today, archived from the original on December 8, 2015 (review of Change Your Church for Good: The Art of Sacred Cow Tipping by Brad Powell)
  43. ↑ Breeden, Jake (March 22, 2013). "'Tipping Sacred Cows' Reveals Dangerous Work Behaviors". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.